JP4420633B2 - 血管新生治療剤 - Google Patents
血管新生治療剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4420633B2 JP4420633B2 JP2003285742A JP2003285742A JP4420633B2 JP 4420633 B2 JP4420633 B2 JP 4420633B2 JP 2003285742 A JP2003285742 A JP 2003285742A JP 2003285742 A JP2003285742 A JP 2003285742A JP 4420633 B2 JP4420633 B2 JP 4420633B2
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Description
(1)一酸化窒素合成酵素遺伝子を含有するネイキッドDNA医薬組成物、
(2)一酸化窒素合成酵素遺伝子が内皮型一酸化窒素合成酵素遺伝子である、上記(1)記載の医薬組成物、
(3)一酸化窒素合成酵素遺伝子がマクロファージ由来一酸化窒素合成酵素遺伝子または誘導型一酸化窒素合成酵素(iNOS)遺伝子である、上記(1)記載の医薬組成物、
(4)一酸化窒素合成酵素遺伝子が脳由来一酸化窒素合成酵素(nNOS)遺伝子である、上記(1)記載の医薬組成物、
(5)血管新生依存性症状を処置または治療するのに使用される、上記(1)記載の医薬組成物、並びに
(6)血管新生依存性症状が、床ずれ及び皮膚潰瘍を含む創傷治癒、炎症性疾患、重症性肢虚血、心筋梗塞、狭心症及び心不全を含む虚血性心疾患、脳梗塞、糖尿病ニューロパシー、並びに血管狭窄から選択される、上記(5)記載の医薬組成物
を提供するものである。
eNOS発現ベクターを製造するため、ウシ構成的内皮型NOSの全長cDNA(3.7kb)をβ‐アクチンプロモーター及びサイトメガロウイルス(CMV)エンハンサーを利用した真核生物発現プラスミド(pUC-CAGGS;Gene 108: 193-200 (1991))中に挿入した。eNOS cDNAを含まないCAGGS発現ベクタープラスミドをコントロールとして用いた。
Sprague-Dawleyラット(体重400〜500g;Charles River Breeding Lab.)をペントバルビタールナトリウム塩(0.1ml/100mg)の腹腔内注射により麻酔した。身体部分の長軸方向に沿って、腹側を鼡径靱帯から膝蓋骨付近まで切開した。切開部より、手術用ループを用い、右大腿動脈の全長、並びに、下腹壁動脈、大腿深動脈、外側大腿回旋動脈及び浅腹壁動脈を含む全ての一次分枝を自由に切り離した(Morishitaら、Circulation 105: 1491-6 (2001);Leyenら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92: 1137-41 (1995);Matsumotoら、J.Vasc.Surg. 27: 125-44 (1998))。遠位膝窩動脈及び伏在動脈を切り離した後、外腸骨動脈及び上記全ての動脈を4-0外科用絹糸(Ethicon)で結紮した。最後に、外腸骨動脈の分枝の近位起点から伏在動脈及び膝窩動脈に分岐する遠位点まで右大腿動脈を完全に切除し、虚血肢モデルを作成した。大腿動脈の切除により血栓の逆行性増殖、及び外腸骨動脈閉塞が起こる。腹膜下の大腿動脈を1cm切除することにより虚血モデルが形成された。その結果、虚血肢の血流は、内腸骨動脈から発生する側副血管に依存していた。手術直後、"naked"ウシNOS(500μg/匹)またはコントロールベクター(500μg/匹)を慎重に直接、ラットの右虚血肢へ27G注射針(Terumo)を用いて注射した。プラスミドの注射量は100μlであった。NOS阻害の効果を評価するため、新たに調製したL-NAME(0.5g/l)を飲み水に加えて随意与えた(Zicheら、J.Clin.Invest. 99: 2625-34 (1997))。処置終了時にL-NAME投与の効力を評価した。
eNOSまたはコントロールベクターの後肢への"naked"プラスミド注入によるトランスフェクションから1週間後にラットを殺した。組織試料を液体窒素により即時に凍結し、溶解バッファー中でホモジェナイズした。血管中のeNOS蛋白質濃度は抗eNOS抗体(1:100;Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Inc.,Santa Cruz,CA)を用いたウエスタンブロットにより測定した。定量及び各蛋白質量を比較するため、各バンドの濃度を濃度計を用いて測定した。抗チューブリン抗体(Calbiochem)を用いたウエスタンブロットによりロードした蛋白質量が均等であることを確認した。
結果を図1に示す。図1に示されるように、コントロールベクターと比べeNOSベクターを後肢にトランスフェクトした場合、eNOS蛋白質の有意な増加が観察された(p<0.01)。
図中の全ての値は、平均±SEMで示される。続いて、Duncan’sテストによる分散分析により複数の比較における有意差を決定した。P値が0.05よりも少ない差違を有意とした。
試料中の硝酸を測定に先立ち還元することなく測定を行った。eNOS遺伝子でトランスフェクトした筋肉からのNOの放出を、以前報告されたGriess法(Guevaraら、Clin.Chim.Acta 274: 177-88 (1998))を利用した亜硝酸蓄積の測定により確認した。亜硝酸濃度は、感度が10nMから10μM以上の蛍光測定法(Miskoら、Anal.Biochem. 214: 11-6 (1993))により測定した。
図2に示されるよう、eNOSベクターの虚血後肢への注入により、トランスフェクションから1〜2週間後に亜硝酸及び硝酸の組織内濃度が有意に上昇した(p<0.01)。eNOSのトランスフェクションの成功は、L-NAME投与により亜硝酸及び硝酸の組織内レベルの増加が減少することにより確認した(p<0.01)。重要なことに、トランスフェクションからの1及び2週間後の亜硝酸及び硝酸の血清濃度は、eNOSベクターをトランスフェクトしたラットと、コントロールベクターを与えたラットとで相違しなかった(図3)。コントロールベクターと比べてeNOS遺伝子のトランスフェクションにより最大血圧に有意な変化は見られず(図4)、eNOS遺伝子はラットの全身性血行力学に影響しなかった。それに対し、L-NAMEを投与すると、eNOSベクターを導入したラット及びコントロールベクターを導入したラットの両方で、処置から1〜2週間後に最大血圧が増加した(図4;p<0.01)。これらの結果は、eNOS遺伝子の投与により、全身におけるNOレベルを変化させることなく局所的NO濃度が増加されたことが明白に示された。
上述の"naked"eNOSプラスミドを用いたトランスフェクションの有利な効果を受け、eNOS遺伝子を用いた遺伝子治療の可能性を、ヒト遺伝子治療の前臨床的研究としてさらにラット虚血モデルで試験した。
レーザー・ドップラー式血流画像化装置(LDI)を用いた血流測定は公知である(Morishitaら、Circulation 105: 1491-6 (2002);Leyenら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92: 1137-41 (1995);Matsumotoら、J.Vasc.Surg. 27: 125-44 (1998))。レーザー・ドップラー流速は、毛細血管密度と相関していることが知られている(Morishitaら、Circulation 105: 1491-6 (2002);Leyenら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92: 1137-41 (1995);Matsumotoら、J.Vasc.Surg. 27: 125-44 (1998))。そこで、発明者らはレーザー・ドップラー式血流画像化装置(Laser Doppler Imager(LDI),Moor Instruments,England)を用いて心血流を測定した。その結果、LDIにより測定された血流は毛細血管密度とよく相関していることが示された(データ示さず)。画像化する前に、ラットの肢の毛を除毛クリームを用いて除き、温度変差を最小にするために37℃の加熱プレートに載せた。所望の領域(下肢及び足)の同じ部分について連続的に測定を行った。LDIは、12-mWヘリウム-ネオンレーザー光により5×5cmの表面領域を極高速で連続的にスキャンし、虚血後肢における血流を測定する。表面から1mmの深さにある血流が測定される。スキャンしている間、ドップラー原理により投射される光の振動数に応じ血液細胞の動きはシフトする。スキャンが終わると、モニター上に血流分布を表す色分けされた画像が表示される。灌流シグナルは異なる14インターバルに細分され、各インターバルは別々の色により表示される。低いインターバル、またはインターバルが無い場合は濃い青で表示され、最も高い灌流インターバルは白で表示される。蓄積された色分けされた画素に対応した灌流値をデータ分析に用いることができる。測定前、ラットを麻酔し、挿管し、人工呼吸装置につなげた。灌流分析は連続的に行った:(a)虚血後肢をコントロールベクターでトランスフェクト、(b)虚血後肢をeNOSベクターでトランスフェクト。これらのレーザー画像は、X軸にトレースした領域の血流量を、Y軸にトレースした領域の画素数を表す柱状グラフに定量的に変換した。各柱状グラフで示される平均血流を評価のため算出した。
図5及び6に示されるよう、eNOSベクターの虚血後肢への注射により、トランスフェクションから1週間後では血流に有意な変化が見られなかったのに対し、局所NO濃度の増加に続いてトランスフェクションから2週間後に血流が有意に増加した(p<0.01)。コントロールベクターをトランスフェクトした後肢についてのレーザー・ドップラー画像値は、トランスフェクトしていないラットの結果と変らなかった。eNOS遺伝子トランスフェクションによる血流増加は、L-NAME投与により完全に抑制された(p<0.01)。興味深いことに、L-NAME投与により基底血流も手術から1及び2週間後に有意に減少した(p<0.01)。NOの基底レベルが、手術後の血流の回復を調節しているのかもしれない。
アルカリホスファターゼを内皮細胞の特異的マーカーとして利用し、従来法(Morishitaら、Circulation 105: 1491-6 (2002);Leyenら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92: 1137-41 (1995);Matsumotoら、J.Vasc.Surg. 27: 125-44 (1998))に従いパラフィン埋没切片をアルカリホスファターゼ染色した。NOSベクターまたはコントロールベクターでトランスフェクトされた虚血右後肢の血管数を調べるためにラットを殺し、筋肉を得た。トランスフェクトした筋肉の真中部分の異なる3つの切片について分析を行った。光学顕微鏡下(倍率×100)で血管数をブライドで計測した。各切片中の血管総数を総計し、各切片当たりの数として表現した。各筋肉について少なくとも10の異なる切片を評価した。血管数を定量した領域は、注射部位及び注射部位の周辺からランダムに選択した。各動物に番号を振り、個々の動物がどのような処置を受けたか判らないようにして分析を行った。結果の再現性について評価した。同一観察者についての変数は、全ての切片について一人の観察者により行われた3回の測定により決定された。同一観察者により行われた測定の結果の平均±SD偏差は1.8±0.2%であった。異なる観察者間の変数は、10のランダムに選択された切片について第一及び第二の観察者により行われた測定の結果に基づいて決定された。二人の観察者間における測定値の数字上の差は2.1±0.8%であった。これらの観察者は、ラットの受けた処理等についてのデータと同様、もう一方の観察者による結果も知らされないようにし、ブライドで計測を行った。
虚血後肢の注射部位周辺におけるアルカリホスファターゼ(内皮細胞マーカー)染色により示されたように、コントロールベクターをトランスフェクトした後肢と比べeNOSベクターのトランスフェクションにより毛細血管密度が、トランスフェクションから4週間後に上昇した(図7、p<0.01)。これらの結果は、ウシNOSベクターの虚血後肢へのトランスフェクションが治療的血管新生を誘導し、末梢動脈性疾患処置に役立つ可能性を明確に示すものである。
最後に、NO誘導血管新生の機構を解明するため、VEGF蛋白質を測定した。
"naked"プラスミドとしてeNOSまたはコントロールベクターを後肢へトランスフェクションしてから1週間後にラットを殺した。組織試料を液体窒素中で迅速に凍結し、溶解バッファー中でホモジェナイズした。血管内のVEGF蛋白質濃度を抗VEGF抗体(1:100;Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Inc.,Santa Cruz,CA)を用いたウエスタンブロット法により測定した。蛋白質を定量し、その発現レベルを比較するために濃度計により各バンドの濃度を測った。抗チューブリン抗体(Calbiochem)を用いたチューブリンについてのウエスタンブロットにより、ロードした蛋白質量が等しいことを確認した。
図8に示されるよう、後肢中のラットVEGF165蛋白質をウエスタンブロットにより検出することができた。興味深いことに、eNOS遺伝子をトランスフェクトすることにより、トランスフェクションの1週間後にVEGF蛋白質の有意な増加が起こった(p<0.01)。それに対して、L-NAME投与は、完全にeNOS遺伝子移入により誘導されたVEGF蛋白質の増加を消失させたが、基底VEGF蛋白質はさらにL-NAME処置により減ることはなかった。
Claims (1)
- ウシ構成的内皮型NOSをコードするcDNAが挿入された真核生物発現プラスミドを含有し、重症性肢虚血を処置または治療するために使用される、ネイキッドDNA医薬組成物。
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