JP4088698B2 - Data providing method, data providing system, and data providing agency server - Google Patents

Description

  The invention of this application relates to a data providing method, a data providing system, and a data providing proxy server that easily and securely provide various data related to information displayed by an advertising medium installed in a public space to a user. Is.

In recent years, for example, advertising media such as posters, bulletin boards, large displays, etc. that display advertisements (including announcements, the same applies hereinafter) installed in buildings, vehicles, urban areas, etc. are used for advertising information and websites related to advertisers. URL (Universal
Resource Locator) is often displayed, and those who have seen it can obtain more detailed contents and service programs by accessing the home page.

  However, since it is necessary to take note of the URL in order to access the homepage, it has been troublesome for most people.

Therefore, an RF-ID (Radio Frequency-Identification) tag storing the URL is added to the advertisement medium, and the portable device held by the user is provided with an RF-ID reader, so that the tag and the reader automatically transmit and receive wirelessly. A system that can acquire a URL has already been proposed (see Patent Document 1).
JP 2002-340221 A

  However, in the system described in Patent Document 1, since the user directly accesses the home page based on the URL, the user's personal information is known to data providers such as advertisers through various home pages accessed. Therefore, there is a concern that a large amount of personal information may be leaked. Since users want to avoid the random flow of their personal information as much as possible, they can easily obtain various related data such as detailed contents and service programs, and can use it with peace of mind, with enhanced protection of personal information. Realization of technology is desired.

  Therefore, in view of the circumstances as described above, the invention of this application is a data providing method and a data providing system capable of easily and securely providing various related data related to information displayed on an advertising medium to a user. It is an object to provide a data providing proxy server.

  In order to solve the above problems, the invention of the present application is firstly related data from a data provider related to information displayed by the advertising medium (1), for example, as illustrated in FIG. Is provided to a user through a data providing agent, the medium side ID reader (2) added to the advertising medium (1), the portable device (3) carried by the user, and the user side ID for the user Using the reader (4), the information terminal (5) for the user, the data providing agent server (6) for the data providing agent, and the data providing server (7) for the data provider, the medium side ID reader (2 ) To read the global ID unique to the portable device (3) (step S101), and to read by the data providing proxy server (6) by the medium-side ID reader (2). The user ID corresponding to the global ID is transmitted to the data providing server (7) via the network (step S102), and transmitted from the data providing proxy server (6) by the data providing server (7). The user ID and the related data are returned to the data providing proxy server (6) via the network (step S103), and the data providing proxy server (6) returns the relation from the data providing server (7). Data is stored for each global ID (step S104), the global ID unique to the portable device (3) is read by the user ID reader (4) (step S105), and the user is read by the information terminal (5). The global ID read by the side ID reader (4) is used as the data providing agent To the server (6) via the network (step S106), and the data providing proxy server (6) sends the relevant data corresponding to the global ID transmitted from the information terminal (5) to the global ID. A data providing method is provided, characterized in that a reply is made via the network to the information terminal (5) that has transmitted (step S107).

  Second, a user profile database (8) that stores a user ID for each global ID in advance and stores related data as appropriate is further used, and the medium side ID reader (2) is used by the data providing proxy server (6). The user ID corresponding to the global ID read by (1) is read from the user profile database (8) and transmitted to the data providing server (7) via the network (step S102). The related data returned from (7) is stored in the user profile database (8) (S103), and the related data corresponding to the global ID transmitted from the information terminal (5) is stored in the user profile database. Read from (8) and send it to the information terminal (5) To Shin (S107), providing the data provided wherein the.

  Third, the data providing proxy server (6) transmits a reader ID unique to the medium side ID reader (2) that has read the global ID together with the user ID to the data providing server (7) (S102). The data providing server (7) returns related data corresponding to the reader ID transmitted from the data providing proxy server (6) to the data providing proxy server (6) together with the user ID (S102). The data providing method is provided.

  Fourth, for example, as shown in FIG. 2, the data providing server (7) stores the user ID transmitted from the data providing proxy server (6) (step S201), and the providing proxy server. According to (7), the destination information on the network of the information terminal (5) that has transmitted the global ID is stored for each global ID (step S202), and the user ID and the related data are stored by the data providing server (7). Is separately transmitted to the data providing proxy server (6) via the network (step S203), and the global corresponding to the user ID transmitted from the data providing server (7) by the data providing proxy server (6). Based on the destination information of the information terminal (5) with the ID, the related data transmitted from the data providing server (6) is sent. The data transmitting said to the information terminal (5) (step S204), and provides the data provided wherein the.

  Fifth, a data providing system for providing related data from a data provider related to information displayed on the advertising medium (1) to a user through a data providing agent, which is added to the advertising medium (1) Medium-side ID reader (2), portable device (3) carried by the user, user-side ID reader (4) for the user, information terminal (5) for the user, data providing agent server for the data providing agent (6) and a data provider server (7) for the data provider, the portable device (3) has means for storing a global ID unique to the device, and the medium-side ID reader (2) Means for reading the global ID of the portable device (3), and the data providing proxy server (6) corresponds to the global ID read by the medium-side ID reader (2); Means for transmitting the user ID to the data providing server (7) via the network, means for storing the related data returned from the data providing server (7) via the network for each global ID, When a global ID is separately transmitted from the information terminal (5) via the network, the related data corresponding to the global ID is returned via the network to the information terminal (5) which has transmitted the global ID. The data providing server (7) includes means for returning the user ID transmitted from the data providing agent server (6) together with related data to the data providing agent server (6) via the network. The user-side ID reader (4) reads the global ID of the portable device (3) The information terminal (5) includes means for transmitting the global ID read by the user-side ID reader (4) to the data providing proxy server (6) via a network. A data providing system is provided.

  Sixth, there is a data providing proxy server (6) that provides related information from the data providing server (7) related to information displayed by the advertising medium (1) to the user information terminal (5). The user ID corresponding to the global ID unique to the portable device (3) carried by the user read by the medium-side ID reader (2) attached to the advertisement medium (1) is connected to the data providing server (7). Means for transmitting via the network, means for storing the relevant data returned from the data providing server (7) via the network for each global ID, and the global ID sent from the information terminal (5) via the network. When related information corresponding to the global ID is transmitted to the information terminal (5) that has transmitted the global ID Through to provide a data providing proxy servers, characterized in having means for replying, to be.

  According to the first data providing method, for example, when the user is interested in the advertising information displayed on the advertising medium (1) found in the city or the like and wants more detailed data, Then, the user only has to read the global ID of the portable device (3) that he / she carries with the medium-side ID reader (2) added to the advertising medium (1). The data ID is sent from the side ID reader (2) to the provisioning agent server (6) managed and operated by the data providing agent, and the data provider further manages and operates the user ID corresponding to the global ID on the data providing agent server (6) side. A series of processes that are sent to the data providing server (7) and the corresponding related data is sent back to the data providing proxy server (6) and stored, It is automatically executed without the need to make a work, and when the user later returns to his home or office, for example, the global ID of the portable device (3) is again returned by his user ID reader (4). Just by reading the ID, the global ID is sent from the information terminal (5) to the data providing proxy server (6), and related data corresponding to the global ID is displayed on the data providing proxy server (6) side. A series of processes of returning to (5) is automatically executed. As a result, only the user ID arbitrarily set by the data providing proxy server (6) for each global ID flows to the data providing server (7), and the global ID does not flow to the data providing server (7). Since the user does not have direct access to the data providing server (7) and only needs to access only the data providing proxy server (6), various related data from the data provider related to information displayed on the advertising medium is the only one. It becomes possible to provide a user with a high degree of security easily through a data providing agent. Of course, the user-side ID reader (4) and the information terminal (5) can be portable devices. In this case, the global ID of the portable device (3) is read by the medium-side ID reader (2). If the global ID is also read by the user ID reader (4) on the spot, the relevant data can be easily and securely obtained from the data providing proxy server (6) on the spot without returning to the home. You can also do it.

  According to the second data providing method, the same effects as in the first method can be obtained, and the global ID, user ID, and related data can be managed as a database as a user profile.

  According to the third data providing method, the same effect as in the first method can be obtained, and for example, a plurality of medium-side ID readers (2) are arranged, and different related data is provided for each. When necessary, the media ID reader (2) that has read the global ID of the mobile device (3), that is, the reader ID preset in the media ID reader (2) used by the user is stored together with the user ID. By transmitting to the providing server (7), the data providing server (7) can return and provide appropriate related data to the data providing proxy server (6).

  According to the fifth data providing system, the same effect as in the first method can be obtained.

  According to the sixth data providing server, the same effects as those in the first method and the fifth system can be obtained.

  Hereinafter, an embodiment of the invention of this application will be described in detail with appropriate reference to FIG.

<Step S101>
First, it is assumed that the mobile device (3) carried by the user stores a global ID unique to the device in advance, and portable portable devices such as magnetic cards, IC cards, RF-ID tags, mobile phones, and PDAs can be considered. .

  The medium-side ID reader (2) added to the advertising medium (1) is capable of reading the global ID of various portable devices (3). For example, when the portable device (3) is a magnetic card, a magnetic reader, IC In the case of a card, an IC reader, in the case of an RF-ID tag, an RF-ID reader, in the case of a mobile phone or PDA, a communication device capable of wireless communication or optical communication with them can be considered. In addition, for example, when the advertising medium (1) is a paper medium, the addition mode to the advertising medium (1) is pasted on the front side or the back side of the paper. However, there is no particular limitation as long as the global ID of the mobile device (3) can be read.

  Using these portable device (3) and medium-side ID reader (2), the user brings the portable device (3) close to or in contact with the medium-side ID reader (2), or starts communication using its communication function. Thus, the global ID of the portable device (3) is read by the medium side ID reader (2).

<Step S102>
The read global ID is given to the data providing agency server (6) managed and operated by the data providing agency, and the user ID corresponding to the global ID is provided by the data providing agency server (6) to provide data such as the advertiser. To the data providing server (7) managed and operated by the person via the network.

  The data providing proxy server (6) and the medium-side ID reader (2) can send and receive the global ID, for example, via a network or simply by cable connection. The global ID is transmitted by the medium-side ID reader (2). At the same time as being read, it is transmitted to the data providing proxy server (6). In the case of network transmission, the medium-side ID reader (2) has, for example, an ID transmission function in addition to the ID reading function, and is capable of network transmission simultaneously with ID reading.

  The data providing proxy server (6) transmits the user ID corresponding to the global ID sent from the medium side ID reader (2) to the data providing server (7). A user profile database (8) in which user IDs are stored in advance for each ID is constructed, a global ID is searched from the user profile database (8), and if searched, the user ID registered in the entry is stored as data. Transmit to the providing server (7). If it is not searched, a user ID is newly created and registered and transmitted to the data providing server (7).

  The user ID is virtual ID data created as a global ID proxy ID by the data providing proxy server (6), and is sent to the outside instead of the global ID which is actual personal information. Is to do. That is, since the global ID is kept secret and is not informed to an external data provider, the data provider does not know what user actually belongs when the user ID is transmitted. As will be described in detail in the next step S103, the provided data is sent to the data providing agent instead of the actual user.

  Here, when one user uses a plurality of medium-side ID readers (2), that is, when the global ID of the same portable device (3) is read by the plurality of medium-side ID readers (2), A different user ID may be created and used for each reading (stored in the user profile database (8)). Thereby, since various user ID will be transmitted to a data provision server (7) even if it is one global ID, security can be improved more.

  When it is necessary to provide different related data for each of the plurality of medium-side ID readers (2), appropriate related data must be returned according to the medium-side ID reader (2) used (described below). Step S103). For this purpose, for example, a reader ID unique to the medium side ID reader (2) is set in advance, and the reader ID of the medium side ID reader (2) that has read the global ID is sent to the data providing server (7) together with the user ID. To send. In this case, for example, the medium-side ID reader (2) stores its own reader ID, and when the global ID is read and transmitted, the reader ID can also be transmitted together. According to this, for example, in the example of FIG. 1, when one of a plurality of medium side ID readers (2) added to the advertising medium (1) of a large display is used, the medium side ID reader ( Appropriate related data set in 2) (for example, the leftmost is Hokkaido travel data) is returned from the data providing server (7).

<Step S103>
When the user ID is transmitted as described above, the data providing server (7) that has received the user ID returns related data together with the user ID to the data providing proxy server (6) via the network.

  When the related data to be provided is different for each medium side ID reader (2), the reader ID of the used medium side ID reader (2) is also transmitted from the data providing proxy server (6) as described above. Therefore, appropriate related data corresponding to the reader ID can be returned.

  Of course, as described above, since the data provider does not know what user ID of the user is actually and what user used the medium side ID reader (2), personal information is the data provider's The outflow is prevented under management.

<Step S104>
When the related data is returned together with the user ID, the data providing proxy server (6) that has received them stores the related data for each global ID corresponding to the user ID.

  Since it is possible to search from the user profile database (8) to which global ID the returned user ID corresponds, the related data may be stored in the entry of the searched global ID. As a result, the related data is once managed by the data providing proxy server (6).

<Step S105>
Subsequently, the user causes the user-side ID reader (4) to read the global ID of the portable device (3) again.

  As the user-side ID reader (4), a magnetic reader or an IC reader corresponding to the portable device (3) can be considered, like the medium-side ID reader (2).

<Step S106>
The read global ID is given to the information terminal (5) used by the user, and is transmitted from the information terminal (5) to the data providing proxy server (6) via the network.

<Step S107>
Then, the data providing proxy server (6) that has received the global ID reads related data corresponding to the global ID from the user profile database (8) and returns it to the information terminal (5) via the network.

  At this time, for example, the reply to the information terminal (5) is performed based on destination information such as an IP address indicating the location of the information terminal (5) on the network (Internet). Alternatively, the user's e-mail address may be registered in advance in the user profile database (8) for each global ID, and the related data may be transmitted in a form attached to the e-mail. The IP address can be automatically obtained and registered by the data providing proxy server (6) when the global ID is transmitted from the information terminal (5) to the data providing proxy server (6). When transmitting, the information terminal (5) separately inputs and transmits, or when the medium-side ID reader (2) reads the global ID, it is input on the spot by an input device such as a keyboard separately installed. That's fine. For the e-mail address, for example, when the global ID is sent to the data providing proxy server (6), it is determined whether or not the corresponding e-mail address is registered. The data is transmitted to the terminal (5) or the medium side ID reader (2), and a new e-mail address is input, received and registered in the user profile database (8).

  After that, the related data received by the information terminal (5) may be displayed on the screen if it is content or e-mail depending on the type and content, or may be executed if it is a service program.

  As the information terminal (5), it is possible to consider information home appliances such as a computer, a mobile phone, a PDA, and a two-way digital television that can be connected to the network and exchange data with the data providing proxy server (6). In addition, it is possible to configure the information home appliance by connecting or adding it to a home appliance as a dedicated set box that cannot transmit a global ID and receive related data. For example, by attaching a set box type information terminal (5) having a display function or the like to the refrigerator, the refrigerator itself can be used as an information appliance, or a set box type information terminal (5) having a digital / analog conversion function or the like. Can be attached to an analog TV, and the analog TV itself can be used as an information home appliance for displaying content data on a TV. The set box may be integrated with a user ID reader (4).

  FIG. 4 conceptually shows these various information terminals (5) together with usage examples thereof, such as a refrigerator equipped with a set box type information terminal (5) incorporating a user-side ID reader (4), Illustrative examples include interactive digital televisions and computers (the user ID reader (4) is not shown) that themselves function as information terminals (5). Just read the global ID of the mobile device (3) with the medium-side ID reader (2) attached to the advertising medium (1) seen on the go, and read the global ID with those refrigerators after returning home. Various related data can be acquired.

  Of course, the user-side ID reader (4) and the information terminal (5) can be portable devices. For example, a card reader or an RF-ID tag reader can be built in a PDA to form an integrated portable device. In this case, if it is carried with the portable device (3), when the global ID of the portable device (3) is read by the medium-side ID reader (2), the user-side ID reader (4 ) Also read the global ID, and related data can be easily and securely obtained from the data providing proxy server (6) on the spot.

  As described above, the user can easily obtain the related data simply by causing the medium-side ID reader (2) and the user-side ID reader (4) to read the global ID of his / her portable device (3). In addition, the user does not need to directly communicate with a number of data providers, and since there is only the exchange of a global ID with a data provider, a large amount of personal information can be prevented from being leaked.

  If one user has a plurality of portable devices (3) and uses them, a plurality of global IDs are assigned to one user. Therefore, based on the destination information of the information terminal (5), the entries on the user profile database (8) may be converged to the same for the global ID to which the same destination information is assigned. As a result, the ID management burden on the data providing proxy server (6) can be reduced.

<Steps S201 to S204>
By the way, the data provider provides related data to the user through the data providing agent as described above, but in the above description, when the user ID is sent from the data providing agent, the related data is returned. There may be cases where you want to send more relevant data to the user at a later date.

  Therefore, for example, the user ID first sent from the data providing proxy server (6) is stored by the data providing server (7) (step S201), and a separate related data transmission request is sent to the user ID at a later date. Along with the ID and related data, the data providing server (7) transmits the data to the data providing proxy server (6) (step S203). In the data providing proxy server (6), the destination information on the network of the information terminal (5) such as the IP address and the e-mail address is stored in the user profile data (8) for each global ID, for example (step S202). When the transmission request from the data providing proxy server (6) is received, the global ID corresponding to the transmitted user ID is searched from the user profile data (8), and the information terminal (5) corresponding to the global ID is further searched. The destination information is read out, and related data is transmitted to the information terminal (5) via the network based on the destination information.

  According to this, the data provider can provide further content data, service program data, or related data such as e-mail to the user at a later date. In this case, the exchange with the data provider is based only on the user ID. Therefore, the actual personal information including the destination information is not leaked to the data provider at all, and the user can acquire the related data with peace of mind.

  As for the provision of the related data at a later date, for example, every time there is a transmission request from the data providing server (7), the user is not sent from the data providing proxy server (6) without permission. The ID reader (4) may read the global ID of the mobile device (3) and send it from the data providing proxy server (6) only when the global ID is transmitted from the information terminal (5). Alternatively, the transmission frequency may be limited to some extent (for example, one transmission per day, one transmission per day). In such a case, the related data is stored in the user profile database (8) by the data providing proxy server (6), and is read and transmitted when the global ID is transmitted, or is transmitted only within the transmission limit.

  Further, when there is a request for sending an e-mail as related data, and the e-mail address of the user is not yet registered in the data providing agency server (6) (user profile database (8), the e-mail is sent. The e-mail needs to be stored in the user profile database (8) until the address is registered, and is transmitted at the time of registration.

<Database>
In the above data provision, for example, the user profile database (8) is preferably stored in a hash table in which the global ID and / or user ID is set as a search key, whereby the user ID corresponding to the global ID is stored. It is possible to search for destination information and related data, and search for a global ID corresponding to a user ID, destination information, and related data at a higher speed.

<Media side ID reader>
As for the medium-side ID reader (2), for example, not only the global ID reading function of the portable device (3) as described above, but also the global ID transmission function, the own reader ID storage function, the reader ID Since it is preferable to have a transmission function and an input function of an e-mail address, it may be called an information terminal device that functions in the same manner as a general computer. In this case, if ID transmission / reception is performed with the data providing proxy server (6) via the network, the IP address can be used as the reader ID.

  For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the medium-side ID reader (2) has only a global ID reading function, and separately from this, the medium-side ID reader (2) and the data providing proxy server (7 It is also possible to provide an information terminal device (9) such as a computer that mediates the communication with the computer. By this information terminal device (9), the global ID is transmitted to the data providing agency server (7) via the network, or the reader ID is stored and transmitted to the data providing agency server (7) via the network when necessary. Or, when necessary, an e-mail address is input and transmitted to the data providing proxy server (7) via the network. According to this, the medium-side ID reader (2) itself can be made small without adding an extra function, and the addition mode to the advertising medium (2) can be made favorable.

<Data management server management function>
As described above, since the data provision is managed by the data provision agent server (6) of the data provision agent, this management function is further improved, for example, which user ID is transmitted to which data provision server (7). The data providing server (7) that has transmitted the user ID that should not have been known is specified based on the recorded data, and the user provides the related data from the data providing server (7). It is possible to refuse transmission to the user or to determine the leakage path of the user ID.

  Also, in order to prevent a situation in which the user ID is leaked from the data providing server (7) to a third party and a data transmission request is sent from the third party, the data providing server (7 ) May be sent together. As a result, the server specific information is checked based on the recorded data, and a request from a server without a record can be accurately rejected.

  Of course, the invention of this application is not limited to the above embodiments, and various aspects are possible for details.

  As described above in detail, according to the invention of this application, a data providing method, a data providing system, and a data providing agent that can easily and securely provide various related data related to information displayed on an advertising medium to a user. A server is provided.

It is a flowchart for demonstrating invention of this application. It is another flowchart for demonstrating invention of this application. It is the figure which showed a part of system configuration for demonstrating invention of this application. It is the conceptual diagram which illustrated various information terminals with the usage example.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Advertising medium 2 Medium side ID reader 3 Portable device 4 User side ID reader 5 Information terminal 6 Data provision agency server 7 Data provision server 8 User profile database 9 Information terminal device

Claims (6)

A data providing method for providing related data from a data provider related to information displayed by an advertising medium to a user through a data providing agent,
Medium side ID reader added to advertisement medium, portable device carried by user, user side ID reader for user, information terminal for user, data providing agent server for data providing agent, and data for data provider Using the provided server,
By the medium side ID reader, it reads the portable device-specific global ID, and sends the data providing proxy server,
The data providing agency server converts the received global ID into a user ID stored in advance for each global ID, and transmits the user ID to the data providing server via the network.
The data providing server returns the user ID transmitted from the data providing proxy server together with related data to the data providing proxy server via the network,
The related data returned from the data providing server is stored for each global ID by the data providing proxy server,
The user side ID reader reads the global ID unique to the portable device,
The information terminal transmits a global ID read by the user-side ID reader to the data providing proxy server via a network,
The related data stored for each global ID is sent back to the information terminal that has transmitted the global ID via the network by the data providing agency server.
A data providing method characterized by the above. Previously storing the user ID for each global ID, further using a user profile database for and serial relevant data憶,
The data providing agency server reads a user ID corresponding to the global ID read by the medium-side ID reader from the user profile database, and transmits it to the data providing server via the network. The related data returned from the server is stored in the user profile database, and the related data corresponding to the global ID transmitted from the information terminal is read from the user profile database and returned to the information terminal. ,
The data providing method according to claim 1. Send a media-side ID reader unique reader ID read the global ID to the data providing proxy server, by said data providing proxy server, and transmitted along with the user ID to the data providing server,
The data providing server returns the related data set in the reader ID transmitted from the data providing proxy server together with the user ID to the data providing proxy server.
The data providing method according to claim 1. Storing the user ID transmitted from the data providing proxy server by the data providing server;
By the providing agency server, the destination information on the network of the information terminal that has transmitted the global ID is stored for each global ID,
The data providing server separately transmits a user ID and related data to the data providing proxy server via a network,
The data providing proxy server, the related data stored in each global ID been returned from the data providing server, based on the information destination information of the terminal of the global ID, and transmits Previous Symbol information terminal,
The data providing method according to claim 1. A data providing system for providing related data from a data provider related to information displayed by an advertisement medium to a user through a data providing agent,
Media side ID reader added to advertisement medium, portable device carried by user, user side ID reader for user, information terminal for user, data providing agent server for data providing agent, and data providing for data provider With a server,
The portable device has means for storing a global ID unique to the device;
The medium-side ID reader, it reads the global ID of the mobile device comprises means for transmitting to said data providing proxy server,
The data providing agency server converts the received global ID into a user ID stored in advance for each global ID, and transmits the user ID to the data providing server via a network;
Means for storing, for each global ID, related data returned from the data providing server via a network;
Means for replying via the network the related data stored in each global ID, to the information the information terminal separately global ID via the network from the terminal has transmitted a person the global ID when sent Have
The data providing server has means for returning the user ID transmitted from the data providing agency server together with related data to the data providing agency server via the network,
The user side ID reader has means for reading a global ID of the portable device,
The information terminal has means for transmitting a global ID read by the user-side ID reader to the data providing proxy server via a network.
A data providing system characterized by that. A data providing agency server that provides related information from a data providing server related to information displayed by an advertising medium to a user information terminal,
A global ID unique to the mobile device carried by the user read by the medium-side ID reader attached to the advertising medium is received, and this global ID is converted into a user ID stored in advance for each global ID. Means for transmitting a user ID to the data providing server via a network;
Means for receiving the user ID together with related data from the data providing server via the network, converting the user ID into a global ID, and storing the returned related data for each global ID;
It means for returning said related data stored in each of the global ID, via a network to the information the information terminal global ID via the network from the terminal has transmitted a person the global ID when sent,
A data providing agency server characterized by comprising:

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