JP4211221B2 - 液体チャンバーを備えた椎間板補綴具 - Google Patents
液体チャンバーを備えた椎間板補綴具 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4211221B2 JP4211221B2 JP2000587708A JP2000587708A JP4211221B2 JP 4211221 B2 JP4211221 B2 JP 4211221B2 JP 2000587708 A JP2000587708 A JP 2000587708A JP 2000587708 A JP2000587708 A JP 2000587708A JP 4211221 B2 JP4211221 B2 JP 4211221B2
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- Prior art keywords
- intervertebral disc
- plates
- disc prosthesis
- liquid
- cavity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000560 biocompatible material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008468 bone growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052588 hydroxylapatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004705 lumbosacral region Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;hydroxide;triphosphate Chemical compound [OH-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Valves And Accessory Devices For Braking Systems (AREA)
Description
【技術分野】
本発明は椎間(円)板補綴具(intervertebral disc prosthesis)に関する。
【0002】
【従来技術】
椎間板の代替として使用される椎間板補綴具は、例えば、文書EP-0 277 282から公知である。これに開示されている補綴具は、交換すべき椎間板に隣接する椎骨の椎骨板を圧迫することができる2枚のプレートと、これらのプレートの間に挟持されるクッションとからなる。このクッションは、圧縮性ボディーと、液体を包囲しているチャンバーとからなる。この補綴具は、圧縮性ボディーが摩耗を受け易いという難点があり、これは長期的には補綴具の機械的挙動を変化させる。さらに、そのプレートに対する摩耗により粒子の浸食が起こり、発生した粒子が患者の体内に移行することがある。
【0003】
【発明の開示】
本発明の目的は、その機械的挙動が長期にわたって同一であり、粒子が患者の体内に放出される危険性が少ない補綴具を利用可能にすることである。
【0004】
この目的を達成するために、本発明は、ある材料製のボディーを有する圧縮性クッションと、前記ボディーと接触することができる液体とを備えた椎間板補綴具であって、前記液体と前記材料が、液体がボディーを濡らさないようなものである椎間板補綴具を提供する。
ここに、本発明は、
2枚の対向するプレート;
2つの該プレートの間に閉じたチャンバーを形成するために2つの該プレートの間を伸びているクッション部;
前記チャンバーに入れられた液体;および
前記チャンバー内に配置されたボディーからなる椎間板補綴具であって、
前記ボディー外面に複数の孔を、そして該孔からボディー内に向かって伸びているキャビティを備えており、前記液体および前記ボディーは、該液体を前記キャビティ内に押し込むにはエネルギーが前記液体に加えられなければならないようにする材料から選ばれることを特徴とする椎間板補綴具である。
【0005】
液体がボディーを濡らさないことを考慮すると、液体をボディーと強制的に接触させるにはあるエネルギーが必要となる。このエネルギーは、液体をボディーから再び分離させる時に、その全体が戻される。このようにして一種のバネ効果が生ずる。このバネ効果は、液体のボディーとの接触表面が大きくなるとますます顕著となる。こうして、補綴具は非常に多量の応力を吸収することができ、圧縮または撓み下で変形し、その後、貯えられたエネルギーを元に戻すことにより逆の変形を生ずる。このような補綴具は、小さな体積にかなり多量のエネルギーを貯えることができる。また、ボディーと接触する液体の動きは全く摩耗を発生しない。こうして、本発明の補綴具は、同じ機械的挙動を非常に長期にわたって提供することができる。さらに、固体部材間の摩擦がないため、体内に粒子を放出する危険性が実質的に解消される。
【0006】
多孔質ボディーの存在下では、体積が非常に限られたものであっても、上記のバネ効果は非常に大きくなろう。
ボディーが非常に長い網目構造に沿って相互に連通した多数のキャビティを有していると、液体が入ってから出るまでに通る経路が特に長くなる。その結果、液体は、もっぱら多孔質ボディー内のその循環のために、エネルギーのいくらかを消散することになる。従って、この全体的な配置は、部分的なダンパー (減衰器) を構成することができる。こうして、バネ効果と減衰効果との組合わせは、この補綴具にとって、補綴具のその主軸方向の長さの変化の関数として圧縮応力を示す曲線が、健全な自然の椎間板に似た、ヒステリシス形状を有することを意味する。そのため、本発明の補綴具は、実際の椎間板の機械的挙動に非常に近づく。
【0007】
補綴具は、有利には、クッションの両側に位置する2枚のプレートを備え、ボディーがこれらのプレートの最大1つにしか固定されていない。
本発明の他の特徴および利点は、非制限的な例示として示す下記の好適態様の説明からより明らかとなろう。
【0008】
図1および3を参照すると、椎間板補綴具2は、ほぼ円形形状であるが、好ましくは後方の臍部をもつ豆の形状を有する2枚のプレート4を備える。2枚のプレートは、平坦で、互いに平行に位置し、プレートに垂直な補綴具の主軸9と中心合わせされている。
【0009】
各プレート4は、プレート4の外面8からプレートの平面に垂直に突出している2つの耳部6を有する。各耳部6は、これをプレートの中心の方向にまっすぐ貫通しているオリフィス10を有し、プレート4とは反対側を向いた耳部6の面では、耳部は球形形状のくぼみ12を有する。オリフィス10は、骨ねじ (骨接合用ねじ) 11を受け入れることができ、この骨ねじの頭部下面側は、耳部6の雌形の球形のくぼみ12と共働する雄形の球形形状を有し、ねじはこれを差し込んだ耳部に対して自由な向きをとることができるようになっている。図1において、各プレートの2つの耳部6は同じ断面にもってこられているが、図3に示すように、これは実際にはそうではない。
【0010】
椎間板補綴具2を脊柱内で短期間固定するために、交換すべき椎間板に隣接する椎骨の椎体にねじ11を固定することができる。
しかし、さらに、隣接する椎骨と接触するプレート4の表面8をヒドロキシアパタイトまたは骨成長を刺激できることがそれ自体公知の他の任意の物質で被覆した、長期固定を提供することもできる。プレート表面8を被覆する前に、該骨組織とのより良好な界面を確保するため、該表面を処理して骨組織に対する固定点を持つ多少とも多孔質の表面状態を得るようにしてもよい。
【0011】
椎間板補綴具は、2枚のプレートの間に挟持した、クッション14を有する。このクッションはベローズ16を備える。ベローズは、軸9を中心とする回転対称の形状を有する。その壁面のプロファイルは波形からなり、それによって軸9を横断するその断面の表面積をあまり変化させずに、軸方向9におけるベローズ16の長さを変化させることが可能となる。本例では、このベローズは、プレート4と同様に、チタンまたはチタン合金から作製されるので、ある程度の軸方向の剛性 (強度) を有していて、圧縮バネを形成する。これはまた、軸9に垂直な方向に変形することもできるか、または軸9もしくはこれに垂直な任意の軸を回転軸とする捩じりを受けることができる。
【0012】
ベローズ16は、その軸方向の両端の縁部が、それぞれのプレート4の縁部、例えば、図示しているのと異なるが、プレートの内面18から突出した縁部、に接合されている。この接合は漏れに対して気密にされているので、ベローズ16と2枚のプレート4とで、容積が可変の漏れ止め性のチャンバーを形成している。
【0013】
ベローズ10は、例えば、図示しているのと異なるが、10個の畳みこみ(convolution) 、即ち、プレート4に固定されている2つの山に加え、8個の外側の山を有する。ここでは、その外径は約30 mm で、内径は約17 mm である。その高さは、補綴具に荷重がかかっていない時に10 mm である。ベローズの壁面は、各0.1 mm厚さの1枚、2枚または3枚のシートから作製でき、この厚みの合計が壁面の厚みを形成する。ベローズの固有強度は、この例では、約1.6 N/mmである。
【0014】
ベローズ16と2枚のプレート4とで区画されるチャンバーは、液体20で満たされている。クッション14はボディー22を備え、これは、本例では、2枚のプレートの一方、例えば、図1の下側のプレート4、の平面状の内面18に固定されている。この固定のため、プレートの隆起部24がボディー内に突き出ている。ボディーの形状は、例えば、軸9を中心とする円筒形とすることができる。ボディーは、例えば、補綴具の変形中にベローズと決して接触することがないように、軸9に垂直な幅は十分に狭い。また、ボディーの自由端面、ここでは上側の端面と、向かい合うプレートとの間に十分な自由空間を形成して、これらが決して互いに接触しないようにする。ボディー22は、これと接触することができる液体により包囲されている。
【0015】
液体20とボディー22の材料は、好ましくは生体適合性である。これらは、液体がボディーを濡らさないように選択される。即ち、このための応力の不存在下では、液体はボディーと接触しないままとなる傾向がある。液体は例えば水であり、ボディーの材料はチタンまたはチタン合金といった生体適合性材料である。この材料は好ましくは、液体との大きな接触表面積を与えるために多孔質である。さらに、ボディーの細孔を構成するそのキャビティは、バネ効果に加えて減衰効果も供給するため、かなり長い網目構造内で相互に連通するようにされる。図1には、ボディー22の細孔またはキャビティ26が、よりはっきりさせるために模式的に描かれている。これらの細孔は、図1のスケールでは目に見えず、また図示した数よりずっと多く無数にあることは言うまでもない。こうして、軸9のレベルで一方のプレートから他方のプレートまで測定した高さhについて、補綴具の高さの負の変化Δhの関数として、その軸9に沿った補綴具の圧縮Fの変化を示す図2の曲線は、ヒステリシス形状を有する。こうして、圧縮力Fが増大する時のその変化を示す曲線Caは、圧縮力Fの減少を示す曲線Cdより常に (全体的に) 上にある。このヒステリシス形状はバネ効果と減衰効果の組合わせに起因する。
【0016】
液体のチャンバーの内部にガスのポケットを設けることもできる。
本発明に係る補綴具は、特に脊柱の腰部領域に適用される。
本発明に対してその範囲を逸脱せずに多くの変更をなすことがもちろん可能である。ボディー22は、プレートに対する固定が全くないようにすることができる。その場合には、ボディーはプレートのそれぞれに対して自発的に自由に動くことができる。このようにして、補綴具は、任意の位置および補綴具の任意の応力負荷状態において、ボディー22がプレートの最大1つとしか接触しないように補綴具を構成することができる。
【0017】
ボディー22は楕円形とすることもできる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の好適態様に係る補綴具の軸方向断面図である。
【図2】 補綴具の軸に沿ったその高さの変化の関数として補綴具に加わる圧縮力の変化を示す曲線である。
【図3】 図1の補綴具の斜視図である。
Claims (24)
- 2枚の対向するプレート;
2つの該プレートの間に閉じたチャンバーを形成するために2つの該プレートの間を伸びているクッション部;
前記チャンバーに入れられた液体;および
前記チャンバー内に配置されたボディー
からなる椎間板補綴具であって、
前記ボディー外面に複数の孔を、そして該孔からボディー内に向かって伸びているキャビティを備えており、前記液体および前記ボディーは、該液体を前記キャビティ内に押し込むにはエネルギーが前記液体に加えられなければならないようにする材料から選ばれることを特徴とする椎間板補綴具。 - 前記キャビテイが前記ボディー内で互いに連通している、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記キャビテイが微細である、請求項2記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記エネルギーが、前記液体が前記ボディーの前記キャビテイ内を通るときに、消散する、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 二つの対向する前記プレートが、互いに相対的に移動可能である、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記キャビティが、前記液体が前記キャビティ内に押し込まれるときに、該液体に加えられたエネルギーを貯えるようになっている、請求項5記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記液体が前記キャビティ内から退出するときに、該キャビティが前記液体に対してエネルギーを放出するようになっている、請求項5記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記ボディーが、対向する前記プレートが互いに向かって移動するときにエネルギーを貯え、また、対向する前記プレートが互いに離れるように移動するときにはエネルギーを放出するようになっている、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記プレートの少なくとも1つが骨に固着可能となっている、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 骨に固着可能となっている前記プレートの少なくとも1つが、その表面から突出している耳部を備えており、該耳部が骨に挿入可能なねじを受け入れるに適したオリフィスを備えている、請求項9記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記ボディーが、前記プレートの一つに固定されていて、該プレートの他方と相対的に移動可能となっている、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記クッション部が、前記プレートの一つに取り付けられた上端と、該プレートの他方に取り付けられた下端とを備えたベローズを有する、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記クッション部が、チタンおよびチタン合金からなる群から選んだ材料で作られている、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記ボディーが、チタンおよびチタン合金からなる群から選んだ材料で作られている、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記液体が水からなる、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- さらに、前記チャンバー内、かつ前記液体中に設けられたポケットをさらに備えた、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記ボディーが、前記チャンバー内において自由に、かつ対向する前記プレートに対しては相対的に、移動できる、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 対向する前記プレートの互いに相対的な動きが、前記ボディーの前記キャビティを前記液体が通通することによって減衰する、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 対向する前記プレートが、圧縮の主軸に沿って互いに向かって圧縮可能である、請求項1記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記クッション部が、通常の状態では、前記プレ−トにかかる圧縮力がないとき、互いに相対的な第1離間距離をもって対向するプレートを維持する、請求項19記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 対向する前記プレートが、これらの対向するプレートに圧縮力が加わったときに、前記第1離間距離よりも小さい第2離間距離だけ、圧縮される、請求項20記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 前記プレートに加わった圧縮力の関数として、前記プレートの互いの離間距離が、ヒステリシス形態の曲線グラフに従う、請求項21記載の椎間板補綴具。
- 互いに相対移動可能な2つの対向するプレート;
前記プレートの少なくとも1が、補綴具を骨に取り付ける取付け要素を有しており;
2つの対向する前記プレートの間に漏れ止め性のチャンバーを形成するために、2つの対向する前記プレートの間を伸びているクッション部;
漏れ止め性の前記チャンバー内、かつ対向する前記プレートの間に入れられた液体;および
漏れ止め性の前記チャンバー内に配置された多孔質ボディーであって、複数の孔を外面に備えるとともに、該ボディー内に向かって前記孔から延びているキャビテイを備えている多孔質ボディー
からなる椎間板補綴具であって、
前記プレートがお互いに向かって移動するときに、前記プレートが、前記液体にエネルギーを移転させるようになっており、また、前記プレートがお互いに向かって移動するときに前記液体に移転されるエネルギーが、該液体を前記ボディーのキャビティ内に押し込むことを特徴とする椎間板補綴具。 - 前記液体のエネルギーが、該液体が前記キャビティ内に押し込まれるにつれ、前記ボディーに移転される、請求項23記載の椎間板補綴具。
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FR9815673A FR2787018B1 (fr) | 1998-12-11 | 1998-12-11 | Prothese de disque intervertebral a enceinte de liquide |
FR98/15673 | 1998-12-11 | ||
PCT/FR1999/003074 WO2000035386A1 (fr) | 1998-12-11 | 1999-12-09 | Prothese de disque intervertebral a enceinte de liquide |
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JP2002532143A JP2002532143A (ja) | 2002-10-02 |
JP4211221B2 true JP4211221B2 (ja) | 2009-01-21 |
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US (1) | US6395032B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1137376B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4211221B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20020015677A (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE338521T1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU765060B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2354164A1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69933136T2 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2787018B1 (ja) |
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EP3456294B1 (en) | 2017-09-15 | 2024-06-05 | Stryker European Operations Holdings LLC | Intervertebral body fusion device expanded with hardening material |
USD907771S1 (en) | 2017-10-09 | 2021-01-12 | Pioneer Surgical Technology, Inc. | Intervertebral implant |
US11744710B2 (en) | 2018-09-04 | 2023-09-05 | Spinal Stabilization Technologies Llc | Implantable nuclear prosthesis, kits, and related methods |
US11826265B2 (en) | 2021-06-28 | 2023-11-28 | Spine Wave, Inc. | Bellows shaped spinal implant having gyroid lattice structures |
WO2023278243A1 (en) | 2021-06-28 | 2023-01-05 | Spine Wave, Inc. | Bellows shaped spinal implant |
US12102542B2 (en) | 2022-02-15 | 2024-10-01 | Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation | Interspinous spacer and methods and systems utilizing the interspinous spacer |
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CA992255A (en) * | 1971-01-25 | 1976-07-06 | Cutter Laboratories | Prosthesis for spinal repair |
US3875595A (en) * | 1974-04-15 | 1975-04-08 | Edward C Froning | Intervertebral disc prosthesis and instruments for locating same |
CH671691A5 (ja) * | 1987-01-08 | 1989-09-29 | Sulzer Ag | |
US4863477A (en) * | 1987-05-12 | 1989-09-05 | Monson Gary L | Synthetic intervertebral disc prosthesis |
US5282856A (en) * | 1987-12-22 | 1994-02-01 | Ledergerber Walter J | Implantable prosthetic device |
DE8807485U1 (de) * | 1988-06-06 | 1989-08-10 | Mecron Medizinische Produkte Gmbh, 1000 Berlin | Endoprothese der Zwischenwirbelscheibe |
US4911718A (en) * | 1988-06-10 | 1990-03-27 | University Of Medicine & Dentistry Of N.J. | Functional and biocompatible intervertebral disc spacer |
CA1318469C (en) * | 1989-02-15 | 1993-06-01 | Acromed Corporation | Artificial disc |
DE9000094U1 (de) * | 1990-01-04 | 1991-01-31 | Mecron Medizinische Produkte Gmbh, 1000 Berlin | Endoprothese der Zwischenwirbelscheibe |
DE4208116C2 (de) * | 1992-03-13 | 1995-08-03 | Link Waldemar Gmbh Co | Bandscheibenendoprothese |
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FR2709949B1 (fr) * | 1993-09-14 | 1995-10-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Prothèse de disque intervertébral. |
GB9413855D0 (en) * | 1994-07-08 | 1994-08-24 | Smith & Nephew | Prosthetic devices |
US5674296A (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1997-10-07 | Spinal Dynamics Corporation | Human spinal disc prosthesis |
FR2728037B1 (fr) | 1994-12-09 | 1997-05-30 | Dld International | Structure heterogene d'accumulation ou de dissipation d'energie, procedes d'utilisation d'une telle structure, et appareils associes d'accumulation ou de dissipation d'energie |
US5888226A (en) * | 1997-11-12 | 1999-03-30 | Rogozinski; Chaim | Intervertebral prosthetic disc |
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-
1998
- 1998-12-11 FR FR9815673A patent/FR2787018B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-12-09 CA CA002354164A patent/CA2354164A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-09 KR KR1020017007284A patent/KR20020015677A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-12-09 US US09/857,657 patent/US6395032B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-09 WO PCT/FR1999/003074 patent/WO2000035386A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-09 AU AU15686/00A patent/AU765060B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-09 AT AT99958286T patent/ATE338521T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-09 JP JP2000587708A patent/JP4211221B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-09 EP EP99958286A patent/EP1137376B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-09 DE DE69933136T patent/DE69933136T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2001
- 2001-06-14 ZA ZA200104846A patent/ZA200104846B/en unknown
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AU765060B2 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
ZA200104846B (en) | 2002-01-21 |
WO2000035386A1 (fr) | 2000-06-22 |
KR20020015677A (ko) | 2002-02-28 |
EP1137376A1 (fr) | 2001-10-04 |
US6395032B1 (en) | 2002-05-28 |
DE69933136D1 (de) | 2006-10-19 |
FR2787018B1 (fr) | 2001-03-02 |
EP1137376B1 (fr) | 2006-09-06 |
AU1568600A (en) | 2000-07-03 |
ATE338521T1 (de) | 2006-09-15 |
JP2002532143A (ja) | 2002-10-02 |
DE69933136T2 (de) | 2007-07-19 |
CA2354164A1 (fr) | 2000-06-22 |
FR2787018A1 (fr) | 2000-06-16 |
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