JP4456002B2 - 椎間円板拡張の方法及び装置 - Google Patents

椎間円板拡張の方法及び装置 Download PDF

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JP4456002B2
JP4456002B2 JP2004559427A JP2004559427A JP4456002B2 JP 4456002 B2 JP4456002 B2 JP 4456002B2 JP 2004559427 A JP2004559427 A JP 2004559427A JP 2004559427 A JP2004559427 A JP 2004559427A JP 4456002 B2 JP4456002 B2 JP 4456002B2
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disc
expandable
expandable device
expansion
inflatable member
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JP2006508771A (ja
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トリユ,ハイ・エイチ
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ウォーソー・オーソペディック・インコーポレーテッド
トリユ,ハイ・エイチ
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Description

本発明は、椎間円板拡張の方法と装置に関する。
変性円板疾病(DDD)は、円板脱水症(黒円板)を招き、徐々に潰れ、最終的には脚及び/又は背中の痛みを引き起こす原因となる。DDDの標準的な治療法は目下のところ椎体間融合である。この末期治療は、侵襲性の少ない進入法による早期介入により、できる限り長く遅らせることが望ましい。変性円板に対する早期の侵襲性を最小限にした治療として、生体適合性材料を円板空間に注入することにより円板を増強することがこれまでに提案されている。脱水症及び潰れの程度にもよるが、無傷(重大な裂けのない傷付いていない環で、元の髄核がまだ円板内にある状態)の円板の円板空間に生体適合性材料を注入するには、高い注入圧が必要で、生体適合性材料の注入可能な量が制限されることもある。高注入圧は、漏れや円板破裂などを含め、処置全体のリスクを高める。注入可能な量が制限されることにより、治療の有効性が薄れ、所望の成果を得るのに何度も治療が必要になることもある。
椎間円板拡張のための既知の方法では、円板環を切開して円板組織を取り除き、拡張装置、拡張材料、又はその両方を挿入するための通路を設ける。また、髄核を取り除いて拡張材料及び/又は拡張装置に置き換える方法もある。更に、円板環を切って組織を取り除くと、円板の変性が加速される。従って、必要とされているのは、円板環のどの部分も髄核も除去せずに円板を拡張できるように髄核にアクセスするための装置と方法である。また、必要とされているのは、低圧で注入可能な量を増やした、できる限り侵襲性の少ない円板治療の装置と方法である。
従って、或る実施形態では、無傷の椎間円板環の拡張された開口部内及び円板の髄核内へと挿入することのできる膨張可能な部材によって椎間円板を拡張するための拡張可能装置を含んでいる。髄核を除去することなく髄核内で膨張可能部材を制御可能に膨張させるために、膨張装置が接続されている。
この実施形態の主な利点は、経皮的又は侵襲性をできる限り小さくした進入法による円板拡張を可能にしたことである。円板拡張により、治療当たりの生体適合性材料注入量を増やせるようになる。生体適合性材料注入量が増量できることにより、望ましい増強レベルを実現するための治療の回数を減らすことができる。この治療では、髄核を除去することなく円板を拡張することができ、注入前に生体適合性材料の適量を求め易い。円板の過剰注入と、その結果生じる痛みや合併症は、ここに提案する装置と方法を使えば最小限にすることができる。別の利点は、円板環のどの部分も髄核も除去せず、円板が無傷で残されるという点である。
図1の円板構造10は、概括的には、脊椎の頚部、胸部、又は腰部の隣接する椎骨12と14を含んでいる。椎間円板16は、衝撃を吸収し荷重を分散させると同時に、椎骨12と14の間の動きを円滑にする。円板16は、概括的には、健全な円板では荷重の大部分を支える柔らかい中心の核、即ち髄核18(円板核)と、髄核18を取り巻いて安定させる頑丈な外側の環、即ち線維輪(annulus fibrosis)20(円板環)とを備えている。各椎骨12、14と髄核の間には一対の軟骨終板22がある。
患者の診断と治療の選択、そして追加的に円板環の完全性を保証するための椎間板造影に続いて、本発明の方法と装置を用いる。
図2Aの円板環20では、小径針24で箇所21を穿刺する。好適な針のサイズは20ゲージである。図2Bの小径(即ち、1mmから3mm)の高圧バルーンカテーテル26が、円板環20の穿刺部21を通して導入される。カテーテル26に取り付けられたバルーン28の髄核18内における位置はX線透視法を使って確認される。円板拡張と注入用の装置を挿入するのに必要な穿刺は、穿刺部を完全に閉じることができるぐらい、又は注入された生体適合性材料が捕捉された状態に留まるに十分な程度に閉じることができるぐらいに小さく、即ち3mm以下である。生態適合性材料を注入後に円板空間で硬化させる場合には、注入された生体適合性材料の捕捉が保証される。プラグ又はシーラント等の材料の様な環閉鎖装置を使用するのは随意である。
図2Cのバルーン28は、周知の圧力ゲージでバルーンの内圧を監視しながら、生理食塩水及び/又は商標Hypaqueで市販されているナトリウム・ジアトリゾエート溶液の様な造影剤で徐々に膨らまされる。バルーン28の拡張はX線透視法を使って監視される。膨張速度、及びバルーン28のパターン、大きさ又は形状は、円板の状態により患者毎に様々である。円板内圧が増加し、及び/又は終板22同士がバルーン28によって離れるにつれて、円板環20は、粘弾性物質であることから、伸びることが期待できる。バルーンは、約1分から約1時間、膨張した状態に置かれるが、この時間は患者毎に異なる。十分に拡張させる必要がある場合、バルーンは4時間までなら膨張した状態に留めることができ、或いは10週間までなら一次的移植片として円板空間内に留置してもよい。
図2Dのバルーン28をしぼませると、空間は拡張したままで円板内圧が下がるので、円板16はたるんでくる。コラーゲンゲルの様な注入可能な生体適合性材料29を図2Eの円板髄核18に送り込むことができ、これは同じカテーテルを通して行ってもよいし、又はカテーテル26をしぼませて取り外してから異なる針30を使用して行ってもよい。同じカテーテルを注入用として使用する場合には、バルーン26をしぼませるのと同時に注入を行うことができるが、これについては後で詳しく説明する。
円板増強に使用できる生体適合性材料29の例としては、天然又は合成材料の吸収性又は非吸収性材料がある。天然材料としては、椎間円板、筋膜、靭帯、皮膚、脱塩骨基質の様なコラーゲン豊富な組織又は結合組織に由来する各種形態のコラーゲンが挙げられる。材料源には、自家移植片、同種移植片、異種移植片、ヒト遺伝子組み換え器官等がある。天然材料には、ヒルアロン酸、キトサン、セルロース、寒天などの様な動物又は植物に由来する各種形態の多糖類も含まれる。他の天然材料としては、フィブリン、アルブミン、絹、エラスチン、ケラチンの様な他のタンパク質がある。合成材料としては、シリコン、ポリウレタン、シリコン・ポリウレタン共重合体、ポリオレフィン、ポリエステル、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリアクリル酸、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリエチレン酸化物、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリラクチド、ポリグリコライド、ポリ・ラクチドコグリコール、ポリ・ダイオキサノン、ポリ・εカプロラクトン、ポリ・ヒドロキシブチレート、ポリ・ヒドロキシバレレート、チロシンベースのポリカーボネート、ポリプロピレンフマレート、又は上記の組み合わせの様な各種移植可能なポリマー又はヒドロゲルが挙げられる。生体適合性材料は、注入後間もなくして流動可能状態から非流動可能状態に移行できることが望ましい。これは、通常、注入前、注入時、又は注入後に、生体適合性材料に架橋剤を添加することにより実現することができる。
注入可能な生体適合性材料29にプロテオグリカンを入れて、水分を引き寄せ及び/又は結合させ、円板核18を水和状態に維持することもできる。同じく、円板の治癒、修復、再生、及び/又は回復を促すための、及び/又は正常な円板機能を円滑化するための、成長因子(例えば、形質転換成長因子ベータ、骨形成タンパク質、線維芽細胞増殖因子、血小板由来増殖因子、インスリン様増殖因子など)及び/又は他の細胞(例えば、椎間円板細胞、幹細胞など)を入れてもよい。本発明で使用するのに適当な添加物は、当業者には既知であり、必要以上の実験を行うことなく選択することができる。
注入可能な生体適合性材料29は、髄核18へ注入する前に造影剤と混合するのが望ましい。これにより、X線透視法を使って注入を監視できるようになる。カテーテル26又は注入用の図2Fの針30は、適量の生体適合性材料を髄核18内に入れた後で取り外される。先に図2Dで示したようにバルーン28を引き抜く代わりに、図3のようにバルーン128をカテーテル126から127の部位で取り外せるようにして、移植片として髄核18内に膨張したままの状態で留置してもよい。取り外し可能バルーン128の場合には、注入後にゴム状又はゲル状に硬化する生体適合性材料を注入するのが好都合である。これは、注入された材料の形態を改質する生体適合性材料を含む第2の材料を注入することにより行うことができる。
先に述べたように造影剤でバルーン28を膨らませる代わりに、バルーン28は、生体適合性材料29を注入することにより膨らませてもよい。これは、バルーンが取り外し可能で、生体適合性材料が注入後に硬化する、上記の実施形態では、好都合である。
膨張可能バルーン部材28に生体適合性材料29を直接注入する場合には、注入時又は注入後に、膨張可能部材から材料又は流体が出て行けるように、バルーン28は、多孔質又は透過性(例えば、織布、メッシュ構造、有孔膜など)であってもよい。
代わりに、図4の変形例のバルーン28aは、或るパターンに膨張させて終板22同士を引き離すための輪郭を備えた形状のバルーンである。即ち、バルーン28aは、図2Cにあるように髄核18の形状に沿うというのではなく、終板22同士を巧く引き離すのに適した形状に拡大するように製作されている。代わりのバルーンカテーテル、即ち、バルーンがしぼむ際に、注入用に使用することのできる二重ルーメンカテーテルを使用してもよい。代わりの実施形態として、図5Aは髄核18に導入されたバルーンカテーテル526を示している。カテーテル526は、第1チャネル531と、第2チャネル532と、バルーン528を含んでいる。生理食塩水及び/又は造影剤は、第1チャネル531を通してバルーン528に注入され、バルーンを膨らませて髄核18を拡張する。図5Bでは、膨張したバルーン528は、線維輪を伸ばし及び/又は核部の円板空間を拡張するために、適当な時間に亘って、髄核18内で膨張した状態に保たれる。図5Cでは、カテーテル526の第2チャネルを通して適切な生体適合性材料29が髄核18に注入されると同時に、バルーン膨張媒体が第1チャネル531を通して排出される。図5Dでは、しぼんだバルーン528がカテーテル526と共に髄核18から引き抜かれ、注入された生体適合性材料29が髄核18内に残されている。
その結果、或る実施形態は、シャフト径の小さい(3mm以下、望ましくは2mm以下、最も望ましくは1mm以下)高圧バルーンカテーテルを備えた装置を提供している。このカテーテルは、無傷の円板環を穿刺して、核部の円板領域にバルーンを挿入するための鋭った先端部を有している。カテーテルは、剛性のあるシャフトを有しているか、又は円板への穿通時に剛性のある案内針により支持されているかの何れかである。可撓性のシャフトの場合、カテーテルは、ポリマー製のチューブで形成され、剛性のある案内針又はガイドワイヤで支持される。案内針を使用する場合、カテーテルは二重ルーメンにしてもよい。バルーンは、適切な最終的容積が約0.1ccから8.0cc、望ましくは5.0cc以下であり、寸法は核部の円板空間に合う寸法(長さ=5−40mm、望ましくは10−30mm、直径=3−20mm、望ましくは5−15mm)である。バルーンは、円錐形、球形、方形、長円錐形、長球形、長方形、テーパ状、段状、犬の骨形状、偏位形状、又は上記形状を組み合わせた形状など、各種形状が考えられる。バルーンは、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタン、ナイロン、塩化ポリビニル、シリコン、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリラクチド、ポリグリコライド、ポリ・ラクチドコグリコール、ポリ・ダイオキサノン、ポリ・εカプロラクトン、ポリ・ヒドロキシブチレート、ポリ・ヒドロキシバレレート、チロシンベースのポリカーボネート、ポリプロピレンフマレート、又は上記の組み合わせの様な各種ポリマー材で作ることができる。
別の実施形態では、最初に、治療対象の円板に、安全に拡張しその後に注入される生体適合性材料を効果的に入れておくことができるだけの能力と無傷の線維輪があるか否を判定する。椎間板造影法を使って環の品質と完全性が確認された後、できるだけシャフト径の小さい円板拡張装置が円板の中心に挿入される。装置の挿入は経皮的に行ってもよいが、X線透視法による誘導下に行われるのが望ましい。バルーンを、造影剤又は生理食塩水で徐々に膨らまして、円板を加圧し、線維輪を伸ばす。所定の膨張時間が経過した後、バルーンをしぼませて、円板空間から取り外す。次いで、小径の皮下注射針を使用して、生体適合性材料を、所望の注入量に達するまで円板に注入する。二重ルーメンカテーテルを採用した場合には、生体適合性材料は、バルーンをしぼませている間に又はしぼませた後に、同じカテーテルを通して円板に注入することができる。処置全体は、X線透視法による誘導下で行われるのが望ましい。
以上、椎間円板を注入可能な生体適合性材料で増強する前に椎間円板の拡張を行うための装置と方法について説明してきた。所望量又は有効量の注入可能材料を一回の治療で入れるために、円板拡張によって円板環に前処理を施す。繊維輪は粘弾性物質なので、圧力下で円板が拡張されると一時的に引き伸ばすことができる。
各実施形態を例示的に示し説明してきたが、上記開示内容には、広範な修正、変更、及び置き換えが考えられ、中には、その実施形態の幾つかの特性が、他の特性を対応付けて使用せずに採用できる場合もある。従って、特許請求の範囲に述べる内容は、ここに開示した実施形態の範囲に準じて広く解釈されるべきものと理解頂きたい。
円板構造の一例を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の別の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の別の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の別の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の別の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の別の実施形態を示す断面図である。 円板拡張法及び装置の別の実施形態を示す断面図である。

Claims (17)

  1. 椎間円板を拡張するための拡張可能装置であって
    第1のチャンネルと第2のチャンネルとを有するカテーテルと、
    前記カテーテルに取り付けられ、無傷の椎間円板環の拡張された開口部内、及び前記円板の髄核内へと挿入することのできる膨張可能部材と、
    前記髄核を全く除去することなく当該髄核内で前記膨張可能部材を制御可能に膨張させるため、当該膨張可能部材に接続されている膨張装置
    備えている拡張可能装置において、
    前記膨張可能部材を膨張させる膨張流体は、生体適合性材料が前記第2のチャンネルを介して前記髄核内に注入されると同時に、前記第1のチャンネルを介して排出されて当該膨張可能部材を萎ませる、拡張可能装置。
  2. 前記膨張可能部材は、前記髄核形状に実質的に沿う制御された拡張形状を有している、請求項1に記載の拡張可能装置。
  3. 前記拡張可能部材は、0.1ccから8.0ccまでの膨張容積を有している、請求項2に記載の拡張可能装置。
  4. 前記膨張可能部材に形成され、前記膨張可能部材の拡張に応じて椎骨終板同士を引き離す形状に成形されている輪郭形成器を更に備えている、請求項1乃至3の何れか1項に記載の拡張可能装置。
  5. 前記生体適合性材料は、成長因子を含んでいる製剤として提供される、請求項に記載の拡張可能装置。
  6. 前記生体適合性材料は、円板の治癒、修復、再生、及び/又は回復を促す、及び/又は正常な円板機能を円滑化するのに効果的な1つ又はそれ以上の種の細胞を含んでいる製剤として提供される、請求項に記載の拡張可能装置。
  7. 前記生体適合性材料は、前記膨張可能部材の膨張後に流動可能状態から非流動可能状態に変化する、請求項に記載の拡張可能装置。
  8. 前記生体適合性材料は合成材料である、請求項に記載の拡張可能装置。
  9. 前記合成材料はポリマーである、請求項に記載の拡張可能装置。
  10. 前記合成材料はヒドロゲルである、請求項に記載の拡張可能装置。
  11. 前記生体適合性材料は天然材料である、請求項に記載の拡張可能装置。
  12. 前記天然材料はコラーゲン材料である、請求項11に記載の拡張可能装置。
  13. 前記天然材料は多糖類材料である、請求項11に記載の拡張可能装置。
  14. 椎間円板用の拡張及び注入システムであって、請求項1乃至13の何れか1項に記載の拡張可能装置を有するシステムにおいて、
    円板環を全く除去することなく、前記円板環に開口部を形成し拡張するための器具と、
    記膨張可能部材の圧力を監視するためのゲージと、
    前記膨張可能部材をしぼませるための手段と、
    前記拡張された空間内に生体適合性材料を注入するための注入器具と、を備えているシステム。
  15. 前記膨張可能部材が採用されて、当該膨張可能部材の位置X線透視法で確認される、請求項14に記載のシステム。
  16. 前記膨張可能部材が採用されて当該膨張可能部材は造影剤で膨らまされる、請求項14に記載のシステム
  17. 前記膨張可能部材が採用されて、当該膨張可能部材の拡張はX線透視法で監視される、請求項14に記載のシステム
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EP1575458B1 (en) 2009-02-25
DE60326386D1 (de) 2009-04-09
ATE423531T1 (de) 2009-03-15
JP2006508771A (ja) 2006-03-16
AU2003293455A1 (en) 2004-06-30
US20040186471A1 (en) 2004-09-23
ES2322803T3 (es) 2009-06-29
US20080091167A1 (en) 2008-04-17
WO2004052248A1 (en) 2004-06-24
CA2508435A1 (en) 2004-06-24

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