JP4387844B2 - 動的な液体消費を連続的に測定する方法 - Google Patents
動的な液体消費を連続的に測定する方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4387844B2 JP4387844B2 JP2004080111A JP2004080111A JP4387844B2 JP 4387844 B2 JP4387844 B2 JP 4387844B2 JP 2004080111 A JP2004080111 A JP 2004080111A JP 2004080111 A JP2004080111 A JP 2004080111A JP 4387844 B2 JP4387844 B2 JP 4387844B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pressure regulator
- pressure
- liquid
- volume
- valve
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011437 continuous method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010327 methods by industry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F9/00—Measuring volume flow relative to another variable, e.g. of liquid fuel for an engine
- G01F9/008—Measuring volume flow relative to another variable, e.g. of liquid fuel for an engine where the other variable is the flight or running time
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M37/00—Apparatus or systems for feeding liquid fuel from storage containers to carburettors or fuel-injection apparatus; Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M37/0011—Constructional details; Manufacturing or assembly of elements of fuel systems; Materials therefor
- F02M37/0023—Valves in the fuel supply and return system
- F02M37/0029—Pressure regulator in the low pressure fuel system
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M37/00—Apparatus or systems for feeding liquid fuel from storage containers to carburettors or fuel-injection apparatus; Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M37/0047—Layout or arrangement of systems for feeding fuel
- F02M37/0052—Details on the fuel return circuit; Arrangement of pressure regulators
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F9/00—Measuring volume flow relative to another variable, e.g. of liquid fuel for an engine
- G01F9/02—Measuring volume flow relative to another variable, e.g. of liquid fuel for an engine wherein the other variable is the speed of a vehicle
- G01F9/023—Measuring volume flow relative to another variable, e.g. of liquid fuel for an engine wherein the other variable is the speed of a vehicle with electric, electro-mechanic or electronic means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
- G05D16/04—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power
- G05D16/06—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule
- G05D16/063—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane
- G05D16/0644—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting directly on the obturator
- G05D16/0655—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting directly on the obturator using one spring-loaded membrane
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
- G05D16/04—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power
- G05D16/06—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule
- G05D16/063—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane
- G05D16/0644—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting directly on the obturator
- G05D16/0663—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting directly on the obturator using a spring-loaded membrane with a spring-loaded slideable obturator
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)
- Control Of Fluid Pressure (AREA)
- Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
- Cooling, Air Intake And Gas Exhaust, And Fuel Tank Arrangements In Propulsion Units (AREA)
Description
6 ポンプ
7 コリオリセンサ
9 圧力調整器
40 ダイヤフラム
41,42 ケーシング
43,44 シール要素
49,50 弁装置
54 安全弁
Claims (4)
- ケーシング(41,42)が調節すべき圧力に抗して可変の力で付勢可能な要素(40)を内蔵し、この要素(40)が同様にケーシング(41,42)内に配置された、弁要素(49)と閉鎖ばね(50)から成る液体のための弁装置(49,50)に連結されている、液体用の圧力調整器(9)において、
圧力調整器(9)が、要素(40)を撓ませて、その内側に弁装置(49,50)の閉鎖時に圧力調整器(9)の出口(46)に流入する液体を取り込むための容積であって、弁装置(49,50)を動かして開放するのに必要な液体の容積を上回る容積を設けることと、
圧力調整器(9)の要素(40)が、当該の圧力調整機能を上回る大きな撓む能力を持つダイヤフラムとして実現されていることと、
圧力調整器(9)の弁要素(49)の下流に、安全弁(54)が設けられていることと、
安全弁(54)が受け入れ容積と同じ圧力の圧縮空気によって閉鎖方向に付勢されていることと、
安全弁(54)への圧縮空気供給部が、ダイヤフラム(40)に連結されたシール要素(43,44)によって遮断することが可能な部分を有することと、
を特徴とする圧力調整器。 - 当該の取り込まれた容積の少なくとも一方の境界が弾性的な要素によって付勢されていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の圧力調整器。
- 当該の取り込まれた容積の少なくとも一方の境界が圧力を調節可能な圧縮空気によって付勢されていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の圧力調整器。
- タンク(2)と、ポンプ(6)と、連続的に作動する液体用流れセンサ(7)と、この流れセンサ(7)と液体消費部の間に配置された圧力調整器(9)とを備えている、動的な液体消費を連続的に測定するための装置において、
圧力調整器(9)が請求項1〜3のいずれか一つに従って形成されていることを特徴とする装置。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0019803U AT6303U3 (de) | 2003-03-21 | 2003-03-21 | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen messung eines dynamischen flüssigkeitsverbrauchs, sowie druckregler und vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen messung eines dynamischen flüssigkeitsverbrauchs |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2004288189A JP2004288189A (ja) | 2004-10-14 |
JP4387844B2 true JP4387844B2 (ja) | 2009-12-24 |
Family
ID=3484067
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004080111A Expired - Fee Related JP4387844B2 (ja) | 2003-03-21 | 2004-03-19 | 動的な液体消費を連続的に測定する方法 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7311005B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1464932B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4387844B2 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN1789924A (ja) |
AT (1) | AT6303U3 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT6117U3 (de) * | 2002-12-18 | 2003-09-25 | Avl List Gmbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen messung eines dynamischen flüssigkeitsverbrauchs |
AT7888U3 (de) * | 2005-05-27 | 2006-07-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen messung eines dynamischen fluidverbrauchs |
US7600417B2 (en) * | 2005-12-15 | 2009-10-13 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Ultrasonic-densiometer mass flow sensor for use in flow metering units |
AR062444A1 (es) * | 2006-02-01 | 2008-11-12 | Marcelo Pividori | Dispositivo y metodo medidor de consumo de combustible para motores de combustion interna |
DE102007038603A1 (de) * | 2007-08-16 | 2009-02-19 | Volkswagen Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Analysieren und Dosieren von Kühlschmierstoff-Emulsion |
US8464742B2 (en) * | 2010-02-11 | 2013-06-18 | Honeywell International Inc. | Injection or other system with anti-thermal lockdown mechanism and related method |
DE102011100029C5 (de) * | 2011-04-29 | 2016-10-13 | Horiba Europe Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Messen eines Kraftstoffflusses und Kalibriervorrichtung dafür |
JP5774572B2 (ja) * | 2012-11-02 | 2015-09-09 | 株式会社堀場製作所 | 燃料測定システム |
CN103017852B (zh) * | 2012-12-28 | 2015-01-21 | 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 | 贮箱液体推进剂量测量方法 |
CN103344292B (zh) * | 2013-06-18 | 2016-03-23 | 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 | 火箭贮箱推进剂量实时动态测量方法 |
CN104154955B (zh) * | 2014-05-19 | 2016-05-11 | 北京理工大学 | 贮箱液体推进剂液面形貌与剂量动态测量方法和系统 |
WO2018013857A1 (en) | 2016-07-13 | 2018-01-18 | Rain Bird Corporation | Flow sensor |
AT519880B1 (de) | 2017-07-05 | 2018-11-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Druckregeleinrichtung für ein Kraftstoffverbrauchsmesssystem und Kraftstoffverbrauchsmesssystem |
DE202017104079U1 (de) * | 2017-07-07 | 2017-08-21 | Samson Ag | Stellantrieb für Prozessventile |
US10473494B2 (en) | 2017-10-24 | 2019-11-12 | Rain Bird Corporation | Flow sensor |
CN109520587B (zh) * | 2018-12-11 | 2024-02-20 | 顺丰科技有限公司 | 包裹体积测量装置及方法 |
US11662242B2 (en) | 2018-12-31 | 2023-05-30 | Rain Bird Corporation | Flow sensor gauge |
US20210048148A1 (en) * | 2019-08-12 | 2021-02-18 | Numat Technologies Inc. | Process and apparatus for dispensing and charging gas to a storage vessel |
AT523401B1 (de) * | 2020-04-30 | 2021-08-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Messsystem zur Messung eines Durchflusses |
CN113495590B (zh) * | 2021-07-09 | 2022-07-22 | 中国人民解放军63796部队 | 一种模拟加注贮箱小型化设计及其并行加泄动态控制方法 |
Family Cites Families (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3924408A (en) * | 1974-10-31 | 1975-12-09 | Gen Motors Corp | Diverter valve and pressure regulator assembly |
JPS536254U (ja) * | 1976-07-01 | 1978-01-20 | ||
US4070070A (en) * | 1976-08-06 | 1978-01-24 | Eggers Frederick S | Vehicle wheel speed retarding system |
JPS58162764A (ja) * | 1982-03-18 | 1983-09-27 | ザ・トライアングル・コ−ポレ−シヨン | 燃料噴射弁系を掃除しかつ試験する装置 |
US5682884A (en) * | 1983-05-05 | 1997-11-04 | Medisense, Inc. | Strip electrode with screen printing |
JPS60145438A (ja) * | 1983-09-07 | 1985-07-31 | Hitachi Ltd | 内燃機関の燃料制御装置 |
GB2147057B (en) * | 1984-09-05 | 1985-10-23 | Caterpillar Tractor Co | Fuel supply conditioning and flow measurement circuit |
US4648553A (en) * | 1985-07-09 | 1987-03-10 | Leslie Company | Regulating valve |
DE3808397A1 (de) * | 1988-03-12 | 1989-10-19 | Eberspaecher J | Druckregler |
DE4010173A1 (de) * | 1990-03-30 | 1991-10-02 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Druckregelventil, insbesondere fuer kraftstoffeinspritzsysteme |
JP3115099B2 (ja) * | 1992-04-13 | 2000-12-04 | 株式会社小野測器 | 燃費計測装置 |
US5469747A (en) * | 1994-01-21 | 1995-11-28 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | System and method of using Coriolis mass flow rate meter |
DE4443053A1 (de) * | 1994-12-05 | 1996-06-13 | Pfister Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen, gravimetrischen Dosierung und Massenstrombestimmung von fließfähigen Gütern |
US5708201A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-01-13 | Pierburg Instruments, Inc. | Fuel delivery measurement system with automatic pump matching |
US6056008A (en) * | 1997-09-22 | 2000-05-02 | Fisher Controls International, Inc. | Intelligent pressure regulator |
US5842455A (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 1998-12-01 | Walbro Corporation | Fuel accumulator and pressure limiting device |
CN2381797Y (zh) * | 1998-11-13 | 2000-06-07 | 唐家永 | 真空减压调节器 |
NZ334938A (en) * | 1999-03-31 | 2000-07-28 | Peter Michael Bradley | Pressure reducing valve for LP hot water cylinder, pressure sensitive member varies in size with changes in pressure |
ATE344919T1 (de) * | 1999-10-06 | 2006-11-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen messung des dynamischen kraftstoffverbrauchs eines verbrauchers |
DE10002752C1 (de) * | 2000-01-22 | 2001-06-21 | Festo Ag & Co | Druckregelventil mit Sekundärentlüftungsmaßnahmen |
US6318405B1 (en) * | 2000-03-08 | 2001-11-20 | Mahle-Parr Filter Systems, Inc. | Fuel pressure regulator with fluidic assist |
EP1307800A4 (en) * | 2000-07-07 | 2003-08-13 | Leggitt S H Co | DIRECTLY ACTIVE PRESSURE REGULATOR |
DE10112962A1 (de) * | 2001-03-17 | 2002-10-02 | Hans Wiederkehr | Ventil |
US6820641B2 (en) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-11-23 | Tescom Corporation | Internally piloted dome loaded regulator |
-
2003
- 2003-03-21 AT AT0019803U patent/AT6303U3/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2004
- 2004-02-25 EP EP04450037.9A patent/EP1464932B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-03-19 JP JP2004080111A patent/JP4387844B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-03-19 CN CNA2005101362956A patent/CN1789924A/zh active Pending
- 2004-03-19 CN CNB2004100301429A patent/CN1304824C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-03-19 US US10/804,234 patent/US7311005B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1304824C (zh) | 2007-03-14 |
US7311005B2 (en) | 2007-12-25 |
AT6303U2 (de) | 2003-07-25 |
CN1532528A (zh) | 2004-09-29 |
EP1464932A2 (de) | 2004-10-06 |
EP1464932A3 (de) | 2007-05-02 |
AT6303U3 (de) | 2004-01-26 |
CN1789924A (zh) | 2006-06-21 |
EP1464932B1 (de) | 2017-12-13 |
US20040211263A1 (en) | 2004-10-28 |
JP2004288189A (ja) | 2004-10-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP4387844B2 (ja) | 動的な液体消費を連続的に測定する方法 | |
JPS6058805B2 (ja) | 燃料タンク内の液体燃料の充填状態を計測する装置 | |
US20100083770A1 (en) | Process and device for continuous measurement of a dynamic fluid consumption | |
US20160153818A1 (en) | Device and Method for Continuous Measurement of the Dynamic Fuel Consumption of an Internal Combustion Engine | |
KR20200037802A (ko) | 다이어프램 압축기의 유압 유체 압력의 제어 방법 | |
CA2617999C (en) | Tank manifold assembly | |
JP2006329990A (ja) | 消費器の動的流体消費を連続的に測定する方法と装置 | |
US8646748B2 (en) | Pressure regulator | |
US7231816B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for continuous measuring of dynamic fluid consumption | |
US6311723B1 (en) | Flow control valve assembly | |
US20080173084A1 (en) | Method and device for continuous measuring of dynamic fluid consumption, including pressure regulator | |
US5245870A (en) | Apparatus for measuring the fraction of liquid fuel in a fuel tank | |
KR20200049758A (ko) | 연료소비량 측정시스템용 압력조절장치와 연료소비량 측정시스템 | |
NO334805B1 (no) | Trykk - volum regulator | |
KR20140034162A (ko) | 적어도 하나의 자동 유지보수식 수공식 어큐뮬레이터를 포함하는 장비 | |
JP2011013098A (ja) | 液体の吐出流量計測装置 | |
US6516827B1 (en) | Gas regulator for flowmeter | |
CN114585886A (zh) | 用于测量流量的测量系统 | |
KR20180040206A (ko) | 안전밸브 조립체를 포함하는 유압 시스템 | |
JP2017151571A (ja) | 圧力制御弁および測定装置 | |
KR100448227B1 (ko) | 액화가스 계측장치 | |
ES2659823T3 (es) | Regulador de presión y dispositivo para medir continuamente un consumo dinámico de líquido | |
JP4487893B2 (ja) | 燃料消費量測定装置 | |
JP4683788B2 (ja) | 液圧アクチュエータ制御装置 | |
CN112204299A (zh) | 槽罐装置和料位控制方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20060801 |
|
A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20061031 |
|
A602 | Written permission of extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602 Effective date: 20061108 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20070115 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20070417 |
|
A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20070705 |
|
A602 | Written permission of extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602 Effective date: 20070710 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20071016 |
|
A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20071204 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20080325 |
|
A911 | Transfer to examiner for re-examination before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20080408 |
|
A912 | Re-examination (zenchi) completed and case transferred to appeal board |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A912 Effective date: 20080502 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20080606 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20090716 |
|
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20091001 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20121009 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20131009 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |