JP3958672B2 - Heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel with excellent oxidation resistance - Google Patents

Heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel with excellent oxidation resistance Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3958672B2
JP3958672B2 JP2002340489A JP2002340489A JP3958672B2 JP 3958672 B2 JP3958672 B2 JP 3958672B2 JP 2002340489 A JP2002340489 A JP 2002340489A JP 2002340489 A JP2002340489 A JP 2002340489A JP 3958672 B2 JP3958672 B2 JP 3958672B2
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less
steel
oxidation
oxidation resistance
stainless steel
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JP2004043949A (en
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宜治 井上
正夫 菊池
聡 赤松
直人 小野
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Nippon Steel Stainless Steel Corp
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Nippon Steel and Sumikin Stainless Steel Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼に関し、特に、マフラー、エキゾーストマニホールド等の自動車排気系部材に用いられる耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
環境問題の高まりから、自動車の燃費向上、ひいては軽量化が強く望まれている。また、排気ガスの浄化も切望されている。これらのことを背景として、自動車用排気系部材にはステンレス鋼が用いられている。最も高温にさらされる部材の1つであるエキゾーストマニホールドは、最高1000℃程度までの昇温、降温の繰り返しを受けるため、スケール剥離の少ない良好な耐酸化性と高い高温強度が必要とされている。
【0003】
エキゾーストマニホールドは、かつては鋳鉄製であったが、エンジン性能の向上、車体軽量化の要請からフェライト系ステンレス鋼への変換が図られた。しかし、従来の430系(16−18Cr)系のフェライト系ステンレス鋼では耐酸化性や高温強度が充分でないので、エキゾーストマニホールド材料に適用し得る新鋼種の開発が進められてきた。
例えば下記特許文献1に、Cr:17−20%、Mo:1.0%以下を含有する耐高温酸化性、高温強度等に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼が開示されている。開示されているデータから見て、このステンレス鋼の対応温度は900℃と考えられ、当時としては十分なものであった。
【0004】
【特許文献1】
特開昭64−8254号公報
【0005】
しかし近年、さらにエキゾーストマニホールドの使用温度の高温化が進展し、対応温度が950℃となる鋼種の開発が行われている。例えば下記特許文献2及び特許文献3には、16%以上のCrを含有するステンレス鋼が開示されている。現在では、950℃対応のエキゾーストマニホールド材としては、SUS444(19Cr−2Mo)系などのフェライト系ステンレス鋼が用いられている。
【0006】
【特許文献2】
特開平6−100990号公報
【特許文献3】
特開平10−88285号公報
【0007】
しかしながら、SUS444は19Crベースであるため高価であり、自動車製造コスト削減のために、SUS444系に匹敵する耐酸化性および高温強度をもつ比較的安価な材料が求められている。
【0008】
これに対して、下記特許文献4には、Cr含有量が16%未満で、1000℃で100時間加熱した後の酸化増量およびスケール剥離量が少ないフェライト系ステンレス鋼が開示されている。しかし、この鋼は、高温強度向上に必須であるMoを含有しないために、950℃での高温強度が不十分であった。さらに、Si含有量が比較的多いため、950℃で200時間加熱した後の耐スケール剥離性が不十分であった。なお該文献において、スケール剥離量は、酸化試験後の冷却中に試料表面から自然に剥離した酸化スケールを収集して、その重量を計測して試料の表面積で除したものであり、スケールの剥離量を過少評価している可能性がある。
【0009】
【特許文献4】
特開平11−256287号公報
【0010】
また下記特許文献5には、断続加熱時の耐スケール剥離性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼が開示されている。しかしこの鋼は、950℃で30分加熱した後冷却する処理を300回繰り返す断続加熱後の耐スケール剥離性には優れるものの、断続加熱よりもさらに厳しい条件である、950℃で200時間連続加熱した後の耐スケール剥離性は若干低下した。
【0011】
【特許文献5】
特開2000−178693号公報
【0012】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、自動車排気系部材、特にエキゾーストマニホールド用として有用な高温強度に優れ、かつ酸化スケール剥離の少なく、比較的安価な耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼を提供するものである。
【0013】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、自動車排気系部材、特に最高温度が1000℃程度に達するエキゾーストマニホールド用部材として、最適な特性をもつものを検討してきた。その中で、低コスト化を図るために14Cr系をベースに、高温強度、耐酸化性の向上を試みた。高温強度の向上を図るには、鋼中にMoやNbの添加が有効であり、耐酸化性の向上にSi,Mnの添加が有効である。またMoは耐酸化性の向上にも有効である。
【0014】
耐酸化性を向上させる元素のうち、Siは、表面偏析してFeの拡散を抑制し、良好なCr2 3 皮膜の形成を促進する効果があるとされている。特にCr量が少ないために良好なCr2 3 皮膜が形成しにくい17%Cr未満の系において有効である。しかし、Si添加によってCr2 3 皮膜の密着性が悪くなり、酸化スケールの剥離が起こりやすくなる。反対にMnは、酸化増量を増加させる効果を持つが、スケール剥離を防止する元素である。これらのことは従来から明らかになっており、耐酸化性を要求される場合はこの2つの元素が添加されてきた。しかし、その添加量については充分な検討がされてこなかった。
【0015】
本発明者らは、耐酸化性に対する検討を行ってきた結果、900℃以上での14Cr系での耐酸化性については、Si,Mn量の微妙な量的関係で大きな変化が現れること、および加工性、耐食性向上のために、鋼中のC,Nを炭窒化物として固定するために添加するTi,Nbの影響により、その量的関係が変化することを見出した。Nb単独添加の場合、最適なSiとMn量の組み合わせは、ともに1%未満であり、MnがSiの等量以上添加される場合である。この時が、SUS444系に匹敵する極めて良好な耐酸化性が得られる。
【0016】
Ti単独添加およびTi−Nb複合添加の場合、Si,Mn量が1%未満の場合は、スケール剥離性が極めて劣化する。これはTiにより酸化が促進されるからであると考えている。Si,Mn量を1%以上とすることにより、このスケール剥離性はかなり改善されるが、その耐酸化性はNb単独添加の場合の最適組成には及ばない。したがって、C,N固定のための元素はNbが好ましいことがわかった。
【0017】
一方、Tiは鋼中のC,Nを炭窒化物として固定する能力が高く、Tiの添加により焼鈍時に固溶C,N量が減少して再結晶温度が低下するため、焼鈍温度を低下させることが可能になる。また、Tiの添加により加工性が向上する、あるいは加工性を劣化させずに熱延板焼鈍の省略が可能になるなど、Tiは極めて有用な元素である。
【0018】
そこで本発明者は、スケール剥離性を劣化させずにTiを添加し得る可能性について検討するため、14Cr−Si−Mn−Mo−Nb−Ti系ステンレス鋼のスケール剥離性に及ぼすTiの影響を詳細に調査した。その結果、Tiを0.01%以下に制限することによりスケール剥離性が極めて良好になり、また、Tiを0.01超〜0.1%未満添加しても耐酸化性、特にスケールの耐剥離性の劣化が小さいことを見出した。
【0019】
Ti添加によるスケール剥離性の劣化の原因はTiの表面偏析である。従って、Ti添加量を0.01%以下(0を含む)に制限すると、Tiの固溶量が非常に少なくなるためにTiの表面偏析は極めて小さくなり、耐スケール剥離性が著しく向上したと考えられる。また、Tiを0.1%未満添加しても、TiがNbより強力な炭窒化物形成元素であるため、Tiはほとんど固溶せずに(Ti,Nb)(C,N)として析出し、Tiの表面偏析に起因するスケール剥離性の劣化が抑制されたと考えられる。
【0020】
以上の結果から、高温で高強度、かつ耐酸化性が良好で比較的安価なステンレス鋼として、14Cr−Si−Mn−Mo−Nb(−Ti)系が最適であることを見出し、耐酸化性、高温強度等の特性が充分得られるように厳密な成分範囲を規定して、発明の完成に至った。
【0021】
すなわち、本発明の要旨は下記のとおりである。
(1)質量%で、
C :0.003〜0.02%、 N :0.02%以下、
C+N:0.03%以下、 Si:0.4〜0.8%未満、
Mn:0.4〜0.8%、ただし、0.8×Si≦Mn、
P :0.04%以下、 S :0.02%以下、
Cr:13〜16%未満、 Mo:1.0%〜3.0%、
Nb:0.3〜1.0%、 Ti:0.01%以下(0を含む)
を含有し、残部Feおよび不可避的不純物からなり、かつ、950℃での引張り強度が22N/mm以上で、950℃、200時間での大気中酸化試験で酸化スケールの剥離量が0.5mg/cm以下であることを特徴とする、耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(2)質量%で、
C :0.003〜0.02%、 N :0.02%以下、
C+N:0.03%以下、 Si:0.4〜0.8%未満、
Mn:0.4〜0.8%、ただし、0.8×Si≦Mn、
P :0.04%以下、 S :0.02%以下、
Cr:13〜16%未満、 Mo:1.0%〜3.0%、
Nb:0.3〜1.0%、 Ti:3×(C+N)〜0.1%未満
を含有し、残部Feおよび不可避的不純物からなり、かつ、950℃での引張り強度が22N/mm以上で、950℃、200時間での大気中酸化試験で酸化スケールの剥離量が0.5mg/cm以下であることを特徴とする、耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(3)質量%でさらに、W:0.1〜2.0%、を含有し、W+Mo:1.0〜3.0%を満たすことを特徴とする、前記(1)または(2)記載の耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(4)質量%でさらに、REM:0.001〜0.05%を含有することを特徴とする、前記(1)〜(3)のいずれか1項に記載の耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼。
【0022】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の実施形態と限定条件について詳細に説明する。
Cは、鋼中に含まれる不可避的不純物であるが、含有量が0.02%を超えると加工性が低下する。一方、0.003%未満にすることは精錬上コストアップが大きくなるため、0.003%を下限とした。
【0023】
Nは、鋼中に含まれる不可避的不純物であるが、Cと同様に含有量が0.02%を超えると加工性、溶接性が低下する。したがってN含有量の上限を0.02%以下とした。
【0024】
さらに、C+N量を0.03%超にすると加工性が低下するため、0.03%以下を上限とした。本発明では、C,Nを炭窒化物として固定するためにNbを用いているが、Nbは高温強度を高めるために固溶Nbとして必須であり、できるだけC+Nは低いほうが良く、0.02%以下がさらに好ましい。
【0025】
Siは、耐酸化性を向上させる元素であり、特にCr含有量が16%未満の場合、健全なCr2 3 スケールを形成するためには、0.4%以上の添加が必須である。しかし、SiはCr2 3 皮膜と母相との密着性を阻害する原因であり、0.8%以上の添加によりスケールが剥離しやすくなる。したがって、Si含有量を、0.4〜0.8%未満の範囲とした。
【0026】
Mnは、鋼中に不可避的に含まれる成分であるが、耐酸化性に関しての挙動は複雑である。Mn単独の効果としては、酸化増量を増加させるが、Si共存下においてはスケールの剥離性を改善する効果がある。そのため、0.4〜0.8%を添加し、かつ、0.8×Si≦Mnを満たすことが必要である。さらにスケールの剥離性を改善するには、Si≦Mnを満たすことが好ましい。
Si,Mnをこのように極めて限定することにより、14%程度のCr含有量でSUS444並みに耐酸化性を有することが可能となった。
【0027】
Pは、鋼中に不可避的に含まれる成分であるが、0.04%を超えて含有すると溶接性が低下するため、0.04%を上限とした。
【0028】
Sは、鋼中に不可避的に含まれる成分であるが、0.02%を超えて含有するとMnSの形成元素で耐食性を低下させるので、0.02%を上限とした。
【0029】
Crは、保護性のあるCr2 3 皮膜を形成し耐酸化性を向上させる元素である。高温で使用されることから最低13%は必要である。また、16%以上の添加により加工性が低下するため、Cr含有量の上限を16%未満とした。
【0030】
Moは、高温強度を確保するために必要な元素である。また耐酸化性を向上させる効果もある。しかし、過剰に添加すると加工性を劣化させる。そのため、1.0〜3.0%の範囲で添加することが必要である。
【0031】
Nbは、高温強度を確保するために必要な元素であるばかりでなく、鋼中のC,Nを炭窒化物として固定するためにも必須である。またTiと異なり、耐酸化性を劣化させない。Nb含有量が0.3%未満であるとC,Nの固定にほとんど消費され高温強度への効果がなくなる。一方、Nb含有量が1%を超えると加工性を劣化させる。したがって、Nb含有量を0.3〜1%の範囲とした。
【0032】
Tiは、C,Nを炭窒化物として固定するためには非常に有効な元素であるが、低CrでSi,Mnと共存する場合、酸化スケールの剥離性を極めて促進させることが明らかになった。そのため、Tiは有害元素としてできるだけ低いほうがよく、0.01%以下とし、0%とすることが最も好ましい。
また、TiはC,Nを炭窒化物として固定し、Nb炭窒化物の析出を抑制して高温強度の低下を防止し、焼鈍温度を低下させ、加工性の向上にも有効な元素である。この効果は、Ti含有量が3×(C+N)%未満では不充分であるが、0.1%以上であると、Tiの固溶量が増加して表面偏析を生じるため、スケール剥離性が劣化する。したがって、耐スケール剥離性加工性の向上が必要とされる場合には、Ti量は3×(C+N)〜0.1%未満の範囲としても良い。
【0033】
Wは高温強度を高める元素であり、その効果を発現するには、0.1%以上の添加が必要である。また、2%を超えると耐高温塩害性を劣化させるので、2%を上限とした。
また、WはMoとの複合添加となるが、W+Moの合計量が3%を超えると加工性の劣化が著しく好ましくない。W+Moの下限は、Moの下限である1%以上である。したがって、W+Moの範囲は1〜3%が好ましい。
【0034】
耐酸化性をさらに向上させるために、REMを添加しても良い。REMの添加量は、0.001%未満では安定した効果が得られず、0.05%を超えると熱間加工性が劣化する。したがって、REMの添加量を0.001〜0.05%の範囲とした。REMはYと希土類元素であり、それぞれの元素を1種または2種以上で添加しても良く、ミッシュメタルのような混合物の形で添加しても良い。
【0035】
自動車の燃費向上、高出力化により、排ガス温度が950℃前後まで上昇してきていることから、950℃での性能が指標として最適であり、自動車排気系部材としての必要性から、高温強度として、950℃での引張り強度は22N/mm2 以上が好ましい。
さらに耐酸化性は、950℃、200時間の大気中連続酸化試験でスケール剥離量が0.5mg/cm2 超であると、スケール剥離によって金属表面が露出しやすくなり、異常酸化等が起きやすくなる。したがって、950℃、200時間の大気中連続酸化試験によるスケール剥離量は、0.5mg/cm2 以下とした。さらに、スケール剥離によって金属表面が露出することが極めて少なく、使用中の耐酸化性を劣化させることのない、さらに好ましい範囲は、0.1mg/cm2 以下であり、最も好ましいのは剥離しない0mg/cm2 の場合である。
【0036】
なお、スケール剥離量の測定は以下の方法で行う。
試験片の形状は、1片20mmの正方形で、表面および側面を研磨し、#400仕上げとする。試験前に重量測定を行った試験片(該試験片の重量を酸化前試験片重量という)を、大気中で950℃に加熱した炉内に挿入し、200時間経過後、炉から取り出し、直ちに、予め空の状態で重量を測定した蓋付の金属容器(該金属容器の重量を空容器重量という)に収納し空冷する。
まず、金属容器ごと重量測定を行う(容器入り酸化後試験片重量という)。次に試験片を金属容器から取りだし、試験片のみの重量測定を行う(酸化後試験片重量という)。重量の測定結果から、スケール剥離量は、容器入り酸化後試験片重量より酸化後試験片重量および空容器重量を減じて、試験片表面積で除した値で評価する。
【0037】
この測定方法によれば、950℃の炉から試験片を取り出した直後は高温であるためスケールは剥離せず、空冷中にスケールが金属容器内で剥離するため、スケールが金属容器外に飛散しない。すなわち、剥離したスケールは全て金属容器内に残る。従って、容器入り酸化後試験片重量から酸化後試験片重量および空容器重量を減じることにより、正確にスケール剥離量を測定することが可能である。
【0038】
【実施例】
(実施例1)
表1に示す化学成分を有する鋼塊を溶製し、1100〜1250℃に加熱して熱延を行い、板厚5mmの熱延板を得た。その後、熱延板を900〜1100℃の範囲に加熱して60s保持する熱延板焼鈍を行った。さらに、冷延を行って2mm厚の冷延板にした後、900〜1100℃に加熱して、60s保持する最終焼鈍を行い、ふっ酸にて酸洗を行って得た鋼板を供試鋼とした。
【0039】
常温の引張試験は、JIS Z 2241に準拠して行い、高温引張試験は、JIS G 0567に準拠して行った。また、酸化試験は、大気中で行った。試験片の形状は、1片20mmの正方形で、表面および側面を研磨し、#400仕上げとした。酸化増量および剥離量の評価方法は以下のように行った。試験前に重量測定を行った試験片を、950℃に加熱した炉内に挿入し、200時間経過後、炉から取り出し、直ちに、予め空の状態で重量を測定した蓋付の金属容器に収納し空冷する。
【0040】
まず、金属容器ごと重量測定を行い、次に試験片を金属容器より取りだし、試験片のみの重量測定を行った。重量の測定結果から酸化増量およびスケール剥離量を以下のようにして算出した。酸化増量は、容器入り酸化試験片重量より酸化前試験片重量および空容器重量を減じて差し引き、試験片表面積で除した値で評価した。スケール剥離量は、容器入り酸化後試験片重量より酸化後試験片重量および空容器重量を減じて、試験片表面積で除した値で評価した。
【0041】
表2に、常温引張試験結果と、950℃での高温引張試験結果を示す。引張り方向は全て圧延方向である。また、950℃×200時間の大気中酸化試験の結果も表2に示す。
【0042】
本発明例であるA鋼からG鋼は、950℃での引張り強度が22N/mm2 以上であり、かつ、酸化試験での酸化スケールの剥離量は、0.5mg/cm2 以下であるか、剥離がみられず、優れた特性を示していることがわかる。また常温での伸びも30%以上あり、加工性も充分である。
【0043】
これらに対して、比較例である、H鋼はTi添加のため耐酸化性が悪く、0.5mg/cm2 超のスケール剥離が見られ、I鋼はSi、Mn量が少ないため、H鋼同様に剥離が見られる。さらにJ鋼は、Moが少ないため、高温強度が不足すると共に、耐酸化性も悪くなっている。またK鋼は、SUS444に相当する鋼である。本発明鋼をこの鋼と比較すると、高温強度と耐酸化性はSUS444とほぼ同等であり、加工性が優れていることがわかる。
【0044】
【表1】

Figure 0003958672
【0045】
【表2】
Figure 0003958672
【0046】
(実施例2)
表3に示す化学成分を有する鋼塊を溶製し、実施例1と同様にして板厚2mmの供試鋼を製造した。一部の鋼板の製造において熱延板焼鈍を省略した。また、常温の引張試験および高温引張試験ならびに酸化増量および剥離量の評価は、実施例1と同様にして行った。これらの試験結果を表4に示す。
【0047】
表4において、L〜R鋼およびM’鋼は本発明鋼であり、950℃での引張り強度が22MPa以上であり、常温の伸びも30%を超えており、かつ酸化試験でのスケール剥離も少ない。これらの鋼は、表2に示したA〜G鋼に比べてTiの含有量が多く、伸びが向上している。
【0048】
L鋼とM鋼は、Tiを除く成分がほぼ同一であり、L鋼はTi無添加、M鋼は、Ti:0.07%添加である。Ti添加であるM鋼の最終焼鈍は、L鋼の最終焼鈍温度1050℃と比べて50℃低い1000℃で行ったが、両鋼の耐酸化性および高温特性は、ほぼ同等である。
さらに、M鋼と同じ組成の鋼を、熱延板焼鈍を省略し、それ以外の製造条件をM鋼と同等としたM’鋼は、L鋼およびM鋼とほぼ同じ特性を得ることができた。従って、Tiの添加により、焼鈍温度の低下および熱延板焼鈍の省略によっても、特性がほとんど損なわれないことから、製造コストの低下が可能である。
【0049】
これらに対して、S、TおよびU鋼は、成分が本発明の範囲外の比較例である。S鋼はTi含有量が本発明の範囲よりも多い0.12%であるため、REMを0.005%添加してもなお耐スケール剥離性が悪く、スケールの剥離量が多い。またT鋼は、Si,Mn量が本発明の範囲よりも少ないため、スケールの剥離量が多い。さらにU鋼は、Moが本発明の範囲よりも少ないため、高温強度が不足し、耐スケール剥離性も低下している。
【0050】
【表3】
Figure 0003958672
【0051】
【表4】
Figure 0003958672
【0052】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、自動車排気系部材、特にエキゾーストマニホールド用として有用な高温強度に優れ、かつ酸化スケール剥離が少なく、比較的安価な耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼を提供することができ、製造者のみならず本鋼を利用する者にとっても多大な利益を得ることができ、工業的価値は極めて高い。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a heat resistant ferritic stainless steel excellent in oxidation resistance, and more particularly to a heat resistant ferritic stainless steel used for automobile exhaust system members such as a muffler and an exhaust manifold.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Due to the growing environmental problems, there is a strong demand for improving the fuel consumption of automobiles and thus reducing the weight. In addition, purification of exhaust gas is also desired. Against this background, stainless steel is used for automobile exhaust system members. The exhaust manifold, one of the members exposed to the highest temperature, is repeatedly heated and lowered to a maximum of about 1000 ° C, and therefore requires good oxidation resistance with low scale peeling and high high-temperature strength. .
[0003]
Exhaust manifolds, once made of cast iron, have been converted to ferritic stainless steel due to demands for improved engine performance and weight reduction. However, since conventional 430 (16-18Cr) ferritic stainless steel has insufficient oxidation resistance and high-temperature strength, development of new steel types applicable to exhaust manifold materials has been promoted.
For example, Patent Document 1 below discloses a ferritic stainless steel excellent in high-temperature oxidation resistance, high-temperature strength and the like containing Cr: 17-20% and Mo: 1.0% or less. From the disclosed data, the corresponding temperature of this stainless steel was considered to be 900 ° C., which was sufficient at that time.
[0004]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A 64-8254
However, in recent years, the use temperature of the exhaust manifold has further increased, and a steel type having a corresponding temperature of 950 ° C. has been developed. For example, Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3 below disclose stainless steel containing 16% or more of Cr. At present, ferritic stainless steel such as SUS444 (19Cr-2Mo) is used as an exhaust manifold material compatible with 950 ° C.
[0006]
[Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-100990 [Patent Document 3]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-88285 [0007]
However, since SUS444 is based on 19Cr, it is expensive, and in order to reduce automobile manufacturing costs, a relatively inexpensive material having oxidation resistance and high-temperature strength comparable to those of SUS444 system is required.
[0008]
On the other hand, Patent Document 4 below discloses a ferritic stainless steel having a Cr content of less than 16% and a small amount of increase in oxidation and scale peeling after heating at 1000 ° C. for 100 hours. However, since this steel does not contain Mo, which is essential for improving the high temperature strength, the high temperature strength at 950 ° C. was insufficient. Furthermore, since the Si content was relatively high, the scale peel resistance after heating at 950 ° C. for 200 hours was insufficient. In this document, the amount of scale peeling refers to the scale peeled off by collecting the oxide scale that naturally peeled from the sample surface during cooling after the oxidation test, measuring its weight, and dividing it by the surface area of the sample. The amount may be underestimated.
[0009]
[Patent Document 4]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-256287
Patent Document 5 below discloses ferritic stainless steel having excellent scale peel resistance during intermittent heating. However, although this steel is excellent in scale peeling resistance after intermittent heating after heating it at 950 ° C. for 30 minutes and then cooling it 300 times, it is continuously heated at 950 ° C. for 200 hours, which is a more severe condition. The scale peel resistance after the test was slightly lowered.
[0011]
[Patent Document 5]
JP 2000-178893 A
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel that is excellent in high-temperature strength and that is useful for an automobile exhaust system member, particularly an exhaust manifold, has little oxide scale peeling, and is relatively inexpensive.
[0013]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The inventors of the present invention have studied an automobile exhaust system member, particularly an exhaust manifold member having a maximum temperature of about 1000 ° C., which has optimum characteristics. In order to reduce costs, an attempt was made to improve high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance based on 14Cr. In order to improve the high temperature strength, the addition of Mo and Nb is effective in the steel, and the addition of Si and Mn is effective in improving the oxidation resistance. Mo is also effective in improving oxidation resistance.
[0014]
Of the elements that improve oxidation resistance, Si is said to have the effect of segregating on the surface to suppress the diffusion of Fe and promoting the formation of a good Cr 2 O 3 film. In particular, it is effective in a system of less than 17% Cr in which a good Cr 2 O 3 film is difficult to form due to a small amount of Cr. However, the addition of Si deteriorates the adhesion of the Cr 2 O 3 film, and the oxide scale tends to peel off. Conversely, Mn has an effect of increasing the amount of oxidation, but is an element that prevents scale peeling. These have been clarified in the past, and these two elements have been added when oxidation resistance is required. However, the amount of addition has not been sufficiently studied.
[0015]
As a result of studying the oxidation resistance, the inventors of the present invention have revealed that the oxidation resistance in the 14Cr system at 900 ° C. or higher is greatly changed due to a delicate quantitative relationship between the amounts of Si and Mn, and In order to improve workability and corrosion resistance, the inventors have found that the quantitative relationship changes due to the influence of Ti and Nb added to fix C and N in steel as carbonitride. In the case of adding Nb alone, the optimum combination of Si and Mn amounts is both less than 1%, and Mn is added in an amount equal to or greater than Si. This time provides very good oxidation resistance comparable to that of SUS444.
[0016]
In the case of adding Ti alone and adding Ti—Nb, when the Si and Mn content is less than 1%, the scale peelability is extremely deteriorated. This is considered to be because oxidation is promoted by Ti. By making the amounts of Si and Mn 1% or more, the scale peelability is considerably improved, but the oxidation resistance is less than the optimum composition when Nb alone is added. Therefore, it was found that Nb is preferable as an element for fixing C and N.
[0017]
On the other hand, Ti has a high ability to fix C and N in steel as carbonitrides, and by adding Ti, the amount of dissolved C and N decreases during annealing and the recrystallization temperature decreases, so the annealing temperature is decreased. It becomes possible. Further, Ti is an extremely useful element, such as the workability is improved by the addition of Ti, or the hot-rolled sheet annealing can be omitted without degrading the workability.
[0018]
Therefore, in order to examine the possibility of adding Ti without degrading the scale peelability, the present inventor considered the influence of Ti on the scale peelability of 14Cr—Si—Mn—Mo—Nb—Ti stainless steel. We investigated in detail. As a result, by limiting Ti to 0.01% or less, the scale peelability becomes extremely good, and even when Ti is added in an amount of more than 0.01 to less than 0.1%, oxidation resistance, particularly scale resistance. It was found that the degradation of the peelability was small.
[0019]
The cause of the deterioration of the scale peelability due to the addition of Ti is the segregation of the surface of Ti. Therefore, if the amount of Ti added is limited to 0.01% or less (including 0) , the amount of solid solution of Ti becomes very small, so the surface segregation of Ti becomes extremely small, and the scale peeling resistance is remarkably improved. Conceivable. Even when Ti is added in an amount of less than 0.1%, Ti is a stronger carbonitride-forming element than Nb, so that Ti is hardly dissolved and precipitates as (Ti, Nb) (C, N). It is considered that the degradation of scale peelability due to Ti surface segregation was suppressed.
[0020]
From the above results, it has been found that the 14Cr—Si—Mn—Mo—Nb (—Ti) system is optimal as a stainless steel having high strength at high temperature, good oxidation resistance, and relatively inexpensive, and oxidation resistance. The present invention has been completed by defining a strict component range so that properties such as high-temperature strength can be sufficiently obtained.
[0021]
That is, the gist of the present invention is as follows.
(1) In mass%,
C: 0.003 to 0.02%, N: 0.02% or less,
C + N: 0.03% or less, Si: 0.4 to less than 0.8%,
Mn: 0.4 to 0.8%, where 0.8 × Si ≦ Mn,
P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.02% or less,
Cr: 13 to less than 16%, Mo: 1.0% to 3.0%,
Nb: 0.3 to 1.0%, Ti: 0.01% or less (including 0)
The balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, and the tensile strength at 950 ° C. is 22 N / mm 2 or more, and the peel amount of the oxide scale is 0.5 mg in the atmospheric oxidation test at 950 ° C. for 200 hours. A heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel excellent in oxidation resistance, characterized by being / cm 2 or less.
(2) In mass%,
C: 0.003 to 0.02%, N: 0.02% or less,
C + N: 0.03% or less, Si: 0.4 to less than 0.8%,
Mn: 0.4 to 0.8%, where 0.8 × Si ≦ Mn,
P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.02% or less,
Cr: 13 to less than 16%, Mo: 1.0% to 3.0%,
Nb: 0.3 to 1.0%, Ti: 3 × (C + N) to less than 0.1%, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, and a tensile strength at 950 ° C. of 22 N / mm 2 As described above, a heat resistant ferritic stainless steel excellent in oxidation resistance, characterized in that the peel amount of oxide scale is 0.5 mg / cm 2 or less in an atmospheric oxidation test at 950 ° C. for 200 hours.
(3) The description of (1) or (2) above, further containing, by mass%, W: 0.1 to 2.0% and satisfying W + Mo: 1.0 to 3.0% Heat resistant ferritic stainless steel with excellent oxidation resistance.
(4) The heat resistance excellent in oxidation resistance according to any one of the above (1) to (3), further comprising REM: 0.001 to 0.05% by mass% Ferritic stainless steel.
[0022]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments and limiting conditions of the present invention will be described in detail.
C is an inevitable impurity contained in the steel, but if the content exceeds 0.02%, the workability decreases. On the other hand, if the content is less than 0.003%, the cost increases in refining, so 0.003% was made the lower limit.
[0023]
N is an unavoidable impurity contained in the steel, but if the content exceeds 0.02% as in the case of C, workability and weldability deteriorate. Therefore, the upper limit of the N content is set to 0.02% or less.
[0024]
Furthermore, when the amount of C + N exceeds 0.03%, the workability deteriorates, so 0.03% or less was made the upper limit. In the present invention, Nb is used to fix C and N as carbonitrides, but Nb is indispensable as solid solution Nb in order to increase the high temperature strength, and C + N is preferably as low as possible. The following is more preferable.
[0025]
Si is an element that improves oxidation resistance. In particular, when the Cr content is less than 16%, addition of 0.4% or more is essential to form a sound Cr 2 O 3 scale. However, Si is a cause of hindering the adhesion between the Cr 2 O 3 film and the parent phase, and the scale easily peels when added in an amount of 0.8% or more. Therefore, the Si content is set to a range of 0.4 to less than 0.8%.
[0026]
Mn is a component inevitably contained in steel, but its behavior with respect to oxidation resistance is complicated. The effect of Mn alone is to increase the amount of oxidation, but in the presence of Si, it has the effect of improving the peelability of the scale. Therefore, it is necessary to add 0.4 to 0.8% and satisfy 0.8 × Si ≦ Mn. Further, in order to improve the peelability of the scale, it is preferable to satisfy Si ≦ Mn.
By limiting Si and Mn in this way, it becomes possible to have oxidation resistance equivalent to SUS444 with a Cr content of about 14%.
[0027]
P is a component inevitably contained in the steel, but if it exceeds 0.04%, weldability decreases, so 0.04% was made the upper limit.
[0028]
S is a component inevitably contained in the steel, but if it exceeds 0.02%, the corrosion resistance is lowered by the element forming MnS, so 0.02% was made the upper limit.
[0029]
Cr is an element that forms a protective Cr 2 O 3 film and improves oxidation resistance. Since it is used at high temperatures, a minimum of 13% is necessary. Moreover, since workability falls by addition of 16% or more, the upper limit of Cr content was made less than 16%.
[0030]
Mo is an element necessary for ensuring high temperature strength. It also has the effect of improving oxidation resistance. However, if added excessively, the workability deteriorates. Therefore, it is necessary to add in the range of 1.0 to 3.0%.
[0031]
Nb is not only an element necessary for securing high-temperature strength, but also essential for fixing C and N in steel as carbonitride. Unlike Ti, the oxidation resistance is not deteriorated. When the Nb content is less than 0.3%, it is almost consumed for fixing C and N, and the effect on the high temperature strength is lost. On the other hand, if the Nb content exceeds 1%, workability is deteriorated. Therefore, the Nb content is set in the range of 0.3 to 1%.
[0032]
Ti is a very effective element for fixing C and N as carbonitrides, but when coexisting with Si and Mn at a low Cr, it becomes clear that the exfoliation property of the oxide scale is greatly promoted. It was. Therefore, Ti should be as low as possible as a harmful element, and is preferably 0.01% or less and most preferably 0%.
Ti is an element that fixes C and N as carbonitrides, suppresses precipitation of Nb carbonitrides, prevents a decrease in high-temperature strength, lowers an annealing temperature, and is effective for improving workability. . This effect is insufficient if the Ti content is less than 3 × (C + N)%, but if it is 0.1% or more, the amount of Ti dissolved increases and surface segregation occurs. to degrade. Therefore, when improvement in scale peel resistance workability is required, the Ti content may be in the range of 3 × (C + N) to less than 0.1%.
[0033]
W is an element that enhances the high-temperature strength, and 0.1% or more of addition is necessary to exhibit its effect. Further, if it exceeds 2%, the high temperature salt damage resistance is deteriorated, so 2% was made the upper limit.
Further, W is a composite addition with Mo, but if the total amount of W + Mo exceeds 3%, deterioration of workability is extremely undesirable. The lower limit of W + Mo is 1% or more which is the lower limit of Mo. Therefore, the range of W + Mo is preferably 1 to 3%.
[0034]
In order to further improve the oxidation resistance, REM may be added. If the amount of REM added is less than 0.001%, a stable effect cannot be obtained, and if it exceeds 0.05%, hot workability deteriorates. Therefore, the amount of REM added is in the range of 0.001 to 0.05%. REM is Y and a rare earth element, and each element may be added as one kind or two or more kinds, or may be added in the form of a mixture such as misch metal.
[0035]
Because the exhaust gas temperature has increased to around 950 ° C due to the improvement of fuel efficiency and high output of automobiles, the performance at 950 ° C is optimal as an index. From the necessity as an automobile exhaust system member, The tensile strength at 950 ° C. is preferably 22 N / mm 2 or more.
Furthermore, the oxidation resistance is such that when the scale peeling amount exceeds 0.5 mg / cm 2 in the atmospheric oxidation test at 950 ° C. for 200 hours, the metal surface is likely to be exposed due to the scale peeling, and abnormal oxidation or the like is likely to occur. Become. Therefore, the amount of scale peeling by the continuous oxidation test in air at 950 ° C. for 200 hours was set to 0.5 mg / cm 2 or less. Further, the metal surface is very rarely exposed by scale peeling, and the oxidation resistance during use is not deteriorated. The more preferable range is 0.1 mg / cm 2 or less, and the most preferable is 0 mg which does not peel off. / Cm 2 .
[0036]
The scale peeling amount is measured by the following method.
The shape of the test piece is a 20 mm square, and the surface and side surfaces are polished to give a # 400 finish. A test piece that was weighed before the test (the weight of the test piece is referred to as the pre-oxidation test piece weight) was inserted into a furnace heated to 950 ° C. in the atmosphere. Then, it is stored in a metal container with a lid whose weight is measured in advance (the weight of the metal container is referred to as the empty container weight) and air-cooled.
First, the weight of the entire metal container is measured (referred to as “test piece weight after oxidation in a container”). Next, the test piece is taken out from the metal container, and only the weight of the test piece is measured (referred to as test piece weight after oxidation). From the measurement result of the weight, the scale peeling amount is evaluated by the value obtained by subtracting the post-oxidation test piece weight and the empty container weight from the post-oxidation post-oxidation test piece weight and dividing by the test piece surface area.
[0037]
According to this measurement method, the scale does not peel off immediately after the test piece is taken out from the furnace at 950 ° C., and the scale does not peel off inside the metal container during air cooling, so the scale does not scatter outside the metal container. . That is, all peeled scales remain in the metal container. Therefore, it is possible to accurately measure the amount of scale peeling by subtracting the post-oxidation test piece weight and the empty container weight from the post-oxidation test piece weight in the container.
[0038]
【Example】
Example 1
Steel ingots having chemical components shown in Table 1 were melted and heated to 1100 to 1250 ° C. to perform hot rolling to obtain hot rolled sheets having a thickness of 5 mm. Then, the hot-rolled sheet annealing which heated the hot-rolled sheet to the range of 900-1100 degreeC and hold | maintained for 60 s was performed. Furthermore, after cold-rolling into a cold-rolled sheet having a thickness of 2 mm, the steel sheet obtained by heating to 900 to 1100 ° C., performing final annealing for 60 s, and pickling with hydrofluoric acid is used as a test steel. It was.
[0039]
The normal temperature tensile test was conducted in accordance with JIS Z 2241, and the high temperature tensile test was conducted in accordance with JIS G 0567. The oxidation test was performed in the atmosphere. The shape of the test piece was a square of 20 mm, and the surface and side surfaces were polished to give a # 400 finish. The evaluation method of the amount of increase in oxidation and the amount of peeling was performed as follows. The test piece weighed before the test was inserted into a furnace heated to 950 ° C., taken out of the furnace after 200 hours, and immediately stored in a metal container with a lid that was previously weighed in an empty state. Then air cool.
[0040]
First, the whole metal container was weighed, then the test piece was taken out of the metal container, and only the test piece was weighed. From the weight measurement results, the amount of increase in oxidation and the amount of scale peeling were calculated as follows. The increase in oxidation was evaluated by the value obtained by subtracting the weight of the pre-oxidation test piece and the empty container from the weight of the oxidation test piece in the container and dividing the result by the surface area of the test piece. The scale peeling amount was evaluated by a value obtained by subtracting the post-oxidation test piece weight and the empty container weight from the post-oxidation post-oxidation test piece weight and dividing by the test piece surface area.
[0041]
Table 2 shows the room temperature tensile test results and the high temperature tensile test results at 950 ° C. All the pulling directions are rolling directions. Table 2 also shows the results of an atmospheric oxidation test at 950 ° C. × 200 hours.
[0042]
Is the steel A to the steel G as examples of the present invention having a tensile strength at 950 ° C. of 22 N / mm 2 or more and an oxide scale peeling amount in an oxidation test of 0.5 mg / cm 2 or less? It can be seen that exfoliation was not observed, and excellent characteristics were exhibited. Further, the elongation at room temperature is 30% or more, and the processability is sufficient.
[0043]
On the other hand, H steel, which is a comparative example, has poor oxidation resistance due to the addition of Ti, scale peeling exceeding 0.5 mg / cm 2 is observed, and steel I has a small amount of Si and Mn. Similarly, peeling is observed. Furthermore, since J steel has little Mo, it has insufficient high-temperature strength and also has poor oxidation resistance. K steel is steel corresponding to SUS444. When the steel of the present invention is compared with this steel, it can be seen that the high temperature strength and oxidation resistance are almost the same as SUS444 and the workability is excellent.
[0044]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003958672
[0045]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003958672
[0046]
(Example 2)
Steel ingots having chemical components shown in Table 3 were melted, and a test steel having a plate thickness of 2 mm was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Hot-rolled sheet annealing was omitted in the manufacture of some steel sheets. Further, the normal temperature tensile test and the high temperature tensile test, and the evaluation of the increase in oxidation and the amount of peeling were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. These test results are shown in Table 4.
[0047]
In Table 4, LR steel and M ′ steel are invention steels, the tensile strength at 950 ° C. is 22 MPa or more, the elongation at room temperature exceeds 30%, and the scale peeling in the oxidation test is also Few. These steels have a higher Ti content and improved elongation than the steels A to G shown in Table 2.
[0048]
L steel and M steel have almost the same components except Ti, L steel does not contain Ti, and M steel contains Ti: 0.07%. The final annealing of M steel, which is Ti-added, was performed at 1000 ° C., which was 50 ° C. lower than the final annealing temperature of L steel, 1050 ° C., but the oxidation resistance and high temperature characteristics of both steels were almost the same.
Furthermore, M 'steel with the same composition as M steel, omitting hot-rolled sheet annealing and other manufacturing conditions equivalent to M steel, can obtain almost the same characteristics as L steel and M steel. It was. Therefore, by adding Ti, even if the annealing temperature is lowered and the hot-rolled sheet annealing is omitted, the characteristics are hardly impaired, so that the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
[0049]
On the other hand, S, T, and U steel are comparative examples whose components are outside the scope of the present invention. Since S steel has a Ti content of 0.12%, which is larger than the range of the present invention, even when 0.005% of REM is added, the scale peel resistance is still poor and the scale peel amount is large. In addition, since the amount of Si and Mn is less than the range of the present invention, T steel has a large amount of scale peeling. Furthermore, since U steel has less Mo than the range of the present invention, the high-temperature strength is insufficient and the scale peel resistance is also lowered.
[0050]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003958672
[0051]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003958672
[0052]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel that is excellent in high-temperature strength and that is useful for an automobile exhaust system member, particularly an exhaust manifold, has less oxide scale peeling, and is relatively inexpensive. For those who use steel, great benefits can be obtained and the industrial value is extremely high.

Claims (4)

質量%で、
C :0.003〜0.02%、
N :0.02%以下、
C+N:0.03%以下、
Si:0.4〜0.8%未満、
Mn:0.4〜0.8%、
ただし、0.8×Si≦Mn、
P :0.04%以下、
S :0.02%以下、
Cr:13〜16%未満、
Mo:1.0%〜3.0%、
Nb:0.3〜1.0%、
Ti:0.01%以下(0を含む)
を含有し、残部Feおよび不可避的不純物からなり、950℃での引張り強度が22N/mm以上で、950℃、200時間での大気中酸化試験で酸化スケールの剥離量が0.5mg/cm以下であることを特徴とする、耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼。
% By mass
C: 0.003-0.02%,
N: 0.02% or less,
C + N: 0.03% or less,
Si: 0.4 to less than 0.8%,
Mn: 0.4 to 0.8%
However, 0.8 × Si ≦ Mn,
P: 0.04% or less,
S: 0.02% or less,
Cr: less than 13-16%,
Mo: 1.0% to 3.0%,
Nb: 0.3 to 1.0%,
Ti: 0.01% or less (including 0)
The balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, the tensile strength at 950 ° C. is 22 N / mm 2 or more, and the peel amount of the oxide scale is 0.5 mg / cm in an atmospheric oxidation test at 950 ° C. for 200 hours. A heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel excellent in oxidation resistance, characterized by being 2 or less.
質量%で、
C :0.003〜0.02%、
N :0.02%以下、
C+N:0.03%以下、
Si:0.4〜0.8%未満、
Mn:0.4〜0.8%、
ただし、0.8×Si≦Mn、
P :0.04%以下、
S :0.02%以下、
Cr:13〜16%未満、
Mo:1.0%〜3.0%、
Nb:0.3〜1.0%、
Ti:3×(C+N)〜0.1%未満
を含有し、残部Feおよび不可避的不純物からなり、950℃での引張り強度が22N/mm2 以上で、950℃、200時間での大気中酸化試験で酸化スケールの剥離量が0.5mg/cm2 以下であることを特徴とする、耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼。
% By mass
C: 0.003-0.02%,
N: 0.02% or less,
C + N: 0.03% or less,
Si: 0.4 to less than 0.8%,
Mn: 0.4 to 0.8%
However, 0.8 × Si ≦ Mn,
P: 0.04% or less,
S: 0.02% or less,
Cr: less than 13-16%,
Mo: 1.0% to 3.0%,
Nb: 0.3 to 1.0%,
Ti: 3 × (C + N) to less than 0.1%, consisting of remaining Fe and inevitable impurities, with a tensile strength at 950 ° C. of 22 N / mm 2 or more, and oxidation in the atmosphere at 950 ° C. for 200 hours A heat resistant ferritic stainless steel excellent in oxidation resistance, characterized in that the peel-off amount of the oxide scale is 0.5 mg / cm 2 or less in the test.
質量%でさらに、
W :0.1〜2.0%
を含有し、W+Mo:1.0〜3.0%
を満たすことを特徴とする、請求項1または2記載の耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼。
In addition by mass%
W: 0.1 to 2.0%
W + Mo: 1.0-3.0%
The heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel excellent in oxidation resistance according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that:
質量%でさらに、
REM:0.001〜0.05%
を含有することを特徴とする、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の耐酸化性に優れた耐熱フェライト系ステンレス鋼。
In addition by mass%
REM: 0.001 to 0.05%
The heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel excellent in oxidation resistance according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by comprising:
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