JP4606894B2 - Metal pattern forming method, metal pattern, printed wiring board using the same, and TFT wiring circuit - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a method of forming a metallic pattern including: (a) forming, in a pattern form on a substrate, a polymer layer which contains a polymer that has a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof; (b) imparting the electroless plating catalyst or precursor thereof onto the polymer layer; and (c) forming a metallic film in the pattern form by subjecting the substrate having the polymer layer to electroless plating using an electroless plating solution, wherein the substrate is treated using a solution comprising a surface charge modifier or 1*10<-10> to 1*10<-4> mmol/l of a plating catalyst poison before or during the (c) forming of the metallic film. The invention further provides a metallic pattern obtained thereby. Furthermore, the invention provides a printed wiring board and a TFT wiring board, each of which uses the metallic pattern as a conductive layer.

Description

  The present invention relates to a metal pattern forming method and a metal pattern, and more particularly to a metal pattern forming method and a metal pattern useful as a conductive layer of a printed wiring board and a TFT wiring circuit.

As a conventional metal pattern forming method, “subtractive method”, “semi-additive method”, and “full-additive method” are mainly known.
In the subtractive method, a metal layer formed on a substrate is provided with a photosensitive layer that is exposed by irradiation with actinic rays, and this photosensitive layer is imagewise exposed and developed to form a resist image. Is a method of forming a metal pattern by etching, and finally stripping the resist. In the metal substrate used in this method, in order to provide adhesion between the substrate and the metal layer, the substrate interface has been subjected to uneven treatment to develop adhesion by the anchor effect. As a result, the substrate interface portion of the resulting metal pattern becomes uneven, and there is a problem in that the high frequency characteristics deteriorate when used as electrical wiring. Further, when forming the metal substrate, there is a problem that a complicated process of treating the substrate with a strong acid such as chromic acid is necessary in order to process the unevenness of the substrate.

  In order to solve this problem, a method has been proposed in which a radically polymerizable compound is grafted on the surface of the substrate to modify the surface, thereby minimizing the unevenness of the substrate and simplifying the substrate processing process. However, this method requires an expensive device (γ ray generator, electron beam generator), and the substrate used is graft polymerization. Therefore, there is a concern that the graft polymer is not produced to a practically sufficient level because the polymerization initiating group that is the starting point of the polymer is not introduced. Furthermore, even if the metal substrate produced by this method is patterned by the subtractive method, there are problems peculiar to the subtractive method. In order to form a metal pattern having a high thin line width by the subtractive method, a so-called over-etching method in which the line width after etching becomes narrower than the line width of the resist pattern is effective. However, if an attempt is made to directly form a fine metal pattern by an over-etching method, line bleeding, blurring, disconnection, etc. are likely to occur. From the viewpoint of forming a good fine metal pattern, a metal pattern of 30 μm or less is formed. Formation is difficult. In addition, the metal film existing in the area other than the pattern portion is removed by the etching process, and there is a lot of waste, and there is a problem in terms of environment and price, such as the cost of processing the metal waste liquid generated by the etching process.

  In order to solve the above problem, a metal pattern forming method called a semi-additive method has been proposed. In the semi-additive method, a base substrate layer such as Cr is thinly formed on a substrate by plating or the like, and a resist pattern is formed on the base metal layer. Subsequently, after forming a metal layer such as Cu on the base metal layer in a region other than the resist pattern by plating, a wiring pattern is formed by removing the resist pattern. Further, the metal pattern is formed in a region other than the resist pattern by etching the base metal layer using the wiring pattern as a mask. Since this technique is an etching-less technique, it is easy to form a fine line pattern of 30 μm or less, and because the metal is deposited only at a necessary portion by plating, it is effective in terms of environment and price. However, in this method, it is necessary to process the surface of the substrate in order to provide adhesion between the substrate and the metal pattern. As a result, the substrate interface portion of the resulting metal pattern becomes uneven and is used as electrical wiring. At this time, there is a problem that high-frequency characteristics are deteriorated.

  In addition, a metal pattern forming method called a full additive method has also been proposed. In the full additive method, a resist pattern is formed on a substrate, a metal is deposited on a region other than the resist pattern by plating, and then the resist pattern is removed. Since this method is also an etching-less method, it is easy to form a fine line pattern of 30 μm or less. However, this method has the same problems as the semi-additive method, and the fine line pattern can be formed, and unevenness at the substrate interface is observed. There has been a demand for a new metal pattern forming method that has a small amount of etching waste liquid.

Such a metal pattern is useful for a semiconductor device as a wiring (conductive film) of a printed wiring board. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for electronic devices to process large amounts of data at high speed, and semiconductor devices used for image processing, communication control, etc., have increased internal clock frequency and external clock frequency year by year, and are connected. The number of pins is also increasing. For high-speed conduction, it is important to suppress signal delay and attenuation. To suppress signal propagation delay, it is effective to lower the dielectric constant, and to suppress dielectric loss, it is effective to reduce the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent, respectively. Since it is involved as the square root of the dielectric constant, the contribution of the dielectric loss tangent is substantial. For this reason, from the viewpoint of material characteristics, it is advantageous from the viewpoint of speeding up to employ an insulating material having a low dielectric loss tangent characteristic.
In addition, smoothing the surface of the conductor greatly contributes to higher density. In the conventional built-up printed wiring board, the surface roughening treatment is performed in order to ensure the peel strength. However, the present situation is that the unevenness of several microns prevents further fine wiring.
Therefore, from the viewpoint of forming a printed wiring board useful for a semiconductor device, a means for forming a fine and highly adherent metal pattern on a smooth insulating substrate is eagerly desired.

As a method of forming a conductive metal pattern by forming a pattern on a substrate without giving irregularities to the substrate, a method of patterning with photosensitive silicon, applying a catalyst, and then forming a metal pattern by plating (For example, refer to Patent Document 2). However, it cannot be said that the adhesiveness between the silicone resin and the polyimide resin or the epoxy resin that is generally used as an insulating printed wiring board is sufficient, and a method having further excellent adhesiveness is desired.
Accordingly, the applicant of the present application has proposed a method for forming a metal pattern in which metal particles are attached to a fine pattern formed by a graft polymer that is directly bonded to a substrate (see, for example, Patent Document 3). According to this method, a desired fine pattern according to the exposure accuracy can be formed, but the metal pattern formed by the adhesion of metal fine particles has a limit in the obtained conductivity, and is applied to a printed wiring material or the like. For this purpose, for example, there is an urgent need for further improvement in conductivity by means such as increasing the thickness of the metal layer while maintaining the accuracy of the metal pattern in the line width direction.
JP 58-196238 A JP 2000-349417 A JP 2003-114525 A Advanced Materials 2000 No. 20 1481-1494

  The object of the present invention, which has been made in consideration of the above-mentioned conventional technical problems, is capable of forming a fine metal pattern without performing an etching process, and has excellent adhesion to a substrate and sufficient conductivity. The object is to provide a metal pattern forming method capable of forming a metal pattern having small irregularities at the interface with the substrate. Another object of the present invention is to provide a metal pattern excellent in conductivity, high frequency characteristics and adhesion to a substrate, a printed wiring board using the metal pattern as a conductive layer, and a TFT wiring circuit.

The inventors of the present invention are excellent in adhesion to the substrate by performing electroless plating on a region where the polymer having the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor is directly bonded to the substrate in a pattern. Although it has been found that a fine metal pattern can be formed, in the present invention, while maintaining a desired line width, a metal film is selectively grown in the thickness direction, thereby maintaining the conductivity while further improving the resolution. This achieves the formation of a higher-density conductive metal pattern.
That is, the metal pattern forming method according to claim 1 of the present invention comprises (a) a polymer having a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on a substrate and directly chemically bonded to the substrate. A step of providing a polymer layer in a pattern, (b) a step of applying an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on the polymer layer, and (c-1) a substrate having the polymer layer will be described in detail below. Electroless plating using electroless plating containing a low-molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the general formula (C-1) and a high-molecular organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule. And performing a plating process to form a metal film in a pattern.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a metal pattern forming method comprising: (a) a polymer having a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on a substrate and directly chemically bonded to the substrate. A step of providing a polymer layer in a pattern, (b) a step of applying an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on the polymer layer, and (c-2) a substrate having the polymer layer will be described in detail below. Treating with a bath containing a surface charge regulator selected from a low molecular weight organic ammonium compound represented by formula (C-1) and a high molecular weight organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule; c-3) applying a non-electrolytic plating process to the substrate having the polymer layer, and forming a metal film in a pattern.
The surface charge control agent used here is a low molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the general formula (C-1) described in detail below, or a high molecular organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule The organic compound is preferably an organic compound selected from the group consisting of a monomer having a quaternary ammonium base, a monomer having an ethylene glycol chain and a monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms, and a polymeric organic ammonium obtained by copolymerization High molecular organic ammonium obtained by quaternizing a compound or a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a monomer having an amine group, a monomer having an ethylene glycol chain, and a monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms More preferably, it is a compound. The electroless plating bath used for electroless plating in the step (c-1) or (c-3) may be an electroless copper plating bath, an electroless silver plating bath, or an electroless gold plating bath. This is a preferred embodiment.

The substrate in the present invention refers to a polymer that can be chemically bonded directly to the surface. For example, when a polymer is directly provided on a resin film in a pattern, it refers to the resin film itself, and a substrate such as a resin film. In the case where an intermediate layer such as a polymerization initiation layer is provided on the surface of the material and the polymer is provided in a pattern on the surface, this refers to an intermediate layer provided on the film substrate.
In addition, as a method of providing a polymer having a functional group that interacts with the electroless plating or its precursor on the substrate in a pattern, the following (1) and (2) The aspect of this is mentioned.
(1) A functional group that changes to an electroless plating catalyst or a functional group that interacts with a precursor thereof or loses its effect by heat, acid, or radiation (hereinafter referred to as “polar conversion group” as appropriate). The polymer compound is directly chemically bonded to the entire surface of the substrate, and then image-like heating or radiation irradiation is performed to form a pattern that interacts with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor. Method.
(2) A compound having a polymerizable group and an electroless plating catalyst or a functional group that interacts with a precursor thereof is brought into contact with the substrate surface and irradiated with radiation like an image, whereby an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof A method of forming a region that interacts with the body in a pattern.

In the metal pattern forming method of the present invention, when performing electroless plating, since the surface charge control agent coexists at some timing, the surface charge control agent is adsorbed on the substrate surface to suppress the adhesion of plating metal ions. Therefore, since the plating selectively proceeds in the surface area of the graft pattern that exists at a high density of the plating catalyst, the formed metal film does not grow in the width direction of the pattern and has a sufficient thickness. Thus, a high-definition metal pattern according to the fine graft pattern is obtained and has high conductivity.
In addition, the metal pattern forming method of the present invention has an advantage that a metal pattern having an arbitrary film thickness can be formed by further performing electroplating after the electroless plating. Furthermore, the adhesion of the metal film can be further improved by performing a drying step after electroless plating or electroplating.

The metal pattern according to claim 6 of the present invention is made of a polymer having a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on a substrate having a surface irregularity of 500 nm or less and that is directly chemically bonded to the substrate. After a polymer layer is provided in a pattern and an electroless plating catalyst or precursor thereof is applied on the polymer layer, a low molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the general formula (C-1) described below and an intramolecular A metal pattern in which a metal film is provided in a pattern by performing electroless plating in the presence of a surface charge control agent selected from a polymeric organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base, and the substrate and the metal The adhesion with the film is 0.2 kN / m or more, the thickness of the metal film is 4 μm or more, and the line width of the patterned polymer layer is p, formed by electroless plating. The line width of the metal film q, the film thickness of the metal film formed by electroless plating is taken as r, characterized in that it is a (q-p) <r.
The metal pattern according to claim 7 of the present invention is made of a polymer having a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on a substrate having a surface irregularity of 500 nm or less and that is directly chemically bonded to the substrate. After a polymer layer is provided in a pattern and an electroless plating catalyst or precursor thereof is applied on the polymer layer, a low molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the general formula (C-1) described below and an intramolecular A metal pattern in which a metal film is provided in a pattern by performing electroless plating in the presence of a surface charge control agent selected from a polymeric organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base, and the substrate and the metal The polymer layer existing between the membrane contains 25% by volume or more of electroless plating catalyst fine particles and / or fine particles made of metal deposited by electroless plating. A region having a thickness of 0.05 μm or more in the substrate direction from the interface between the substrate and the metal film, the adhesion between the substrate and the metal film being 0.2 kN / m or more, and the metal film thickness / metal The film line width ratio is 1 or more.

Here, by using a substrate with surface irregularities of 500 nm or less, when the polymer layer is formed in a pattern on the substrate, the surface irregularities of the polymer layer are also 500 nm or less. By applying an electroless plating catalyst or its precursor to such a pattern and performing electroless plating in the presence of a specific surface charge control agent, the plating catalyst and plating metal enter the pattern (composite). State) and a metal plating film is selectively formed in the thickness direction on the pattern, and the metal film has a sufficient thickness and has excellent conductivity. In addition, the roughness of the substrate interface portion of the metal pattern thus formed [the interface between the metal and the polymer layer (organic component)] is compared with the roughness of the surface of the polymer pattern by the amount of plating catalyst and plating metal entering the polymer pattern. However, since the degree is low, the unevenness at the interface between the plating in the metal pattern and the plating catalyst layer (inorganic component) and the polymer layer (organic component) of the metal film (metal pattern) to be formed It can be suppressed to such an extent that the high frequency characteristics do not deteriorate. For this reason, when a metal pattern is used as an electrical wiring, excellent high frequency characteristics can be obtained. The high-frequency characteristics are characteristics that reduce transmission loss during high-frequency power transmission, and are characteristics that particularly reduce conductor loss among transmission losses.

In order to examine the details of the polymer layer (organic component) existing between the metal film (metal pattern) and the substrate, the polymer layer existing between the substrate and the metal film is electroless plated. Polymer having a thickness of 0.05 μm or more in the substrate direction from the interface between the substrate and the metal film containing catalyst fine particles and / or fine particles made of metal deposited by electroless plating in an amount of 25% by volume or more dispersed It is considered that the presence of fine particles made of a metal or the like forms a composite state useful for adhesion of a metal film.
Here, if the unevenness of the substrate surface is reduced, the roughness of the substrate interface portion of the metal pattern can be further suppressed, and the high frequency characteristics of the resulting metal pattern are improved. Therefore, a substrate having an unevenness of the surface of 100 nm or less is used. It is preferable.

The metal pattern forming method of the present invention is selectively applied to a region interacting with electroless plating or a precursor thereof formed by heat or radiation irradiation, as in the above-described aspects (1) and (2). Since electroplating or its precursor is applied, and then electroless plating is performed in the presence of a specific surface charge control agent, it has a higher resolution than a pattern formation method by etching using a conventional resist pattern. A metal pattern can be obtained easily. Further, there is an advantage that there is no etching waste liquid.
In addition, the surface of the substrate of the metal pattern of the present invention is modified by surface grafting so that the unevenness of the substrate interface is kept to a minimum, and the substrate interface of the metal pattern portion is directly bonded to the substrate. Since it is in a hybrid state with a polymer, it is considered that the adhesion between the formed metal film and the substrate is high.
In the present invention, as an indication of surface roughness, Rz in JIS B0601, that is, “the difference between the average value of Z data from the maximum to the fifth peak on the specified surface and the average value of the valley from the minimum to the fifth. Is used.
When such a metal pattern is used as a conductive material, the electrical loss (power transmission loss) at the time of high-frequency power transmission decreases as the formed metal pattern, that is, the unevenness of the interface between the metal and the organic material in the wiring portion decreases.
For this reason, the printed wiring board and the TFT wiring circuit of the present invention using the metal pattern as a conductive layer (wiring) are fine and excellent in flatness and adhesion to the substrate and have high conductivity. Formed and excellent in high frequency characteristics.

According to the metal pattern forming method of the present invention, it is possible to form a fine metal pattern having a sufficient thickness according to an arbitrary pattern without performing an etching step, and to have excellent adhesion to the substrate. The metal pattern formation method which can form the metal pattern with the small unevenness | corrugation in the interface of can be provided. Therefore, the metal pattern forming method of the present invention is useful for forming various electric elements that require fine wiring.
In addition, the metal pattern of the present invention is excellent in adhesion between the substrate and the metal film, and has high conductivity and high frequency characteristics even when a substrate with less surface irregularities is used. The printed wiring board and the TFT wiring circuit of the present invention using such a metal pattern as a conductive layer (wiring) can realize a high-definition pattern and is excellent in conductivity and high frequency characteristics.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail. First, the metal pattern forming method of the present invention will be described.
[Metal pattern forming method]
In the method for forming a metal pattern of the present invention, (a) a polymer layer comprising a polymer having a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof and directly bonded to the substrate is formed in a pattern on the substrate. And (b) applying an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof to the polymer layer, and applying the electroless plating catalyst (precursor) to the patterned polymer layer, 1) a step of subjecting a substrate having the polymer layer to electroless plating using electroless plating containing a surface charge control agent to form a metal film in a pattern; or (c-2) the polymer layer A step of treating a substrate having a surface charge adjusting agent in a bath, and (c-3) a step of subjecting the substrate having the polymer layer to an electroless plating treatment to form a metal film in a pattern. Carry out sequentially It is characterized in.

That is, in the metal pattern forming method of the present invention, a region interacting / non-interacting with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor is provided on the substrate, and the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor is provided in the interacting region. After the body is applied, electroless plating is performed. In the present invention, a region (polymer layer) in which a polymer that interacts with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor is present is appropriately referred to as a “graft pattern”.
Hereinafter, such steps (a) to (c) will be described in order.

<< (a) Process of providing a graft pattern on a substrate >>
Examples of the method of providing a graft pattern on the substrate include the following aspects (1) and (2).
<Aspect (1)>
Aspect (1) is a polymer compound having a functional group (polar conversion group) that changes to a functional group that interacts with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor or loses its effect by heat, acid, or radiation. Is directly bonded to the entire surface of the substrate (hereinafter, such a surface may be referred to as a “pattern formation layer”), and then a graft pattern is formed by heating or irradiation with radiation in a pattern. Is.

(Surface graft polymerization)
The pattern forming layer according to the aspect (1) is produced using a means generally called surface graft polymerization. Graft polymerization is a method in which an active species is provided on a polymer compound chain, and then another monomer that initiates polymerization is further polymerized to synthesize a graft (grafting) polymer. When the compound forms a solid surface, it is called surface graft polymerization.

As the surface graft polymerization method for realizing this embodiment, any known method described in literatures can be used. For example, New Polymer Experimental Science 10, edited by Polymer Society, 1994, published by Kyoritsu Shuppan Co., Ltd., p135 describes a photograft polymerization method and a plasma irradiation graft polymerization method as surface graft polymerization methods. Further, in the adsorption technology manual, NTS Co., Ltd., supervised by Takeuchi, 1999.2, p203, p695, radiation-induced graft polymerization methods such as γ rays and electron beams are described.
As a specific method of the photograft polymerization method, methods described in JP-A-63-92658, JP-A-10-296895, and JP-A-11-119413 can be used.

In addition to these, as a means for producing a surface graft layer in which the end of the polymer compound chain is directly chemically bonded, a trialkoxysilyl group, an isocyanate group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, It can also be formed by adding a reactive functional group such as a carboxyl group and a coupling reaction between this and a functional group present on the substrate surface.
In addition, the substrate surface in the present embodiment refers to a surface having a function of chemically bonding a terminal of a polymer compound having a polarity conversion group to the surface directly or via a trunk polymer compound. The surface itself may have such surface characteristics, or a separate intermediate layer may be provided on the substrate, and the intermediate layer may have such characteristics. As such a substrate, it is preferable to select a substrate whose surface unevenness is 500 nm or less.

  In addition, as a means for producing a surface in which the end of a polymer compound chain having a polarity converting group is chemically bonded via a trunk polymer compound, a functional group capable of undergoing a coupling reaction with a functional group on a substrate surface Is attached to the side chain of the backbone polymer, and a graft polymer compound incorporating a polymer compound chain having a polar conversion group as a graft chain is synthesized, and a coupling reaction between the polymer and a lower surface functional group is performed. It can also be formed.

Next, the polarity conversion group used in this embodiment will be described. The polarity converting group in this embodiment includes (A) a type whose polarity is changed by heat or acid, and (B) a type whose polarity is changed by radiation (light).
In the present invention, the “functional group that interacts with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor” is not particularly limited as long as it is a functional group to which the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor described later can be attached. Specifically, a hydrophilic group can be mentioned.

[(A) Functional group whose polarity changes with heat or acid]
First, (A) the functional group whose polarity is changed by heat or acid will be described.
(A) The functional group whose polarity is changed by heat or acid includes a functional group that changes from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by heat or acid, and a functional group that changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by heat or acid. There are two types.

((A-1) Functional group that changes from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by heat or acid)
(A-1) Examples of the functional group that changes from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by heat or acid include known functional groups described in the literature.
Useful examples of these functional groups include alkylsulfonic acid esters, disulfones, sulfonimides described in JP-A No. 10-282672, alkoxyalkyl esters described in EP0652483 and WO92 / 9934, H.P. Ito et al., Macromolecules, vol. 21, pp. Examples thereof include t-butyl ester described in 1477, carboxylic acid ester protected with an acid-decomposable group described in literature such as silyl ester and vinyl ester.

Also, Masahiro Tsunooka, “Surface” vol. 133 (1995), pp. 374, an iminosulfonate group described by Masahiro Tsunooka, Polymer preprints, Japan vol. 46 (1997), pp. Examples thereof include β-ketone sulfonates described in 2045, nitrobenzyl sulfonate compounds disclosed in Aoyama Yamaoka, JP 63-257750 A, but are not limited to these functional groups.
Among these, particularly excellent ones are secondary alkyl sulfonic acid ester groups, tertiary carboxylic acid ester groups represented by general formula (1), and general carboxylic acid ester groups described in JP-A No. 2001-117223. The alkoxyalkyl ester group represented by (2) is mentioned, Among these, the secondary alkylsulfonic acid ester group represented by General formula (1) is the most preferable. Specific examples of particularly preferred functional groups are shown below.

((A-2) Functional group that changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by heat or acid)
In the present invention, (A-2) as the functional group that changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by heat or acid, known functional groups such as those described in JP-A-10-296895 and US Pat. No. 6,190,830 are disclosed. Mention may be made of the polymers containing the described onium bases, in particular polymers containing ammonium salts. Specific examples include (meth) acryloyloxyalkyltrimethylammonium. Moreover, although the carboxylic acid group and carboxylic acid group which are shown by General formula (3) of Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2001-117223 are mentioned as a suitable thing, it does not specifically limit to these illustrations. Specific examples of particularly preferred functional groups are shown below.

  The polymer compound having a polar conversion group in the present invention may be a homopolymer of one kind of monomer having the above functional group or may be a copolymer of two or more kinds. Moreover, as long as the effect of this invention is not impaired, the copolymer with another monomer may be sufficient.

  (A-1) Specific examples of monomers having a functional group that changes from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by heat or acid are shown below.

  (A-2) Specific examples of monomers having a functional group that changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by heat or acid are shown below.

(Photothermal conversion material)
When forming the graft pattern on the surface of the pattern forming material using the polymer compound having the polar conversion group described above, if the energy to be applied is light energy such as an IR laser, the light energy is converted into heat energy. It is preferable that the photothermal conversion substance is contained somewhere in the pattern forming material. The part to contain the photothermal conversion substance may be, for example, any one of a pattern forming layer, an intermediate layer, and a base material. Furthermore, a photothermal conversion substance layer is provided between the intermediate layer and the base material and added thereto. May be.

  As the photothermal conversion substance that can be used, any substance that absorbs light such as ultraviolet rays, visible rays, infrared rays, and white rays and can convert it into heat can be used. For example, carbon black, carbon graphite, pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, Examples thereof include iron powder, graphite powder, iron oxide powder, lead oxide, silver oxide, chromium oxide, iron sulfide, and chromium sulfide. Particularly preferred are dyes, pigments or metal fine particles having a maximum absorption wavelength from 760 nm to 1200 nm, which is the exposure wavelength of an infrared laser used for energy application.

  As the dye, commercially available dyes and known dyes described in literature (for example, “Dye Handbook” edited by the Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, published in 1970) can be used. Specific examples include azo dyes, metal complex salt azo dyes, pyrazolone azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, carbonium dyes, quinoneimine dyes, methine dyes, cyanine dyes, and metal thiolate complexes. Preferred dyes include, for example, cyanine dyes described in JP-A-58-125246, JP-A-59-84356, JP-A-59-202829, JP-A-60-78787, and the like. Methine dyes described in JP-A-58-173696, JP-A-58-181690, JP-A-58-194595, JP-A-58-112793, JP-A-58-224793, JP-A-59- 48187, JP-A-59-73996, JP-A-60-52940, JP-A-60-63744, etc., naphthoquinone dyes, JP-A-58-112792, etc. And cyanine dyes described in British Patent 434,875.

  Further, near infrared absorption sensitizers described in US Pat. No. 5,156,938 are also preferably used, and substituted arylbenzo (thio) pyrylium salts described in US Pat. Trimethine thiapyrylium salts described in JP-A-57-142645 (US Pat. No. 4,327,169), JP-A Nos. 58-181051, 58-220143, 59-41363, 59-84248, Pyryllium compounds described in JP-A-59-84249, JP-A-59-146063, JP-A-59-146061, cyanine dyes described in JP-A-59-216146, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,475 A pentamethine thiopyrylium salt or the like, or a pyrylium compound disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 5-13514 and 5-19702 are also preferably used.Examples of other preferable dyes include near infrared absorbing dyes described as formulas (I) and (II) in US Pat. No. 4,756,993. Among these dyes, particularly preferred are cyanine dyes, squarylium dyes, pyrylium salts, and nickel thiolate complexes.

  As pigments used, commercially available pigments and color index (CI) manual, “Latest Pigment Handbook” (edited by Japan Pigment Technology Association, published in 1977), “Latest Pigment Applied Technology” (published by CMC, published in 1986) , “Printing Ink Technology”, published by CMC Publishing, 1984) can be used. Examples of the pigment include black pigments, yellow pigments, orange pigments, brown pigments, red pigments, purple pigments, blue pigments, green pigments, fluorescent pigments, metal powder pigments, and other polymer-bonded dyes. Specifically, insoluble azo pigments, azo lake pigments, condensed azo pigments, chelate azo pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, anthraquinone pigments, perylene and perinone pigments, thioindigo pigments, quinacridone pigments, dioxazine pigments, isoindolinone pigments In addition, quinophthalone pigments, dyed lake pigments, azine pigments, nitroso pigments, nitro pigments, natural pigments, fluorescent pigments, inorganic pigments, carbon black, and the like can be used. Among these pigments, carbon black is preferable.

  These dyes or pigments are 0.01 to 50% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass, based on the total solid content of the photothermal conversion substance-containing layer, from the viewpoint of sensitivity and film strength of the photothermal conversion substance-containing layer. In the case, it is particularly preferably 0.5 to 10% by mass, and in the case of a pigment, particularly preferably 3.1 to 10% by mass.

(Acid generator)
When a graft pattern is formed on the surface of a pattern forming material using the above-described polymer compound having a polarity converting group, an acid generator is added anywhere on the pattern forming material in order to provide an acid for polarity conversion. It is preferable to make it contain. For example, the acid generator may be added to any of the pattern forming layer, the intermediate layer, and the substrate.

  The acid generator is a compound that generates an acid by heat or light. Generally, it is a photoinitiator for photocationic polymerization, a photoinitiator for photoradical polymerization, a photodecolorant for dyes, or a photochromic agent. Further, compounds that generate acid by known light used in microresist and the like, and mixtures thereof can be used, and these can be appropriately selected and used.

  For example, S.M. I. Schlesinger, Photogr. Sci. Eng. , 18, 387 (1974), T.A. S. Bal et al. , Polymer, 21, 423 (1980), ammonium salts described in JP-A-3-140140, etc., phosphonium salts described in US Pat. No. 4,069,055, etc. Iodonium salts described in JP-A-2-150848, JP-A-2-296514, and the like; V. Crivello et al. , Polymer J. et al. 17, 73 (1985), U.S. Pat. No. 3,902,114, European Patent 233,567, U.S. 297,443, U.S. 297,442, U.S. Pat. 933,377, 4,491,628, 5,041,358, 4,760,013, 4,734,444, 2, No. 833,827, German Patent No. 2,904,626, No. 3,604,580, No. 3,604,581, etc.,

J. et al. V. Crivello et al. Selenonium salts described in C., Macromolecules, 10 (6), 1307 (1977) and the like. S. Wen et al. , Teh, Proc. Conf. Rad. Curing ASIA, p478, Tokyo, Oct (1988) and other onium salts such as arsonium salts, organic halogen compounds described in JP-A-63-298339, and organic compounds described in JP-A-2-161445, etc. Metal / organic halides; Hayase et al. , J .; Polymer Sci. , 25, 753 (1987), Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 60-198538, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 53-133022, etc., photo acid generator having an o-nitrobenzyl type protecting group, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 64-18143. JP-A-2-165756, JP-A-3-140109, and the like, compounds such as iminosulfonates, which are photodecomposed to generate sulfonic acid, described in JP-A-61-166544, etc. The disulfone compound can be mentioned.

  From the viewpoint of sensitivity and film strength of the acid generating material-containing layer, these acid generating materials are 0.01 to 50% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 30% by mass of the total solid content of the acid generating material-containing layer. Can be used.

[(B) Functional group whose polarity changes with light]
Among the functional groups whose polarity changes, there are those that change their polarity by light irradiation of 700 nm or less. Such a functional group whose polarity is changed by (B) light (polarity conversion group: polarity conversion group sensitive to light of 700 nm or less) is irradiated with light having a predetermined wavelength irrespective of long wavelength exposure such as infrared rays or heat. The polarity is changed with high sensitivity by directly causing decomposition, ring-opening or dimerization reaction. Hereinafter, the functional group whose polarity changes by light irradiation of 700 nm or less will be described.
(B) Regarding the functional group whose polarity changes with light, (B-1) a functional group that changes from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by light, and (B-2) changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by light. There are two types of functional groups.

((B-1) Functional group that changes from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by light)
(B-1) Examples of functional groups that change from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by light include general formulas (1) to (4) and (7) to (9) described in JP-A-2003-222972. The functional group represented by can be used.

((B-2) Functional group that changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by light)
(B-2) Examples of the functional group that changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by light include a bispyridinioethylene group.

〔substrate〕
The substrate used in the embodiment (1) has a surface graft layer in which the terminal of the polymer compound having the polar conversion group is bonded directly or chemically via a trunk polymer compound and the terminal of the polymer compound is directly or It has a substrate surface that can be chemically bonded via a trunk polymer compound. As described above, the surface of the substrate itself may have such characteristics, and a substrate provided with an intermediate layer having such characteristics on the surface of the base material may be used.

(Substrate surface)
Such a substrate surface may be either an inorganic layer or an organic layer as long as it has characteristics suitable for graft synthesis of the surface graft layer. In addition, in this embodiment, since the change in hydrophilicity / hydrophobicity is expressed by the pattern forming layer made of a thin polymer compound, the polarity of the surface is not a problem, and even if it is hydrophilic, it is hydrophobic. Also good.
In the case of synthesizing the thin layer polymer of this embodiment by the photograft polymerization method, the plasma irradiation graft polymerization method, or the radiation irradiation graft polymerization method, the intermediate layer is preferably a layer having an organic surface, particularly an organic layer. A polymer layer is preferred. Organic polymers include epoxy resins, acrylic resins, urethane resins, phenol resins, styrene resins, vinyl resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, melamine resins, formalin resins and other synthetic resins, gelatin, casein, cellulose, Any natural resin such as starch can be used, but in the photograft polymerization method, plasma irradiation graft polymerization method, radiation irradiation graft polymerization method, etc., the start of graft polymerization proceeds from the extraction of hydrogen of the organic polymer. It is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of production suitability to use a polymer that is easily pulled out, particularly an acrylic resin, a urethane resin, a styrene resin, a vinyl resin, a polyester resin, a polyamide resin, and an epoxy resin.

Such an intermediate layer may also serve as a base material described later, and may be an intermediate layer provided on the base material as necessary.
In this embodiment, in order to make the surface irregularity of the substrate to be 500 nm or less, when the substrate consists only of a substrate such as a resin film, the intermediate layer on the surface of the base material, that is, the substrate itself, or on the surface of the base material When the substrate is used as a substrate, it is preferably prepared so that the surface roughness of the intermediate layer surface is 500 nm or less. In order to make the surface irregularities of the substrate 500 nm or less, a resin base material with excellent smoothness as a material is selected, and when forming an intermediate layer, a film with high uniformity in the thickness of the intermediate layer must be selected. What is necessary is just to form.

[Layer expressing polymerization initiating ability]
In the aspect (1), a polymerizable compound and a polymerization initiator are added as a compound that exhibits polymerization initiating ability by applying energy to the substrate surface, and the polymerization initiating ability is exhibited as an intermediate layer (substrate) surface. It is preferable to form a layer to be formed from the viewpoint of efficiently generating active sites and improving pattern formation sensitivity.
The layer that expresses the polymerization initiating ability (hereinafter referred to as a polymerizable layer as appropriate) is prepared by dissolving necessary components in a solvent capable of dissolving them, and providing it on the substrate surface by a method such as coating, heating or light irradiation. Can be hardened and formed.

(A) Polymerizable compound The polymerizable compound used in the polymerizable layer has good adhesion to the substrate and is polymerized to the terminal and / or side chain contained in the upper layer by applying energy such as actinic ray irradiation. The hydrophilic polymer having a functional group is not particularly limited as long as it can be added, but among them, a hydrophobic polymer having a polymerizable group in the molecule is preferable.
Specific examples of such a hydrophobic polymer include diene homopolymers such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and polypentadiene, and allyl groups such as allyl (meth) acrylates and 2-allyloxyethyl methacrylate. Monomer homopolymer;
Furthermore, these structural units containing diene monomers such as butadiene, isoprene and pentadiene or allyl group-containing monomers as structural units and styrene, (meth) acrylic acid ester, (meth) acrylonitrile, etc. Original or multi-component copolymer;
And linear polymers or three-dimensional polymers having a carbon-carbon double bond in the molecule such as unsaturated polyester, unsaturated polyepoxide, unsaturated polyamide, unsaturated polyacryl, and high-density polyethylene.
In this specification, when referring to both or one of “acrylic and methacrylic”, it may be expressed as “(meth) acrylic”.
In the polymerizable layer, the content of the polymerizable compound is preferably in the range of 0 to 100% by mass, particularly preferably in the range of 10 to 80% by mass in terms of solid content.

(B) Polymerization initiator It is preferable that the polymerizable layer in the aspect (1) contains a polymerization initiator for expressing the polymerization initiating ability by applying energy. The polymerization initiator used here is a known thermal polymerization initiator, photopolymerization initiator, or the like that can exhibit polymerization initiating ability by predetermined energy, for example, irradiation with actinic rays, heating, irradiation of electron beam, etc. Can be selected and used as appropriate. Among them, it is preferable to use photopolymerization having a higher reaction rate (polymerization rate) than thermal polymerization from the viewpoint of production suitability, and therefore it is preferable to use a photopolymerization initiator.
The photopolymerization initiator that can be used in this embodiment is active with respect to irradiated actinic rays, and has a polymerizable compound contained in the polymerizable layer and a hydrophilic group having a polymerizable group at the terminal or side chain contained in the upper layer. There is no particular limitation as long as the compound can be polymerized, and for example, a radical polymerization initiator, an anionic polymerization initiator, a cationic polymerization initiator, and the like can be used.

Specific examples of such a photopolymerization initiator include p-tert-butyltrichloroacetophenone, 2,2′-diethoxyacetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one. Acetophenones such as: benzophenone (4,4′-bisdimethylaminobenzophenone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2-methylthioxanthone, 2-ethylthioxanthone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, ketones such as benzoin, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin isopropyl Examples thereof include benzoin ethers such as ether and benzoin isobutyl ether; benzyl ketals such as benzyl dimethyl ketal and hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and the like.
The content of the polymerization initiator is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 70% by mass, particularly preferably in the range of 1 to 40% by mass in terms of solid content in the polymerizable layer.

The solvent used for applying the polymerizable compound and the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as these components are soluble. From the viewpoint of easy drying and workability, a solvent having a boiling point that is not too high is preferable. Specifically, a solvent having a boiling point of about 40 ° C to 150 ° C may be selected.
Specifically, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, acetylacetone, cyclohexanone, methanol, Ethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 3-methoxypropanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, - such as methoxypropyl acetate.
These solvents can be used alone or in combination. The concentration of the solid content in the coating solution is suitably 2 to 50% by mass.

The coating amount in the case of forming a polymerizable layer on a substrate to form a substrate is the mass after drying from the viewpoint of sufficient polymerization initiation ability and prevention of film peeling while maintaining film properties. And 0.1 to 20 g / m ² is preferable, and 1 to 15 g / m ² is more preferable.

As described above, the polymerizable layer forming composition is disposed on the surface of the substrate by coating or the like, and the solvent is removed to form a polymerizable layer to form a polymerizable layer. It is preferable that the film is hardened by light irradiation. In particular, if the film is dried by heating and then preliminarily cured by light irradiation, the polymerizable compound is cured to some extent in advance, so that the polymerizable layer falls off after achieving the grafting of the hydrophilic compound. Such a situation can be effectively suppressed. Here, the reason why light irradiation is used for pre-curing is the same as described in the section of the photopolymerization initiator.
The heating temperature and time may be selected under conditions that allow the coating solvent to be sufficiently dried, but from the viewpoint of production suitability, the temperature is 100 ° C. or less, the drying time is preferably within 30 minutes, and the drying temperature is 40 to 80 ° C. It is more preferable to select heating conditions within a drying time of 10 minutes.

  The light irradiation performed as desired after heat drying can use a light source used for pattern formation described later, but the subsequent formation of the graft pattern and the active points and graft chains of the polymerizable layer performed by energy application From the viewpoint of not inhibiting the formation of bonds, it is preferable to irradiate with light to such an extent that the polymerizable compound present in the polymerizable layer is not partially radically polymerized even if it is partially radically polymerized. Although it varies depending on the intensity of the light source, it is generally preferably within 30 minutes. As a standard for such pre-curing, it can be mentioned that the film remaining rate after solvent cleaning is 10% or less and the initiator remaining rate after pre-curing is 1% or more.

(Base material)
In the present invention, the “substrate” refers to “a polymer that can be chemically bonded directly to the surface” as described above, and an intermediate layer such as a polymerization initiation layer is provided on the surface of a resin film or the like, and the polymer is formed on the surface. Is provided in a pattern, the resin film or the like is referred to as a “base material”.
The substrate used for the metal pattern material of the present invention and constituting a substrate having a surface having the above characteristics is a plate having a smooth surface, surface irregularities of 500 nm or less, and dimensionally stable. For example, paper, plastic (for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, etc.) laminated, metal plate (for example, aluminum, zinc, copper, etc.), plastic film (for example, cellulose diacetate, Cellulose triacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyimide, epoxy resin, etc.), paper on which the above metals are laminated or deposited Or Stick film and the like. As a base material used for this aspect, a polyester film or a polyimide film is preferable.

In the case where the metal pattern of the present invention is used as a conductive layer to produce a printed wiring board, it is preferable to use an insulating resin as a substrate.
Examples of such an insulating resin include resins such as polyphenylene ether or modified polyphenylene ether, cyanate ester compounds, and epoxy compounds, and a substrate formed of a thermosetting resin composition containing one or more of these resins is preferable. Used. Preferred combinations when two or more of these resins are combined to form a resin composition include polyphenylene ether or modified polyphenylene ether and cyanate ester compound, polyphenylene ether or modified polyphenylene ether and epoxy compound, polyphenylene ether or modified polyphenylene ether and cyanate. Examples include combinations of ester compounds and epoxy compounds.
When forming a multilayer printed wiring board substrate with such a thermosetting resin composition, it is preferable not to include an inorganic filler selected from the group consisting of silica, talc, aluminum hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide, Further, it is preferably a thermosetting resin composition further containing a bromine compound or a phosphorus compound.

In addition, as other insulating resin preferable as a printed wiring board substrate, 1,2-bis (vinylphenylene) ethane resin, or a modified resin of this and a polyphenylene ether resin can be mentioned. For example, it is described in detail in Satoru Ama et al., “Journal of Applied Polymer Science” Vol. 92, p1252-1258 (2004).
Further, liquid crystal polymers that can be obtained as commercial products under the name of Kuraray Bexter, and fluororesins represented by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are also preferred.
Of these resins, fluororesin (PTFE) is most excellent in high frequency characteristics among polymer materials. However, since it is a thermoplastic resin having a low Tg, it has poor dimensional stability against heat, and its mechanical strength is inferior to that of a thermosetting resin material. Further, there is a problem that the formability is inferior to the workability. A thermoplastic resin such as polyphenylene ether (PPE) can also be used after being alloyed with a thermosetting resin. For example, it can be used as an alloying resin of PPE and epoxy resin, triallyl isocyanate, or an alloying resin of a PPE resin into which a polymerizable functional group is introduced and another thermosetting resin.
Epoxy resins have insufficient dielectric properties as they are, but improvements have been made by the introduction of bulky skeletons. In this way, the introduction and modification of structures that make use of the properties of each resin to compensate for its drawbacks. The resin which performed etc. is used preferably.
For example, cyanate ester is a resin having the most excellent dielectric properties among thermosetting, but is rarely used alone, and is used as a modified resin such as an epoxy resin, a maleimide resin, and a thermoplastic resin. Details of these are described in “Electronic Technology” 2002 No. 9, p35, and these descriptions can also be referred to in selecting such an insulating resin.

  As described above, when a metal pattern is used as a wiring (conductive film) of a printed wiring board, in order to suppress signal delay and attenuation from the viewpoint of processing high-capacity data at high speed, It is effective to reduce both the rate and the dielectric loss tangent. The use of low dielectric loss tangent material is as described in detail in "Journal of Electronics Packaging Society" Vol. 7, No. 5, P397 (2004), and in particular, an insulating material having low dielectric loss tangent characteristics is adopted. It is preferable to increase the speed. Specifically, the substrate is preferably made of an insulating resin whose dielectric constant (relative dielectric constant) at 1 GHz is 3.0 or less, and from an insulating resin whose dielectric loss tangent at 1 GHz is 0.01 or less. More preferably. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent of the insulating resin are measured using a cavity resonator perturbation method based on a conventional method, for example, the method described in “18th Annual Meeting of the Electronics Packaging Society”, p189. It can be measured using a device (εr for ultra-thin sheet, tan δ measuring device / system, manufactured by Keycom Corporation). Thus, in the present invention, it is also useful to select an insulating resin material from the viewpoint of dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent. Examples of the insulating resin having a dielectric constant of 3.5 or less and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.01 or less include a liquid crystal polymer, a polyimide resin, a fluororesin, a polyphenylene ether resin, a cyanate ester resin, and a bis (bisphenylene) ethane resin. In addition, these modified resins are also included.

[Formation of pattern (image)]
Formation of the pattern in the aspect (1) is performed by irradiation with radiation such as light or heating. In addition, as an aspect of light irradiation, if the photothermal conversion substance is used in combination, a pattern can be formed by heating by scanning exposure such as laser light in the infrared region.
Examples of the pattern forming method include a method of writing by radiation irradiation such as heating and exposure. For example, light irradiation with an infrared laser, an ultraviolet lamp, visible light, etc., electron beam irradiation such as γ rays, thermal recording with a thermal head, and the like are possible. Examples of these light sources include mercury lamps, metal halide lamps, xenon lamps, chemical lamps, and carbon arc lamps. Examples of radiation include electron beams, X-rays, ion beams, and far infrared rays. Also, g-line, i-line, deep-UV light, and high-density energy beam (laser beam) are used.
Specific examples generally used include direct image-like recording using a thermal recording head, scanning exposure using an infrared laser, high-illuminance flash exposure such as a xenon discharge lamp, and infrared lamp exposure.

  On the other hand, when a polarity conversion group sensitive to light of 700 nm or less is used, polarity conversion occurs in the pattern forming layer, that is, the above-described polarity conversion group is decomposed, ring-opened or dimerized, and the affinity is improved. Any means of light irradiation can be used as long as the aqueous property can be changed. For example, light irradiation with an ultraviolet lamp, visible light, or the like can be used. Examples of these light sources include mercury lamps, metal halide lamps, xenon lamps, chemical lamps, and carbon arc lamps.

In order to perform direct pattern formation using digital data of a computer, a method of causing polarity conversion by laser exposure is preferable. Lasers include gas lasers such as carbon dioxide lasers, nitrogen lasers, Ar lasers, He / Ne lasers, He / Cd lasers, Kr lasers, solid state lasers such as liquid (pigment) lasers, ruby lasers, Nd / YAG lasers, GaAs / Semiconductor lasers such as GaAlAs and InGaAs lasers, KrF lasers, XeCl lasers, XeF lasers, and excimer lasers such as Ar ₂ can be used.

<Aspect (2)>
In the embodiment (2), a compound having a polymerizable group and a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof (hereinafter, referred to as “interactive group” as appropriate) is brought into contact with the substrate surface to form an image. A graft pattern is formed by irradiating with radiation.

[Formation of graft pattern by surface grafting]
In the graft pattern according to the aspect (2), a compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group is brought into contact with a substrate, and energy is applied to form a chemical bond between the polymerizable group of the compound and the substrate. Therefore, it is possible to form a region that interacts with a strong and durable electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof (hereinafter, referred to as “interactive region” as appropriate). Such bond formation is referred to as surface grafting. This is in accordance with the means called surface graft polymerization described in the pattern forming layer according to the aspect (1), and in the aspect (1), the polymer compound to be grafted has a polar conversion group. In this embodiment, the composition containing a compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group is directly bonded to the active species generated on the substrate surface while contacting.
This contact may be performed by immersing the substrate in a liquid composition containing the compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group. However, from the viewpoint of handleability and production efficiency, the contact will be described later. Thus, it is preferable to form the layer which has as a main component the composition containing the compound which has this polymeric group and interactive group on a substrate surface by the apply | coating method.
The surface graft according to aspect (2) can be formed in the same manner as the surface graft polymerization described in aspect (1).

(Compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group)
The compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group used in this embodiment is a homopolymer obtained by using a monomer having an interactive group described later, or at least one selected from monomers having the interactive group , Refers to a polymer in which an ethylene addition polymerizable unsaturated group (polymerizable group) such as a vinyl group, an allyl group, or a (meth) acryl group is introduced into the copolymer as a polymerizable group. In particular, those having a polymerizable group at the terminal are preferable, and those having a polymerizable group at the terminal and side chain are more preferable.

A compound having such a polymerizable group and an interactive group can be synthesized as follows.
Synthetic methods include a method of copolymerizing a monomer having an interactive group and a monomer having a polymerizable group, copolymerizing a monomer having an interactive group and a monomer having a double bond precursor, Examples thereof include a method of introducing a double bond by treatment with a base and the like, and a method of reacting a polymer having an interactive group with a monomer having a polymerizable group. Preferably, from the viewpoint of synthesis suitability, a method of introducing a polymerizable group by reacting a polymer having an interactive group and a monomer having a polymerizable group, a monomer having an interactive group and a double bond precursor In which a double bond is introduced by treatment with a base or the like.

  Monomers used in the synthesis of the compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group include (meth) acrylic acid or an alkali metal salt and amine salt thereof, itaconic acid or an alkali metal salt and amine salt thereof, 2-hydroxyethyl (Meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylamide, N-monomethylol (meth) acrylamide, N-dimethylol (meth) acrylamide, allylamine or its hydrohalide, 3-vinylpropionic acid or its alkali metal salt and amine salt, Vinylsulfonic acid or its alkali metal salt and amine salt, 2-sulfoethyl (meth) acrylate, polyoxyethylene glycol mono (meth) acrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acid phosphooxypolyoxy Carboxyl groups such as ethylene glycol mono (meth) acrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone (the following structure), sulfonic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, amino groups or salts thereof, hydroxyl groups, amide groups, phosphine groups, imidazole groups, pyridine groups, Or the salt and monomers which have functional groups, such as an ether group, are mentioned.

Examples of the allyl group-containing monomer copolymerized with the monomer having an interactive group include allyl (meth) acrylate and 2-allyloxyethyl methacrylate.
Examples of the monomer having a double bond precursor include 2- (3-chloro-1-oxopropoxy) ethyl methacrylate, and 2- (3-bromo-1-oxopropoxy) ethyl methacrylate.
Monomer having a polymerizable group used for introducing an unsaturated group by reaction with a functional group such as a carboxyl group, an amino group or a salt thereof, a hydroxyl group and an epoxy group in a polymer having an interactive group As (meth) acrylic acid, glycidyl (meth) acrylate, allyl glycidyl ether, 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth) acrylate, and the like.

Macromonomer can also be used as an example of the compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group. The method for producing the macromonomer used in this embodiment is described in, for example, Chapter 2 of “Macromonomer Chemistry and Industry” (Editor, Yuya Yamashita) published on September 20, 1999, published by the IP Publishing Department. Various production methods have been proposed for “synthesis”. Particularly useful macromonomers used in this embodiment include macromonomers derived from carboxyl group-containing monomers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, vinylstyrene sulfonic acid, And sulfonic acid macromonomer derived from the monomer of the salt, (meth) acrylamide, N-vinylacetamide, N-vinylformamide, amide macromonomer derived from N-vinylcarboxylic amide monomer, hydroxyethyl methacrylate Macromonomer derived from hydroxyl group-containing monomers such as cocoon, hydroxyethyl acrylate, glycerol monomethacrylate, methoxyethyl acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol Acrylate macromonomers derived from alkoxy group or ethylene oxide group-containing monomers such as. A monomer having a polyethylene glycol chain or a polypropylene glycol chain can also be usefully used as the macromonomer used in this embodiment.
Among these macromonomers, a useful molecular weight is in the range of 250 to 100,000, and a particularly preferable range is 400 to 30,000.

The solvent used in the composition containing the compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group is not particularly limited as long as the macromonomer or monomer as a main component can be dissolved, but water, water-soluble An aqueous solvent such as a solvent is preferable, and a mixture thereof or a solvent obtained by further adding a surfactant to the solvent is preferable.
The water-soluble solvent refers to a solvent miscible with water in an arbitrary ratio, and examples of such a water-soluble solvent include alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerin, acids such as acetic acid, Examples thereof include ketone solvents such as acetone, amide solvents such as formamide, and the like.

The surfactant that can be added to the solvent as needed may be any that dissolves in the solvent. Examples of such surfactants include an anionic surfactant such as sodium n-dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Agents, cationic surfactants such as n-dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether (commercially available products include, for example, Emulgen 910, manufactured by Kao Corporation), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (commercially available) Examples of the product include a trade name “Tween 20” and the like, and nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.
In the case where the composition is brought into contact in a liquid state, it can be carried out arbitrarily. However, the coating amount in the case of forming an interactive group-containing composition coating layer by a coating method is sufficient for the plating catalyst or its precursor. interaction of, and, from the viewpoint of obtaining a uniform coating film is preferably 0.1 to 10 g / m ² in terms of solid content, in particular 0.5 to 5 g / m ² is preferred.

〔substrate〕
The substrate used in the aspect (2) has a substrate surface such that the terminal or side chain of the compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group can be chemically bonded directly or via a trunk polymer compound. Is. The substrate itself constituting the substrate may have such characteristics, and an intermediate layer having such characteristics may be provided on the substrate to form a substrate. In detail, it can be set as a board | substrate similarly using the base material, intermediate | middle layer, etc. which were quoted in aspect (1).
Moreover, the layer which has polymerization initiating ability can also be provided similarly to aspect (1).
Also in aspect (2), it is preferable to select and use a base material whose surface unevenness of the substrate is 500 nm or less.

[Formation of pattern (image)]
There is no particular limitation on the energy application method used for forming the pattern in the aspect (2), and any method can be used that can generate an active site on the surface of the substrate and provide energy capable of binding to a hydrophilic compound having a polymerizable group. Any method can be used, but from the viewpoint of cost and simplicity of the apparatus, a method of irradiating actinic rays is preferable.
When actinic light irradiation is applied to image-like exposure, both scanning exposure based on digital data and pattern exposure using a lith film can be used.
As the method used for forming the hydrophilic pattern layer, the various writing methods previously mentioned in the aspect (1) can be preferably applied to this aspect as well.

  By applying energy in this way, the active sites generated on the substrate surface and the compound having a polymerizable group and an interactive group are polymerized to form a graft pattern consisting of a highly mobile graft chain. Further, as a preferred embodiment, by using a compound having a polymerizable group at the terminal and side chain, the graft chain is further bonded to the polymerizable group of the side chain of the graft chain bonded to the substrate, so that a graft having a branch is formed. A chain structure is formed, the formation density and mobility of the graft are dramatically improved, and a further high interaction with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor is exhibited.

<< (b) Step of providing an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on the graft pattern >>
<Electroless plating catalyst>
The electroless plating catalyst used in this step is mainly a zero-valent metal, and examples thereof include Pd, Ag, Cu, Ni, Al, Fe, and Co. In the present invention, Pd and Ag are particularly preferable because of their good handleability and high catalytic ability. As a method for fixing the zero-valent metal on the graft pattern (interactive region), generally, a metal colloid with controlled charge is used. This metal colloid has a charged surfactant or a charged charge. It can be prepared by reducing the metal ion of the metal in a solution containing a protective agent. The charge varies depending on the surfactant used here, and can be selectively adsorbed on the graft pattern by interacting with the interactive group on the graft pattern.

<Electroless plating catalyst precursor>
The electroless plating catalyst precursor used in this step can be used without particular limitation as long as it can become an electroless plating catalyst by a chemical reaction. Mainly, metal ions of zero-valent metal used in the electroless plating catalyst are used. The metal ion that is an electroless plating catalyst precursor becomes a zero-valent metal that is an electroless plating catalyst by a reduction reaction. The metal ion may be separately changed to a zero-valent metal by a reduction reaction, or may be immersed in an electroless plating bath as a precursor and changed to a metal by a reducing agent in the electroless plating bath.

In fact, metal ions that are electroless plating precursors interact as metal salts. The metal salt used is not particularly limited as long as it is dissolved in a suitable solvent and dissociated into a metal ion and a base (anion), and M (NO ₃ ) _n , MCl _n , M _{2 / n} ( SO ₄ ), M _{3 / n} (PO ₄ ) (M represents an n-valent metal atom), and the like. As a metal ion, the thing which said metal salt dissociated can be used suitably. Specific examples include Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Co, Fe, and Pd, and Ag and Pd are preferable in terms of catalytic ability.

  As a method of applying the metal colloid as the electroless plating catalyst or the metal salt as the electroless plating precursor on the graft pattern, the metal colloid is dispersed in an appropriate dispersion medium, or the metal salt is used in an appropriate solvent. The solution containing the metal ions dissolved and dissociated in (1) may be applied to the surface of the substrate where the graft pattern exists, or the substrate having the graft pattern may be immersed in the solution. By bringing a solution containing metal ions into contact, metal ions can be adsorbed to the interaction group of the pattern part by utilizing ion-ion or bipolar-ion interaction. From the viewpoint of sufficiently performing these adsorptions, the metal ion concentration or the metal salt concentration of the solution to be contacted is preferably in the range of 1 to 50% by mass, and more preferably in the range of 10 to 30% by mass. preferable. Further, the contact time is preferably about 1 minute to 24 hours, more preferably about 5 minutes to 1 hour.

In the method of the present invention, a metal film is formed in a pattern by performing electroless plating on the substrate obtained in the step (b). At this time, in order to form a high-definition patterned metal film having a sufficient thickness, the electroless plating in this step is performed in the presence of a specific surface charge control agent described in detail below .
Thus, in the electroless plating process, for example, J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 2822 (1988), JWM Jacobs and JMG Rikken, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 2229 (1993), AMT van der Putten, G. de. Bakker et al. These documents suggest that there is a possibility that the shape of the metal film can be controlled in electroless plating. However, the present invention is applicable to the formation of fine patterns applicable to wiring and the like and its utility. Is not described or suggested.
It is also known that a plating bath can be stabilized by adding a surfactant having a structure similar to that of the surface charge control agent in the present invention to the electroless plating solution. For example, JP 2003-49280 A Are described in many known literatures. However, as in the present invention, the present inventors have found for the first time that the anisotropic growth is used when forming a patterned metal film, and the electroless plating catalyst of the present invention or a precursor thereof. The excellent effect of the present invention is manifested only in combination with a technique in which a polymer having a functional group that interacts with the body and that is directly bonded to the substrate in a pattern is provided.

In any stage of the electroless plating process, the surface charge control agent is optional. The surface charge control agent may be added to the liquid of the electroless plating bath used for the electroless plating process. A substrate surface treatment with a surface charge control agent may be performed as a pretreatment for the electrolytic plating treatment step.
That is, in the former aspect, (c-1) a step of forming a metal film in a pattern by subjecting a substrate having the polymer layer to electroless plating using electroless plating containing a surface charge control agent. The latter includes (c-2) a step of treating the substrate having the polymer layer with a bath containing a surface charge control agent, and (c-3) performing an electroless plating treatment on the substrate having the polymer layer. This corresponds to the step of forming a metal film in a pattern.
Examples of such a surface charge control agent include (i) an organic compound having an affinity for the substrate and (ii) an ionic dissociation group in the molecule, and more specifically, an organic ammonium described in detail below. By using electroless plating in the presence of a compound , a metal film having a high density and sufficient thickness according to the pattern is formed on the graft pattern obtained by the above process. As a result, the formed metal pattern has excellent conductivity and adhesion.
Hereinafter, each process will be described in detail.

<< (c-1) Surface selected from a low molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the general formula (C-1) and a high molecular organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule on the substrate having the polymer layer Step of forming a metal film in a pattern by performing electroless plating using electroless plating containing a charge control agent >>
<Electroless plating>
Electroless plating refers to an operation of depositing a metal by a chemical reaction using a solution in which metal ions to be plated are dissolved. In the electroless plating in this step, for example, the substrate provided with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor obtained in the step (b) in a pattern is washed with water to remove excess metal and metal salts. Thereafter, it is immersed in an electroless plating bath containing the metal ions and a specific surface charge control agent. Generally known electroless plating baths can be used as components other than the surface charge control agent of the electroless plating bath used. In addition, electroless plating baths used to form metal films using electroless plating catalyst precursors that are adsorbed or impregnated on the graft pattern are also generally known as electroless plating baths. A plating bath can be used.

The composition of a general electroless plating bath is as follows: 1. metal ions to be plated, 2. reducing agent; Additives (stabilizers) that improve the stability of metal ions are mainly included, and in this embodiment, further described below is described in 4. Contains a surface charge control agent. In addition to these, the plating bath may contain known additives such as a plating bath stabilizer.
Copper, tin, lead, nickel, gold, palladium, and rhodium are known as the types of metals used in the electroless plating bath. Among these, copper and gold are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of conductivity.
In the electroless plating solution, sulfate, chloride, carbonate, oxide, hydroxide and the like can be used as the metal compound. The content of the metal compound may be about 0.1 to 5 g / l, preferably about 0.8 to 1.2 g / l as the metal amount. When the amount of metal is less than 0.1 g / l, the formation of the metal plating film becomes insufficient, and the deposition of electroplating in the next step becomes worse, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if the amount of metal exceeds 5 g / l, there is no effect of increasing the concentration, the amount of complexing agent required increases in proportion to the concentration, which is economically disadvantageous, and the wastewater treatment performance also deteriorates.

In addition, there are optimum reducing agents and additives according to the above metals. For example, a copper electroless plating bath contains Cu (SO ₄ ) ₂ as a copper salt, HCOH as a reducing agent, and a chelating agent such as EDTA or Rochelle salt as a copper ion stabilizer as an additive. The plating bath used for electroless plating of CoNiP includes cobalt sulfate and nickel sulfate as metal salts, sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent, sodium malonate, sodium malate, and sodium succinate as complexing agents. It is included. Further, the electroless plating bath of palladium contains (Pd (NH ₃ ) ₄ ) Cl ₂ as metal ions, NH ₃ and H ₂ NNH ₂ as reducing agents, and EDTA as a stabilizer. These plating baths may contain components other than the above components.

  Specific examples of reducing sugars to be blended in the electroless plating solution include glucose, glucose, sorbit, cellulose, sucrose, mannitol, gluconolactone, and the like. The sugar content is about 3 to 50 g / l, preferably about 10 to 20 g / l. If the saccharide content is less than 3 g / l, the formation of the electroless plating film is insufficient, and the electroplating deposition in the next step is deteriorated, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if it exceeds 50 g / l, the stability of the electroless plating solution is lowered, and an appearance defect of the electroplated film tends to occur, which is not preferable.

  Hydantoins, organic carboxylic acids, organic aminocarboxylic acids and the like can be used as the complexing agent to be blended in the electroless plating solution. Specific examples of hydantoins include hydantoin, 1-methylhydantoin, 1,3-dimethylhydantoin, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, and allantoin. Specific examples of organic carboxylic acids include citric acid and tartaric acid. Specific examples of succinic acid, malonic acid, and organic aminocarboxylic acids include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1,3-propanediaminetetraacetic acid, NTA, ethylenediaminebissuccinic acid, iminodiacetic acid, and salts thereof. Complexing agents can be used singly or in combination of two or more.

  The compounding amount of the complexing agent is about 2 to 50 g / l, preferably about 10 to 40 g / l. If the blending amount is less than 2 g / l, the complexing power is insufficient and the copper dissolving power is insufficient, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if it exceeds 50 g / l, the solubility of copper is improved, but it is economically disadvantageous and the wastewater treatment property is also deteriorated, which is not preferable.

  As the reducing agent, organic aldehydes such as formalin and glyoxylic acid, reducing phenols such as saccharides and hydroquinone, hypophosphorous acid, boron hydride, diamine borane and the like can be used. In terms of plating speed, formalin and borohydride having a strong reducing power are preferable. However, when a saccharide having a relatively low reducing power is used as a reducing agent, a hydantoin having a relatively weak complexing power is used as a complexing agent. Can be used as

  The electroless plating solution must further contain an alkali metal hydroxide. As the alkali metal hydroxide, it is appropriate to use sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide or the like from the viewpoints of availability and cost. An alkali metal hydroxide can be used individually by 1 type or in mixture as appropriate. The blending amount of the alkali metal hydroxide is about 10 to 80 g / l, preferably about 30 to 50 g / l. When the blending amount of the alkali metal hydroxide is less than 10 g / l, the formation of the metal plating film is insufficient, and the electroplating in the next step is not preferable because the deposition property of the plating in the low current density region is deteriorated. On the other hand, if the blending amount of the alkali metal hydroxide exceeds 80 g / l, the solubility of copper decreases as the concentration increases, and the stability of the plating solution deteriorates.

  In the electroless plating solution, the pH of the plating bath is in the range of 10.0 to 14.0, preferably in the range of 11.5 to 13.5, within the range of the blending ratio of each component described above. In addition, it is preferable to appropriately adjust the combination of the components used and the specific blending ratio.

  If necessary, the electroless plating solution may further contain a yellow blood salt, a rhodan salt, a pyridine compound, tannic acid, rhodanine, or the like as a stabilizer. Good stability can be maintained only by blending these compounds in a small amount of about several mg / l.

  In the treatment step using the electroless plating solution, the temperature of the electroless plating solution is about 20 to 70 ° C., preferably about 35 to 50 ° C., and the object to be treated is placed in the plating solution for about 30 seconds to 120 minutes, Preferably, it may be immersed for about 10 to 60 minutes. If the temperature of the plating solution is less than 20 ° C., the formation of the electroless plating film is insufficient. On the other hand, if the temperature exceeds 70 ° C., the stability of the plating solution is lowered, which is not preferable. In addition, when the immersion time in the plating solution is less than 30 seconds, the formation of the electroless plating film is insufficient. On the other hand, even if it exceeds 120 minutes, the effect exceeding the optimum range is not observed, and the productivity is lowered. This is not preferable.

<Surface charge regulator selected from a low molecular weight organic ammonium compound represented by the general formula (C-1) and a high molecular weight organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule >
Surface charge control agent used in the present invention, adsorbed on the substrate surface, a compound capable of inhibiting adsorption of metal ions to the substrate, in the molecular, a group having an affinity for (i) a substrate And (ii) an organic compound having an ionic dissociation group , specifically, an organic ammonium compound described in detail below .
Here, (i) the group having affinity for the substrate refers to a hydrophobic or lipophilic functional group, specifically, an alkyl group having 4 or more carbon atoms, an aromatic group having 6 or more carbon atoms, or the number of carbon atoms. including 3 or more fluorinated alkyl group are exemplified as the preferable functional group and, (ii) the ionic dissociative group, an ammonium group, but elevation Gerare, organic compounds having these functional groups in the molecule surface Preferred compounds as charge control agents.
In the present invention, an organic ammonium compound having an ammonium group is used. The organic ammonium compound is selectively adsorbed on the substrate surface, and the surface is positively charged. At this time, the surface potential of the substrate is preferably in the range of +0.1 mV to +500 mV, and more preferably in the range of +1.0 mV to +100 mV. In such a region where the surface is positively charged, metal ions (for example, Cu ²⁺ ) in the plating bath are difficult to adhere, and the region where the plating catalyst (precursor) applied to the patterned graft polymer is present. Only metal ions selectively adhere to the surface.
At this time, for the purpose of suppressing undesired adsorption to the surface charge control agent on hydrophilic groups such as carboxy groups remaining unreacted in the graft chain, an electroless plating bath containing no surface charge control agent is firstly used. It is preferable from the viewpoint that a finer pattern can be formed after using this process to form a thin metal film on the graft pattern.
Surface charge control agent used in the present invention is an organic ammonium compound having a low molecular or polymer.
As the low molecular organic ammonium compound, a compound represented by the following general formula (C-1) is preferable.

In the general formula (C-1), R ¹ to R ⁴ each independently represents a monovalent organic group, and an alkyl group or an aryl group which may contain a substituent is preferable. Specifically, examples of the alkyl group include alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, and butyl, or aryl groups such as an alkyl group substituted with a phenyl group such as benzyl, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group. It is done.
X ⁻ represents a counter anion, specifically, for example, CH ₃ SO ₄ ⁻ , C ₂ H ₅ SO ₄ ⁻ , Cl ⁻ , Br ⁻ , HSO ₄ ⁻ , H ₂ PO ₄ ⁻ , CH ₃ COO ⁻ , _{^{CH 3 SO 3 -, NO 3}} - , and the like.

The high molecular organic ammonium compound includes a copolymer or amine group obtained by copolymerizing a monomer having a quaternary ammonium base, a monomer having an ethylene glycol chain, and a monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms. Intramolecular quaternary, such as a copolymer obtained by quaternizing a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a monomer having an ethylene glycol chain and a monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms A compound having an ammonium salt structure is preferred.
The monomer having a quaternary ammonium base constituting the copolymer (polymeric organic ammonium compound) according to the present invention is not limited as long as it has a quaternary ammonium group and can be polymerized. , Acrylamides, allyl ethers, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters, styrene derivatives, etc., among which (meth) acrylates and acrylamides having a quaternary ammonium base are preferred. Specific examples of the (meth) acrylate having a quaternary ammonium base include compounds represented by the following general formula (C-2). Also included are betaine compounds such as monomers obtained by quaternizing dimethylaminoethyl acrylate with bromoethanol or sodium chloroacetate.

In formula (C-2), R ¹ represents a hydrogen atom or -CH ^_3, R ^2, R ₃ each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms Represents a hydroxyalkyl group. R ⁴ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. A represents an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an oxyalkylene group, or a polyoxyalkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. X ⁻ represents a counter anion.
Here, the counter anion represented by X ⁻ has the same meaning as in general formula (C-1), and preferred examples thereof are also the same.

  Further, the monomer having an ethylene glycol chain constituting the organic ammonium compound according to the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having an ethylene glycol chain in the molecule and copolymerizable, but the ethylene glycol chain in the molecule is not limited. (Meth) acrylates, acrylamides, allyl ethers, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters, styrene derivatives, and the like having an ethylene glycol chain, and among these, (meth) acrylates having an ethylene glycol chain are preferable. Can be mentioned. Examples of such (meth) acrylate having an ethylene glycol chain include (poly) ethylene glycol mono (meth) acrylate represented by the following general formula (C-3).

In said general formula (C-3), n represents the integer of 1-50, Preferably it is an integer of 4-20. R ⁵ represents a hydrogen atom or —CH ₃ , and R ⁶ represents a hydrogen atom, —CH ₃ or —C ₂ H ₅ .
Commercially available products such as trade name “AE-350”, manufactured by NOF Corporation (n: 6-8) can also be used as the monomer having an ethylene glycol mono chain.

  Further, the monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms constituting the organic ammonium compound is not limited as long as it has a hydrocarbon structure having 4 or more carbon atoms in the molecule and can be copolymerized. (Meth) acrylates, acrylamides, allyl ethers, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters, styrene derivatives and the like having a hydrocarbon, and (meth) acrylates having a hydrocarbon are preferable.

  The hydrocarbons are not limited to saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched, or cyclic structures, but linear hydrocarbons having 4 or more, preferably 4 to 30, more preferably 6 to 22 carbon atoms. desirable. As the monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms in the present invention, an alkyl of a linear aliphatic alcohol having 4 or more, preferably 4 to 30, more preferably 6 to 22 carbon atoms and (meth) acrylic acid. Esters are preferred, and specifically, lauryl acrylate and the like are preferably used.

  The above-mentioned monomer having an amine group is not limited as long as it has an amino group and can be copolymerized, but (meth) acrylates, acrylamides, allyl ethers, vinyl ethers having an amine group. , Vinyl esters and styrene derivatives, among which (meth) acrylates and acrylamides having an amine group are most preferred. Also included are compounds having a cyclic structure such as acrylic morpholine. Specific examples of the monomer having an amino group include dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylate, dimethylacrylamide, acrylic morpholine, isopropylacrylamide, and diethylacrylamide.

  In addition, each of the monomers constituting the organic ammonium compound according to the present invention, that is, a monomer having a quaternary ammonium base, a monomer having an ethylene glycol chain, a monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms, and a monomer having an amine group are In forming the copolymer, only one type of each may be used, or two or more different types of monomers may be used.

The amount of addition of the specific surface charge control agent to the electroless plating solution used in the present invention is such that the concentration of the surface charge control agent is 1 × 10 ⁻⁶ to 1 × 10 ^{− in the} electroless plating bath. ^It is preferable to adjust to an amount in the range of ¹ mol / l, and it is more preferable to adjust the concentration in the liquid to 5 × 10 ⁻⁴ to 2 × 10 ⁻² mol / l.
In this way, the concentration of the surface charge control agent in the liquid is adjusted. If the concentration is too low, the growth control function of the plating film cannot be sufficiently obtained, and the effect of suppressing the growth of the metal film in the width direction tends to decrease. If the concentration is too high, adsorption to the plating catalyst occurs, and the plating rate tends to decrease or precipitation of the plating metal is suppressed.

In the present invention, a treatment similar to a general electroless plating treatment may be performed except that the specific surface charge control agent is contained in the plating bath. The surface charge control agent that is the specific organic ammonium compound in the present invention may hereinafter be simply referred to as “charge control agent”.
The film thickness of the metal film thus formed can be controlled by the concentration of the metal salt or metal ion in the plating bath, the immersion time in the plating bath, the temperature of the plating bath, etc. Is preferably 0.5 μm or more, more preferably 3 μm or more.
Further, the immersion time in the plating bath is preferably about 1 minute to 3 hours, and more preferably about 1 minute to 1 hour. In the conventional method, when the immersion time in the plating bath is increased or the metal ion concentration in the plating bath is increased, an undesired metal film grows in the width direction of the pattern, and the desired high-definition is achieved. Although it was difficult to form a metal pattern, according to the method of the present invention, since the metal film grows selectively in the thickness direction, there is no restriction on the process for obtaining a sufficient thickness of the metal film. A high-definition metal pattern having a sufficient thickness can be easily formed.

Next, a method of performing the treatment with the surface charge control agent before the electroless plating treatment step and then performing the electroless plating treatment step will be described.
<< (c-2) The process of processing the board | substrate which has this polymer layer with the bath containing a surface charge control agent >>
In this aspect, after the step of applying the electroless plating catalyst or precursor thereof to the polymer layer (b), an electroless plating catalyst (precursor) is applied to the patterned graft polymer layer on the obtained substrate surface. The material to be applied is immersed in a bath containing a surface charge control agent, and the surface charge control agent is selectively adsorbed on the surface of the substrate not having the polymer layer.
The surface charge regulator used here may be the same as that used in the step (c-1). A surface charge control agent solution is prepared by dissolving the surface charge control agent in an appropriate solvent, specifically, an organic solvent miscible with water such as distilled water or ethanol.
At this time, the amount added to the surface charge control agent solution in the bath is preferably adjusted so that the concentration of the surface charge control agent is in the range of 1 × 10 ⁻⁶ to 1 × 10 ⁻¹ mol / l. More preferably, the concentration in the liquid is adjusted to 5 × 10 ⁻⁴ to 2 × 10 ⁻² mol / l.
This treatment is preferably performed at a bath liquid temperature of about 5 to 60 ° C. and an immersion time of 20 seconds to 10 minutes. After immersion, the excess surface charge control agent solution is removed by washing with water.

<< (c-3) A process of forming a metal film in a pattern by electroless plating the substrate having the polymer layer >>
What is necessary is just to attach | subject to an electroless-plating process, after processing by the bath containing a surface charge regulator by the said (c-2) process. This step is the same as the step (c-1) except that the plating bath does not contain a surface charge regulator, and the treatment conditions such as the immersion time are also the same.

In the step (c-1), or in the steps (c-2) and (c-3), a metal pattern is prepared by dipping in an electroless plating bath, and then a drying treatment (drying step) is performed. It is preferable from the viewpoint of improvement. The drying treatment may be performed by any means, and specifically, can be performed by means such as heat drying, reduced pressure drying, reduced pressure heating drying, and blow drying. Among these, it is preferable to perform drying at room temperature or a temperature condition in the vicinity thereof from the viewpoint of suppressing deterioration and damage of the polymer layer due to the drying treatment. Specifically, natural drying stored in a normal temperature atmosphere, vacuum drying under normal temperature conditions, and normal temperature blow drying are preferable, and from the viewpoint of removing moisture as much as possible without heating, these It is preferable to carry out the drying treatment for 1 hour or longer, more preferably 24 hours or longer. The drying treatment conditions may be appropriately selected in consideration of the required adhesion and the like. Specifically, for example, in a temperature atmosphere around 25 ° C., about 1 to 3 days, about 1 to 3 weeks, Alternatively, a method of storing and drying for about 1 to 2 months, a method of storing for about 1 to 3 days under reduced pressure by a normal vacuum dryer, or a method of storing and drying for about 1 to 3 weeks, and the like can be mentioned.
The effect of improving the adhesion by performing the drying treatment is not clear, but by performing sufficient drying, preventing moisture that is a factor that decreases the adhesion from being retained in the metal pattern material, It is estimated that it is possible to suppress a decrease in adhesiveness over time due to moisture.

In the metal film portion of the metal pattern obtained as described above, the electroless plating catalyst and the fine particles of the plating metal are tightly dispersed in the surface graft film by cross-sectional observation by SEM, and further, there are relatively It was confirmed that large particles were precipitated. Since the interface is a hybrid state of the graft polymer and fine particles, the unevenness at the interface between the substrate (organic component) and the inorganic substance (electroless plating catalyst or plating metal) is 500 nm or less, and more preferably 100 nm or less. Also had good adhesion.
The state of fine particles such as electroless plating catalyst and metal deposited by plating in the surface graft film will be described in more detail. In such a polymer layer (graft film), from the interface between the polymer layer and the metal film In the substrate direction, electroless plating catalyst fine particles and / or fine particles made of metal deposited by electroless plating are dispersed at a high density on the interface side. In the fine particle dispersion state at this time, it is preferable that a region containing fine particles of 25% by volume or more is present in the vicinity of the interface from the viewpoint of adhesion of the metal film, more preferably 30% by volume or more, more preferably It is preferable that a region containing 40% by volume or more, particularly 50% by volume or more is present. Further, in the polymer layer, the region where such fine particles exist at a high density is preferably present at a depth of 0.05 μm or more from the interface between the polymer layer and the metal film to the substrate, and is 0.1 μm or more. Is more preferable, 0.2 μm or more is more preferable, and it is particularly preferable that the depth is 0.3 μm or more.

《Electroplating process》
In the metal pattern forming method of the present invention, after the electroless plating, the metal film formed in the previous step can be used as an electrode and further electroplated. As a result, a metal film having an arbitrary thickness can be easily formed on the basis of the metal film pattern having excellent adhesion to the substrate. By adding this step, a patterned metal film can be formed with a thickness according to the purpose, and therefore the metal pattern of the present invention is suitable for application to various applications such as a wiring pattern.
As the electroplating method in the present invention, a conventionally known method can be used. In addition, as a metal used for the electroplating of this process, copper, chromium, lead, nickel, gold, silver, tin, zinc, etc. are mentioned. From the viewpoint of conductivity, copper, gold, and silver are preferable. More preferred.

  The film thickness of the metal film obtained by electroplating differs depending on the application, and can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of metal contained in the plating bath, the dipping time, or the current density. In addition, from the viewpoint of conductivity, the film thickness when used for general electric wiring or the like is preferably 0.3 μm or more, and more preferably 3 μm or more.

[Metal pattern]
The metal pattern of the present invention is a metal pattern in which a metal film is locally provided on a substrate having a surface irregularity of 500 nm or less, preferably 100 nm or less, and the adhesion between the substrate and the metal film is 0. It is characterized by being 2 kN / m or more. That is, the substrate surface is smooth, and the adhesion between the substrate and the metal film is excellent.
More specifically, the metal pattern of the present invention has a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on a substrate having a surface irregularity of 500 nm or less, preferably 100 nm or less, and directly with the substrate. A metal pattern in which a chemically bonding polymer is provided in a pattern, a metal film is locally provided by electroless plating after applying an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on the pattern, and the substrate And the metal film is 0.2 kN / m or more.
Such a metal pattern can be produced by the same process as the metal pattern forming method, except that a substrate having a surface irregularity of 500 nm or less is selected from the substrates mentioned in the metal pattern forming method. it can.

In addition, the surface unevenness | corrugation is the value measured by cut | disconnecting a board | substrate or the metal pattern after formation perpendicularly | vertically with respect to the substrate surface, and observing the cross section by SEM.
More specifically, Rz measured in accordance with JIS B0601, that is, “difference between the average value of the Z data of the peak from the maximum to the fifth and the average value of the valley from the minimum to the fifth in the specified plane” Therefore, it needs to be 500 nm or less.
The adhesion value between the substrate and the metal film was determined by bonding a copper plate (thickness: 0.1 mm) to the surface of the metal pattern with an epoxy adhesive (Araldite, manufactured by Ciba Geigy) and drying at 140 ° C. for 4 hours. After that, the 90 degree peeling experiment is performed based on JISC6481, or the end of the metal pattern situation is directly peeled off, and the value obtained by performing the 90 degree peeling experiment based on JISC6481.

In a general metal pattern, a metal pattern having excellent high frequency characteristics can be obtained by setting the unevenness on the surface of the substrate, that is, the unevenness at the interface with the metal film to 500 nm or less. However, in the conventional metal pattern, if the unevenness of the substrate surface is reduced, the adhesion between the substrate and the metal film is lowered, so the substrate surface is inevitably roughened by various methods, and the metal film is provided thereon. The method was taken. Therefore, the unevenness of the interface in the conventional metal pattern is generally 1000 nm or more.
However, since the metal pattern of the present invention is in a hybrid state with the graft polymer that is directly chemically bonded to the substrate, even if the substrate surface has small irregularities, the resulting metal pattern plating and plating catalyst layer ( The unevenness at the interface between the inorganic component) and the polymer layer (organic component) is small, and excellent adhesion can be maintained.

The metal pattern of the present invention is characterized in that a substrate having a surface irregularity of 500 nm or less is selected. The surface irregularity is preferably 300 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less, and most preferably 50 nm or less. Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular in a lower limit, From the viewpoint of practical use, such as ease of manufacture, it is thought that it is about 5 nm. In addition, when using the metal pattern of this invention as metal wiring, the surface unevenness | corrugation becomes small, the unevenness | corrugation of the interface of the metal which forms metal wiring and an organic material becomes small, and the electrical loss at the time of high frequency power transmission decreases, and it is preferable.
According to the value of the 10-point average roughness (Rz) according to JIS B0601 described above, the unevenness of the substrate surface is 500 nm or less, preferably 300 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less, most preferably Selected below 50 nm.
As such a smooth substrate, a resin substrate or the like that is smooth per se may be selected. If the surface unevenness is relatively large, an intermediate layer described above is provided to make the surface unevenness within a preferable range. It is also possible to prepare.

The metal pattern of the present invention is characterized in that the adhesion between the substrate and the metal film is 0.2 kN / m or more, preferably 0.3 kN / m or more. Here, although there is no upper limit in the numerical value of the said adhesiveness, if it says from a common sense range, it will be about 0.2-2.0 kN / m. The adhesion between the substrate and the metal film in the conventional metal pattern is generally about 0.2 to 3.0 kN / m. Considering this, it can be seen that the metal pattern of the present invention has practically sufficient adhesion.
As described above, the metal pattern of the present invention can keep the unevenness at the interface on the substrate side to a minimum while maintaining the adhesion between the substrate and the metal film.

  The high-definition and sufficient-thickness metal pattern obtained in this way is obtained by an inexpensive and simple process, and becomes a substrate on which a metal circuit with improved adhesion between the metal and the substrate is formed. This is a useful conductive wiring board applicable to wiring boards, TFT wiring circuits, flexible switches, battery electrodes, solar cells, sensors, integrated circuits, motor housings, and the like.

[Printed wiring board]
The printed wiring board of the present invention can be manufactured by forming the metal pattern according to the present invention on a substrate to form a conductive layer (wiring).
As the substrate, known laminates used in ordinary wiring boards, for example, glass cloth-epoxy resin, paper-phenol resin, paper-epoxy resin, glass cloth / glass paper-epoxy resin, etc. can be used, and there is no particular limitation. . Further, a BT substrate impregnated with a bismaleimide-triazine resin, a polyimide film substrate using a polyimide film as a base material, and the like can also be used.

  Moreover, about the method for forming a circuit layer, the electrically conductive layer (metal pattern) formed with the graft polymer based on this invention on the board | substrate and a well-known method can be used in combination as appropriate. For example, using a copper-clad laminate in which copper foil and the insulating substrate are bonded together, a subtractive method in which unnecessary portions of the copper foil are removed by etching, or an additive for forming a circuit by electroless plating at a required portion of the insulating substrate. For example, a known method for manufacturing a wiring board can be used. Circuit layers can also be formed on both sides of an insulating substrate using a double-sided copper-clad laminate.

When manufacturing a wiring board (multilayer printed wiring board) by building up an insulating material layer or an electric circuit board formed on the insulating material layer on this circuit board, the insulating material layer is laminated on the circuit board. To do. A primer layer useful for forming a graft polymer layer can be provided on the insulating material layer as desired.
If necessary, the surface of the circuit layer is surface-treated in a state suitable for adhesion. This method is also not particularly limited. For example, a copper oxide needle crystal is formed on the surface of the circuit layer with an alkaline aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite, and the formed copper oxide needle crystal is immersed in a dimethylamine borane aqueous solution. Then, a known production method such as reduction can be used.

  In order to form a laminated body in which a circuit board and an insulating material layer are laminated, the circuit board and the insulating material layer or the circuit board formed on the insulating material layer are opposed to each other, for example, heating and / or pressurization is performed. What is necessary is just to laminate | stack both by the accompanying method. In addition to the hydraulic press, for example, a vacuum press, a vacuum laminate, or the like can be applied to the lamination process. Among these, a vacuum press and a vacuum laminate are more preferably used since the biting of bubbles into the adhesive layer at the time of lamination is suppressed and the embedding property of the inner layer circuit in the adhesive layer is excellent.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular in the formation method of an insulating material layer. For example, the method of apply | coating the varnish of an insulating resin composition on a support body, drying and producing an insulating film with a support body, laminating | stacking this on a circuit board, and forming can be mentioned. When the varnish is applied on the circuit board, a general application method such as bar coating, spin coating, or screen printing can be used. Moreover, when apply | coating a varnish on a support body, a comma coater, a bar coater, a kiss coater, a roll coater etc. can be utilized, and it is used suitably by the thickness of an insulating material layer. In any case, the coating thickness and the drying conditions after coating are not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the solvent used for the varnish is volatilized by 80% by weight or more. Examples of the support to which the varnish is applied include a plastic film such as PET and a metal foil. When the support is peeled and removed after the varnish is cured, a releasable plastic film or the like is preferable. Further, when the substrate is a metal foil such as a copper foil, it can be continuously used for the second circuit layer described later without peeling. The insulating resin composition layer of the insulating film with the support is directed to the surface side in contact with the circuit layer of the circuit board, and is laminated on the circuit board using a laminating method or a press device. It is also preferable to heat cure the insulating resin composition layer as necessary.

  A multilayer wiring board is manufactured by forming a second conductive pattern (second circuit) on the insulating material layer. The conductive layer formed from the graft polymer according to the present invention is suitable in this case. In this case, a step of providing a hole in the insulating material layer may be performed prior to the formation of the graft pattern. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a formation method of this via hole, A laser method, a sandblasting method, etc. can be used.

The conductive material layer can also be formed by applying a conductive material to the inside of the pattern and the via at the same time by the above-described means, or by a process such as electroless plating.
In the case where conductivity is imparted by a treatment such as plating, it may be preferable to lightly roughen the inside of the via as necessary. As the roughening liquid, an oxidizing roughening liquid such as a chromium / sulfuric acid roughening liquid, an alkaline permanganic acid roughening liquid, a sodium fluoride / chromium / sulfuric acid roughening liquid, or a borofluoric acid roughening liquid can be used. . As the surface roughening treatment, for example, an aqueous solution of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and NaOH is first heated to 70 ° C. as a swelling solution, and the substrate is immersed for 1 minute. Next, as a roughening solution, an aqueous solution of KMnO and NaOH is heated to 80 ° C. and immersed for 2 minutes. Subsequently, it is neutralized by immersing it in a neutralizing solution, for example, an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution of stannous chloride (SnCl2) at room temperature for 5 minutes. After the roughening treatment, a plating catalyst application treatment for adhering palladium is performed. The plating catalyst treatment is performed by immersing in a palladium chloride plating catalyst solution. Next, an electroless plating layer (conductor layer) having a thickness of 0.3 to 1.5 μm on the graft pattern (including the inner surface of the via hole when the via hole is formed prior to this step) is immersed in an electroless plating solution. To precipitate. If necessary, further electroplating is performed to obtain a necessary thickness. As the electroless plating solution used for electroless plating, a known electroless plating solution can be used, and there is no particular limitation. Also, electroplating can be performed by a known method and is not particularly limited. These platings are preferably copper platings. The second conductive pattern can be formed by this manufacturing method. However, according to the metal pattern manufacturing method of the present invention, a circuit pattern having a high definition and a sufficient metal film thickness can be formed. A simple circuit can be formed.

  Thereafter, when a multilayer wiring board having three or more layers is manufactured, a second insulating material layer is formed on the second conductive pattern, and the above process is repeated to have three layers of wiring. A multilayer wiring board and, if desired, a wiring board having more multilayer wirings can be formed.

Another feature point in the case of using a conductive layer by Ri formed in the formation method of the metal pattern of the present invention in the manufacture of printed wiring board, and a point is easy to secure insulation characteristics during circuit formation. In other words, in the conventional semi-additive method, electroless copper plating or electroless copper plating catalyst is attached to the entire surface of the insulating substrate, so these metals are likely to remain, and the insulation between wirings on the resulting wiring board is reduced. It's easy to do. However, according to the forming method of the present invention, the electroless copper plating or the electroless copper plating catalyst is attached only to the pattern necessary for the wiring, not to the entire surface of the insulating substrate, and the surface charge control agent coexists. Therefore, the above-mentioned problem that the electroless copper plating and the catalyst remain in the originally insulating portion other than the pattern does not occur. Therefore, in the method for manufacturing a wiring board according to the present invention, it is possible to form a high-density circuit (wiring) having excellent adhesion to the substrate, sufficient conductivity, and excellent insulation.

<Thin layer transistor>
Furthermore, a conductive layer formed by the metal pattern forming method of the present invention is formed as a gate electrode, and then a gate insulating film, a semiconductor film, and source / drain electrodes are sequentially formed on the gate electrode, The thin layer transistor (TFT) of the present invention can be obtained.

  In the TFT gate electrode, the metal layer (conductive layer) to be formed is composed of a metal film formed by plating on a patterned graft polymer formed on a glass substrate. The conductive layer is preferably metallic copper, and the sheet resistance is preferably about 0.1 Ω / □. A gate insulating film made of SiNx is formed on the gate electrode by CVD. Further thereon, an a-Si film forming a channel layer, an n + type a-Si film as a contact layer, a source electrode and a drain electrode made of Al, a pixel electrode made of ITO, and an insulating protective film made of SiNx are formed. Has been.

  The TFT element having the gate electrode formed by the formation method of the present invention may have an inverted stagger structure (bottom gate structure), and the gate electrode of the present invention can be applied to a staggered structure (top gate structure) TFT. By forming the conductive layer according to the present invention in a desired pattern, it is possible to form not only the TFT but also other nonlinear elements such as a two-terminal diode.

As described above, the gate electrode or the metal wiring obtained by the metal pattern forming method of the present invention is a liquid crystal display (LCD), a field emission display (FED), an electrophoretic display (EPD), or a plasma display. (PDP), electrochromic display device (ECD), electroluminescent display device (ELD) and other flat panel displays can be easily applied to electrodes and wiring with excellent resolution and adhesion to the substrate. It can be formed and is effective in all cases where a conductive layer is used to reduce the size and performance of a TFT or to reduce the resistance of a wiring such as a liquid crystal display device.
The TFT wiring circuit of the present invention is extremely useful when it is required to form electrodes or wiring by wet film formation instead of dry film formation, or when a large display area is required. Further, the active matrix display device incorporating the TFT wiring circuit of the present invention can be applied not only to a flat panel display but also to a flat panel image sensor, and can be suitably used for various liquid crystal display devices.

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention in detail, this invention is not limited to these.
[Examples 1 to 4]
(Production of substrate)
Using a polyimide film (product name: Kapton, manufactured by Toray DuPont) as a base material, an intermediate layer coating solution having the following composition was applied to the surface using a rod bar No. 18 and dried at 80 ° C. for 2 minutes to form a film. An intermediate layer having a thickness of 6 μm was formed.
Then, using a 400 W high-pressure mercury lamp (model number: UVL-400P, manufactured by Riko Kagaku Sangyo Co., Ltd.) on the base material provided with the intermediate layer, the substrate is irradiated with light for 10 minutes, pre-cured and used in Example 1 A was produced.
Here, Rz obtained according to JIS B 0601 was 15 nm based on a value obtained by measuring a polyimide film as a base material in a range of 40 μm × 40 μm using Nanopics 1000 (manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.). Further, the same measurement was performed on the substrate A in which an intermediate layer was formed on this polyimide film, and it was found that Rz was 10 nm, and the surface irregularities of the substrate A used in the examples were within the preferred range of the present invention. It was.

<Intermediate layer coating solution>
・ Allyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid copolymer 2g
(Copolymerization molar ratio 80/20, average molecular weight 100,000)
・ Ethylene oxide modified bisphenol A diacrylate 4g
・ 1.6g of 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone
・ 16 g of 1-methoxy-2-propanol

(Production of pattern forming material)
The pre-cured substrate A was immersed in an aqueous solution containing acrylic acid (10 wt%) and sodium periodate (NaIO ₄ , 0.01 wt%), and the above 400 W high-pressure mercury lamp was used under an argon atmosphere. Light irradiation for 30 minutes. After the light irradiation, the obtained film was thoroughly washed with ion exchange water to form a pattern forming layer grafted with acrylic acid.
Next, an aqueous solution comprising 1 liter of water, 40 g of N-ethyl-N ′ (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and 6 g of N-hydroxysuccinimide was prepared, and a substrate on which acrylic acid was grafted. Was immersed for 1 hour for ester conversion. Thereafter, 6 g of 2-nitrobenzylphenol was further added and reacted to obtain a pattern forming material A having a pattern forming layer made of a polymer having a photodegradable functional group.

(Formation of graft pattern)
The obtained pattern forming material A was exposed imagewise with an energy of 20 mj / cm ^{2 with} a laser emitting blue light having a wavelength of 400 nm (beam diameter: 1 μm) to prepare a graft pattern material A.
As for the pattern portion of the graft pattern material A having a graft layer on the substrate A, Rz was measured in the same manner as the polyimide film substrate. As a result, Rz was 15 nm, and the surface roughness of the graft pattern material A in Example 1 Was found to be within the preferred range of the present invention.

(Metal pattern formation)
The graft pattern material A was immersed in a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution of palladium nitrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) for 1 hour and then washed with distilled water. Then, it immersed in the electroless-plating bath of the following composition for 20 minutes, and produced metal pattern A1-A4.
<Electroless plating bath components>
・ OPC Kappa-H T1 (Okuno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) 6mL
・ OPC Kappa-H T2 (Okuno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) 1.2mL
・ OPC Kappa-H T3 (Okuno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) 10mL
-Surface charge control agent (compound described in Table 1 below) (Amount described in Table 1)
・ Water 83mL

[Comparative Example 1]
A metal pattern A5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electroless plating bath used in Examples 1 to 4 was not added with a surface charge modifier.

[Examples 5 to 8]
(Formation of graft pattern)
Acrylic acid was applied to the surface of the substrate A produced in the same manner as in Example 1 using the rod bar # 6, and the coated surface was laminated with a PET film having a thickness of 25 μm.
Furthermore, a pattern with a line width and a space width of L / S = 5 μm / 25 μm and a mask pattern in which chromium is vapor-deposited with a pattern of L / S = 10 μm / 20 μm are overlaid thereon, and UV light is irradiated from above (400 W high pressure) Mercury lamp: UVL-400P, manufactured by Riko Kagaku Sangyo Co., Ltd., irradiation time 30 seconds). After the light irradiation, the mask and the laminate film were removed and washed with water to obtain a graft pattern material B in which polyacrylic acid was grafted in a pattern.
Rz measured for the pattern part of the graft pattern material B in the same manner as the polyimide film substrate was 14 nm.

(Metal pattern formation)
The graft pattern material B was immersed in a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution of palladium nitrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) for 1 hour and then washed with distilled water. Then, it was immersed in 0.2M NaBH ₄ aqueous solution for 20 minutes and reduced to zerovalent palladium. Thereafter, electroless plating was performed for 20 minutes in the same electroless plating bath as in Examples 1 to 4 to produce metal patterns B1 to B4.
[Comparative Example 2]
A metal pattern B5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the electroless plating bath used in Examples 5 to 8 was not added with the surface charge modifier.

[Examples 9 to 12]
(Production of graft pattern)
A coating solution having the following composition was applied to the substrate A produced in the same manner as in Example 1 using a rod bar # 18. The film thickness of the obtained film was 0.8 μm.

<Composition formation of coating solution>
・ Hydrophilic polymer (The synthesis method is shown below) 0.25g
・ Water 5g
・ Acetonitrile 3g

<Method for synthesizing the hydrophilic polymer>
18 g of polyacrylic acid (average molecular weight 25,000) was dissolved in 300 g of DMAc, 0.41 g of hydroquinone, 19.4 g of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate and 0.25 g of dibutyltin dilaurate were added and reacted at 65 ° C. for 4 hours. . The acid value of the obtained polymer was 7.02 meq / g. Thereafter, the carboxyl group was neutralized with a 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and the polymer was precipitated in addition to ethyl acetate and washed well to obtain a hydrophilic polymer.

A 400 W high-pressure mercury lamp is used on the obtained film, and a pattern having a line width and a space width of L / S = 5 um / 25 um is overlaid with a mask pattern in which chromium is vapor-deposited in a pattern of L / S = 10 um / 20 um. Pattern exposure was performed for a minute. Thereafter, the obtained film was washed with water to obtain a graft pattern material C in which the exposed portion was changed to hydrophilic.
Rz measured for the pattern portion of the graft pattern material D in the same manner as the polyimide film substrate was 15 nm.

(Metal pattern formation)
The obtained graft pattern material C was immersed in a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution of silver nitrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for 1 hour, and then washed with distilled water. Thereafter, electroless plating was performed for 20 minutes in the same electroless plating bath as in Examples 1 to 4 to produce metal patterns C1 to C4.
[Comparative Example 3]
A metal pattern C5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the electroless plating bath used in Examples 9 to 12 was not added with a surface charge modifier.

[Examples 13 to 16]
The metal patterns formed in Examples 9 to 12 were further electroplated for 15 minutes to produce metal patterns D1 to D4.
<Composition of electroplating bath>
・ Copper sulfate 38g
・ 95 g of sulfuric acid
・ Hydrochloric acid 1mL
・ Kappa-Gream PCM (Meltex Co., Ltd.) 3mL
・ Water 500g

[Examples 17 to 20]
(Production of pattern forming material)
Substrate A produced in the same manner as in Example 1 was immersed in a t-butyl acrylate solution (30 mass%, solvent: propylene glycol monomethyl ether (MFG)), and exposed for 30 minutes using a 400 W high-pressure mercury lamp in an argon atmosphere. Did.
The film obtained after the light irradiation was thoroughly washed with propylene glycol monomethyl ether (MFG) to obtain a pattern forming material E grafted with poly-t-butyl acrylate.

(Formation of graft pattern)
On the obtained metal (fine particle) film pattern forming material E, a solution having the following composition was applied. The film thickness of the obtained poly-t-butyl acrylate film was 0.5 μm.
・ Triphenylsulfonium triflate 0.05g
・ Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) 1g

Next, on the obtained film, a line width and space width of L / S = 5 um / 25 um pattern and a L / S = 10 um / 20 um pattern of chromium-deposited mask pattern were layered, and a 400 W high pressure mercury lamp was installed. It was used and subjected to pattern exposure for 1 minute, followed by heating at 90 ° C. for 2 minutes. Thereafter, the obtained film was washed with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) to form graft pattern material E in which the functional group in the exposed portion was converted to an adsorptive group.
Rz of the pattern portion of the graft pattern material E measured in the same manner as the polyimide film substrate was 15 nm.

(Production of metal pattern)
The formed graft pattern material E was immersed in a liquid in which Ag particles having positive charges prepared by the following method were dispersed, and then washed with distilled water. Thereafter, electroless plating was performed for 20 minutes in the same electroless plating bath as in Examples 1 to 4 to produce metal patterns E1 to E4.

<Method of synthesizing Ag particles having positive charge>
Add 3 g of bis (1,1-trimethylammoniumdecanoylaminoethyl) disulfide to 50 ml of ethanol solution (5 mM) of silver perchlorate, and slowly drop 30 ml of sodium borohydride solution (0.4 M) with vigorous stirring. Ions were reduced to obtain a dispersion of silver particles coated with quaternary ammonium.
[Comparative Example 4]
A metal pattern E5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 17 except that the electroless plating bath used in Examples 17 to 20 was not added with a surface charge modifier.

[Examples 21 to 24]
The metal patterns formed in Examples 17 to 20 were further subjected to Ni electroless plating and then subjected to thin displacement gold plating to produce metal patterns F1 to F4.

<Ni electroless plating>
It is immersed in an electroless Ni-P plating solution “ICP Nicolon USD” (Okuno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) at 85 ° C. for 10 minutes under mechanical stirring, and 0.4 μm Ni-P (P content: 6.8%) A plating film was deposited.
<Thin replacement gold plating>
Further, a substitution gold plating solution “OPC Muden Gold AD” (manufactured by Okuno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) was used, and about 0.05 μm of gold was precipitated by dipping at 90 ° C. for 10 minutes without stirring. Furthermore, using a non-cyanide autocatalytic electroless gold plating solution “509RS” (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), 0.5 μm gold was deposited by immersion for 30 minutes at 60 ° C., pH 7.2 under weak stirring conditions. Got a pattern.

[Evaluation]
(Measurement of fine width of metal pattern)
The fine line widths of the metal patterns obtained in Examples 1 to 24 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were measured using an optical microscope (manufactured by Nikon, OPTI PHOTO-2). The measurement results are shown in Table 2 below.

(Measurement of metal film thickness)
The metal patterns obtained in Examples 1 to 24 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were cut perpendicularly to the substrate plane using a microtome, the cross section was observed by SEM, and the thickness of the formed metal film was measured. . The measurement represents an average obtained by measuring three points per sample. The measurement results are shown in Table 2 below.

(Evaluation of unevenness at the plating (catalyst) layer / graft polymer layer interface)
The metal patterns obtained in Examples 1 to 24 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were cut perpendicularly to the substrate plane using a microtome, and the cross section was observed by SEM, whereby a plating film and a plating catalyst layer (inorganic Component) and unevenness at the interface between the graft polymer layer (organic component) can be confirmed. At this substrate interface, one sample was observed with a width of 10 μm, and the size of the unevenness was determined from the difference between the average value of the peak from the maximum to the fifth and the average value of the valley from the minimum to the fifth. The measurement results are shown in Table 2 below.

(Evaluation of adhesion)
After bonding a copper plate (0.1 mm) to the surface of the metal pattern obtained in Examples 1 to 24 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 with an epoxy adhesive (Araldite, manufactured by Ciba Geigy), and drying at 140 ° C. for 4 hours, A 90-degree peeling experiment was performed based on JISC6481. The measurement results are shown in Table 2 below.

According to the results of Table 2 above, it was found that in each of the metal patterns obtained according to the examples of the present invention, a thin line having a width of 10 μm or less, which was difficult with the prior art, was formed. It was confirmed that these fine line widths can be controlled by the graft pattern formation method and exposure conditions.
Moreover, it turned out that all the metal patterns obtained by the Example of this invention have the copper thickness which can fully achieve the electroconductivity. The line width of the thin line width is small from the exposure pattern, and a thin metal film pattern with good reproducibility of the thin line can be obtained. It became clear that a 1: 1 pattern was also obtained.
In Examples 9 to 12, it was confirmed that a patterned metal film having a desired film thickness can be obtained by further electrolytic plating.
Furthermore, all of the metal patterns obtained by the examples of the present invention have excellent surface smoothness with all irregularities at the film interface being 100 μm or less, and excellent adhesion between the substrate and the metal film. I understood.

  Furthermore, all of the metal patterns obtained by the examples of the present invention are formed on the substrate surface of Rz: 500 nm or less, and as a result of forming the graft pattern on the substrate, unevenness on the surface of the graft pattern is also observed. In addition, Rz: 500 nm or less, and the metal pattern formed by plating in this pattern form has a preferable range of unevenness at the interface between the plating film (metal film) and the plating catalyst layer and the graft polymer layer (organic component). 500 nm or less. At this time, since the plating metal and the plating catalyst partially enter the inside of the graft polymer layer and are hybridized, the smoothness of the plating and plating catalyst layer (inorganic component) / graft polymer layer (organic component) interface is achieved. In addition to being excellent, it was found that the adhesion between the metal film and the substrate was also excellent.

[Example 25]
(Formation of graft pattern)
Acrylic acid was applied to the surface of the substrate A produced in the same manner as in Example 1 using the rod bar # 6, and the coated surface was laminated with a PET film having a thickness of 25 μm.
Further, a mask pattern (line width: 10 μm, space: 10 μm) on which chromium was vapor-deposited was superimposed thereon, and UV light was irradiated from above (400 W high-pressure mercury lamp: UVL-400P, manufactured by Riko Kagaku Sangyo Co., Ltd., irradiation time: 30 seconds). . After the light irradiation, the mask and the laminate film were removed and washed with water to obtain a graft pattern material G in which polyacrylic acid was grafted in a pattern. When the obtained graft pattern was immersed in a 0.1 wt% dye solution of methylene blue and measured with an optical microscope, it was confirmed that a line width of 10 μm and a space of 10 μm were reproduced.

(Metal pattern formation, thin copper plating: primary plating)
The graft pattern forming material G was immersed in a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution of palladium nitrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) for 1 hour and then washed with distilled water. Then, it was immersed in 0.2M NaBH ₄ aqueous solution for 20 minutes and reduced to zerovalent palladium. Thereafter, electroless plating was performed in the same electroless plating bath as in Example 1 for 5 minutes to produce a metal pattern G. When measured by SEM, the line width was 11 μm, the space was 9 μm, and the thickness was 1 μm.

(Give surface potential to parts other than copper pattern)
<Synthesis of Polymer P1 Having Quaternary Ammonium Group>
In a container having a reflux condenser, a thermometer, and a stirrer, 10 parts by weight of lauryl acrylate, polyethylene glycol acrylate [manufactured by NOF Corporation, trade name “AE-350”, ethylene glycol chain length 6-8] 20 parts by weight, 40 parts by weight of dimethylaminoethyl acrylate and 150 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran as a solvent were added, and “V-65” (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., trade name) was added as a radical polymerization initiator. The polymerization reaction was performed for 10 hours. Thereafter, dimethyl sulfate was added to the above reaction system in an equimolar amount with the above dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, and the mixture was further refluxed for 1 hour to carry out a quaternization reaction. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was washed and reprecipitated with hexane to obtain Compound P1. The same compound P1 can be obtained by using a monomer obtained by quaternizing dimethylaminoethyl acrylate with dimethyl sulfate at the time of preparation. The obtained compound P1 was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethanol and water (ethanol / water = 20/100, weight ratio) to prepare a 0.5 mass% solution of the compound P1, and this was designated as solution A2.
The thin copper pattern was immersed in this solution for 5 minutes and dried. The surface potential measured using a zeta electrometer (Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.) was +0.0 mV for the copper pattern portion and +30 mV for the portion other than the copper pattern.
(Thick copper pattern formation: secondary plating)
Electroless plating was performed for 30 minutes by the same method as the above-mentioned thinning to obtain a 10 μm thick pattern. It was found that the line width at this time was 13 μm and the space was 7 μm, and the plating proceeded selectively in the thickness direction.

[Comparative Example 5]
In Example 25, electroless plating was performed for 35 minutes by the same method except that the ammonium treatment was not performed. Although a thickness of 10 μm could be formed, the plating progressed to the space and the pattern was completely crushed.

(Observation of fine particle dispersion in polymer layer with metal pattern)
In the metal pattern C obtained in Example 3, the region where the metal film was formed was cut with a diamond cutter (product name: Sumiknife) using a microtome (manufactured by Leica), and a clean plating section was adjusted. When the sample was observed by SEM, the dispersion state of the fine particles in the polymer adjacent to the metal film was confirmed. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional SEM photograph of the metal pattern C obtained in Example 3.
From the photograph in FIG. 1, it was confirmed that fine particles considered to be composed of one or more kinds of metals deposited by electroless plating catalyst and electroless plating exist in high density in the vicinity of the interface with the metal film in the polymer layer. . Further, almost no fine particles were observed in the deep part (near the substrate) of the polymer layer.

Next, the SEM photograph was subjected to image processing with Photoshop (manufactured by Adobe). The content of the image processing is that the depth (0.1 μm, 0.00 mm) from the interface between the polymer layer (organic / inorganic hybrid layer in FIG. 1) and the metal film (electroless plating layer) in the range of width: 6 μm. The image at 2 μm and 0.3 μm) was cut out, and two gradations (image processing) were performed to make the fine particle portion white and the polymer portion black. (Two gradation conditions: boundary threshold value 100) FIG. 2 shows an image obtained in this way.
Then, the ratio of the white part of each depth in FIG. 2 was calculated from the histogram of the image, and this was used as the ratio of the fine particles in the graft polymer layer existing below the plating layer. As a result, the fine particles in the region having a depth of 0.3 μm were calculated to be 53% by volume. Similarly, 60% by volume was calculated at a depth of 0.2 μm and 60% by volume at a depth of 0.1 μm, and it was confirmed that fine particles were present in the vicinity of the interface with the metal film.

4 is a cross-sectional SEM photograph of a metal pattern C obtained in Example 3. FIG. 2 is an image obtained by subjecting the cross-sectional SEM photograph of FIG. 1 to image processing and converting the fine particle portion into white and the polymer portion into two gradations.

Claims (10)

(A) a step of providing, on a substrate, a polymer layer having a functional group that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof and made of a polymer that is directly chemically bonded to the substrate, in a pattern;
(B) providing an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on the polymer layer;
(C-1) A surface selected from a low molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the following general formula (C-1) and a high molecular organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule on the substrate having the polymer layer Applying electroless plating using electroless plating containing a charge control agent to form a metal film in a pattern; and
A metal pattern forming method comprising:

In the general formula (C-1), R ¹ to R ⁴ each independently represents a monovalent organic group, and X ⁻ represents a counter anion. (A) providing a pattern of a polymer layer made of a polymer having a functional group that interacts with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor on the substrate and made of a polymer that is directly chemically bonded to the substrate;
(B) providing an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof on the polymer layer;
(C-2) A surface having the polymer layer selected from a low molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the following general formula (C-1) and a high molecular organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule Treating with a bath containing a charge control agent;
(C-3) subjecting the substrate having the polymer layer to electroless plating and forming a metal film in a pattern;
A metal pattern forming method comprising:

In the general formula (C-1), R ¹ to R ⁴ each independently represents a monovalent organic group, and X ⁻ represents a counter anion. In the general formula (C-1), R ¹ to R ⁴ each independently represents an optionally substituted alkyl group or aryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and X ⁻ represents CH ₃ SO ₄ ^—. A counter anion selected from C ₂ H ₅ SO ₄ ⁻ , Cl ⁻ , Br ⁻ , HSO ₄ ⁻ , H ₂ PO ₄ ⁻ , CH ₃ COO ⁻ , CH ₃ SO ₃ ⁻ , and NO ₃ ⁻ The method for forming a metal pattern according to claim 1 or 2, wherein:   The surface charge control agent is a high molecular organic ammonium compound obtained by copolymerizing a monomer having a quaternary ammonium base, a monomer having an ethylene glycol chain, and a monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms, or an amine It is a high molecular organic ammonium compound obtained by quaternizing a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a monomer having a group, a monomer having an ethylene glycol chain, and a monomer having a hydrocarbon having 4 or more carbon atoms. The metal pattern forming method according to claim 1, wherein the metal pattern is formed.   The electroless plating bath used for the electroless plating is an electroless copper plating bath, an electroless silver plating bath, or an electroless gold plating bath, according to any one of claims 1 to 4. The metal pattern formation method as described in any one of. A polymer layer made of a polymer having a functional group that interacts with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor and having a direct chemical bond with the substrate is provided in a pattern on a substrate having a surface roughness of 500 nm or less. After the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor is applied to the polymer, it is selected from a low molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the following general formula (C-1) and a high molecular organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule. A metal pattern in which a metal film is provided in a pattern by performing electroless plating in the presence of a surface charge control agent, the adhesion between the substrate and the metal film is 0.2 kN / m or more, The thickness of the metal film is 4 μm or more, the line width of the patterned polymer layer is p, the line width of the metal film formed by electroless plating is q, and the line width is formed by electroless plating. The thickness of Shokumaku when the r, metal pattern, characterized in that the (q-p) <r.

In the general formula (C-1), R ¹ to R ⁴ each independently represents a monovalent organic group, and X ⁻ represents a counter anion. A polymer layer made of a polymer having a functional group that interacts with the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor and having a direct chemical bond with the substrate is provided in a pattern on a substrate having a surface roughness of 500 nm or less. After the electroless plating catalyst or its precursor is applied to the polymer, it is selected from a low molecular organic ammonium compound represented by the following general formula (C-1) and a high molecular organic ammonium compound having a quaternary ammonium base in the molecule. A metal pattern in which a metal film is provided in a pattern by performing electroless plating in the presence of a surface charge control agent,
The polymer layer existing between the substrate and the metal film has a region containing 25% by volume or more of electroless plating catalyst fine particles and / or fine particles made of metal deposited by electroless plating dispersed in the substrate. The thickness is 0.05 μm or more in the substrate direction from the interface with the metal film, the adhesion between the substrate and the metal film is 0.2 kN / m or more, and the ratio of metal film thickness / metal film line width is 1 or more metal pattern characterized by the above-mentioned.

In the general formula (C-1), R ¹ to R ⁴ each independently represents a monovalent organic group, and X ⁻ represents a counter anion. In the general formula (C-1), R ¹ to R ⁴ each independently represents an optionally substituted alkyl group or aryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and X ⁻ represents CH ₃ SO ₄ ^—. Represents a counter anion selected from C ₂ H ₅ SO ₄ ⁻ , Cl ⁻ , Br ⁻ , HSO ₄ ⁻ , H ₂ PO ₄ ⁻ , CH ₃ COO ⁻ , CH ₃ SO ₃ ⁻ , and NO ₃ ⁻ metal pattern of claim 6 or claim 7, characterized in. The printed wiring board, which comprises using a metal pattern according as the conductive layer in any one of the claims 6 to 8. TFT wiring circuits, which comprises using a metal pattern according as the conductive layer in any one of the claims 6 to 8.