JP3667310B2 - Carbon brush - Google Patents
Carbon brush Download PDFInfo
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- JP3667310B2 JP3667310B2 JP2002264868A JP2002264868A JP3667310B2 JP 3667310 B2 JP3667310 B2 JP 3667310B2 JP 2002264868 A JP2002264868 A JP 2002264868A JP 2002264868 A JP2002264868 A JP 2002264868A JP 3667310 B2 JP3667310 B2 JP 3667310B2
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- Prior art keywords
- acid amide
- binder
- mass
- carbon brush
- fatty acid
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
- H01R39/02—Details for dynamo electric machines
- H01R39/18—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush
- H01R39/20—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush characterised by the material thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
- H01R39/02—Details for dynamo electric machines
- H01R39/18—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush
- H01R39/26—Solid sliding contacts, e.g. carbon brush
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
- H01R43/12—Manufacture of brushes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K13/00—Structural associations of current collectors with motors or generators, e.g. brush mounting plates or connections to windings; Disposition of current collectors in motors or generators; Arrangements for improving commutation
- H02K13/10—Arrangements of brushes or commutators specially adapted for improving commutation
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Motor Or Generator Current Collectors (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Description
【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電気機械に用いられる樹脂硬化型のカーボンブラシに関する。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】
従来、この種の樹脂硬化型のカーボンブラシは、フィラーとなる人造黒鉛や天然黒鉛等の黒鉛粉末と、バインダーとなる樹脂硬化性樹脂を混練し、成形、硬化してカーボンブラシとしている（例えば、特許文献１）。このため、バインダーとなる熱硬化性樹脂は、硬化した状態で成形されており、比較的気孔の少ないものとなっていた。
【０００３】
【特許文献１】
特公昭５８−２６１５６号公報
【０００４】
また、気孔が少なく、バインダーが硬化した状態であるため、放熱性が悪く、カーボンブラシ自身が高温となり、これに伴って、ブラシ特性が低下するおそれがあった。
【０００５】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、放熱性が良く、ブラシ寿命が向上した樹脂硬化型のカーボンブラシを提供することを目的とする。
【０００６】
【課題を解決するための手段】
前記課題を解決するための本発明に係るカーボンブラシは、樹脂硬化型カーボンブラシにおいて、フィラーと、バインダーとなる熱硬化性樹脂との混練時に、脂肪酸アマイドを０．１質量％〜３．０質量％となるよう添加し、成形、硬化してなるものである。また、前記脂肪酸アマイドが、エチレンビスステアリン酸アマイドであるものである。
【０００７】
フィラーと、バインダーとなる熱硬化性樹脂との混練時に、脂肪酸アマイドを０．１質量％〜３．０質量％、好ましくは０．２質量％〜１．５質量％、さらに好ましくは０．３質量％〜０．７質量％となるよう添加し、成形、硬化する。混練時に脂肪酸アマイドを添加することによって、脂肪酸アマイドの持つ潤滑特性によってフィラーとバインダーが均等に混練される。そして、所定形状に、成形後に硬化する。この硬化時の温度上昇によって熱硬化性樹脂及び脂肪酸アマイドが液状化する。この際、熱硬化性樹脂よりも粘度の低い脂肪酸アマイドが、熱硬化性樹脂の表面を覆うようになり、脂肪酸アマイドの一部は熱硬化性樹脂と反応し、一部は熱硬化性樹脂の表面に残存するものと考えられる。これによって、脂肪酸アマイドが位置していた熱硬化性樹脂間の部分には、脂肪酸アマイドの形骸が残り、結果として、空隙が形成されて熱硬化性樹脂の硬化後に適度な気孔がブラシ基材内部に形成される。このため、放熱性が向上する。また、脂肪酸アマイドは、熱硬化性樹脂と反応することによって、熱硬化性樹脂が改質する。これによって、ブラシの追従性が向上する。また、脂肪酸アマイドはワックスでもあり、未反応部分は、潤滑性を与え、カーボンブラシの摺動特性を向上させる。
【０００８】
また、添加する脂肪酸アマイドが、０．１質量％よりも少ない場合、添加する脂肪酸アマイドの効果が十分に得られず、３．０質量％よりも多い場合は、ブラシ基材の強度低下につながるため好ましくない。
【０００９】
また、脂肪酸アマイドとして、エチレンビスステアリン酸アマイドを使用することによって、バインダー硬化温度で、バインダーの熱硬化性樹脂と反応し、より効果的にブラシ基材中に気孔を形成することができる。
【００１０】
本発明に使用できるフィラーとなる黒鉛粒子には、人造黒鉛又は天然黒鉛のいずれの黒鉛粒子をも使用することができる。また、これらを混合した黒鉛粒子であってもよい。
【００１１】
これら黒鉛粒子の粒子間を結合するバインダーは、一般的な熱硬化性樹脂を使用することができ、例えば、固体状或いは液体状のエポキシ樹脂、フェノール樹脂及びこれらを変性して得られる種々の熱硬化性樹脂等を使用することができる。これら、樹脂は、バインダー分として１０〜４０％を使用することが好ましい。
【００１２】
以上の黒鉛粒子６０質量％〜９０質量％と、バインダー１０質量％〜４０質量％と、これら、黒鉛粒子及びバインダーの総重量に対して、脂肪酸アマイド０．１質量％〜３．０質量％とを同時に混練する。そして、所定形状に成形後、バインダー及び脂肪酸アマイドが硬化する１５０〜２５０℃の温度で熱処理をし、カーボンブラシとする。硬化処理の際、脂肪酸アマイドは、ほとんどが反応し、これによって、ブラシ基材には多くの気孔が形成されることになる。なお、脂肪酸アマイドには、固体状或いは液体状のいずれの状態のものも使用することができる。
【００１３】
このように、バインダーは硬化した状態ではあるが、ブラシ基材中に気孔が多く形成されているため、放熱性に優れたカーボンブラシとできる。また、同時に添加される脂肪酸アマイドの有する潤滑特性によって、潤滑性に優れたカーボンブラシとすることができる。
【００１４】
【実施例】
（実施例１）
平均粒子径が５０μｍの黒鉛粒子８０．０質量％と、バインダーとして汎用性エポキシ樹脂を２０質量％と、これら黒鉛粒子及びバインダーの総重量に対して、０．３質量％となるようにエチレンビスステアリン酸アマイドを混合し、混練した。この混練物を所定の大きさとなるように粉砕した後、１００ＭＰａで所定形状に成形し、２００℃で熱処理を行い、バインダーを硬化させて、水銀ポロシメータによる累積細孔容積が１８７．３ｍｍ3／ｇ、開気孔率２６．２％のカーボンブラシを得た。
【００１５】
（実施例２）
平均粒子径が５０μｍの黒鉛粒子８０．０質量％と、バインダーとして汎用性エポキシ樹脂を２０質量％と、これら黒鉛粒子及びバインダーの総重量に対して、０．５質量％となるようにエチレンビスステアリン酸アマイドを混合し、混練した。この混練物を所定の大きさとなるように粉砕した後、１００ＭＰａで所定形状に成形し、２００℃で熱処理を行い、バインダーを硬化させて、水銀ポロシメータによる累積細孔容積が１９５．９ｍｍ3／ｇ、開気孔率２７．１％のカーボンブラシを得た。
【００１６】
（実施例３）
平均粒子径が５０μｍの黒鉛粒子８０．０質量％と、バインダーとして汎用性エポキシ樹脂を２０質量％と、これら黒鉛粒子及びバインダーの総重量に対して、０．７質量％となるようにエチレンビスステアリン酸アマイドを混合し、混練した。この混練物を所定の大きさとなるように粉砕した後、１００ＭＰａで所定形状に成形し、２００℃で熱処理を行い、バインダーを硬化させて、水銀ポロシメータによる累積細孔容積が２０４．４ｍｍ3／ｇ、開気孔率２８．１％のカーボンブラシを得た。
【００１７】
（比較例１）
平均粒子径が５０μｍの黒鉛粒子８０．０質量％と、バインダーとして汎用性エポキシ樹脂を２０質量％とを混合し、混練した。この混練物を所定の大きさとなるように粉砕した後、１００ＭＰａで所定形状に成形し、２００℃で熱処理を行い、バインダーを硬化させて、水銀ポロシメータによる累積細孔容積が１７４．５ｍｍ3／ｇ、開気孔率２４．８％のカーボンブラシを得た。
【００１８】
実施例１乃至３及び比較例１のカーボンブラシの各物理特性をまとめて表１に示す。
【００１９】
【表１】
上記の各カーボンブラシを、以下に示す試験モータ及び試験条件によってブラシ特性試験を行った。
電圧：ＡＣ２３０Ｖ ５０Ｈｚ
オリフィス：φ１５ｍｍ
運転条件：連続
試験環境：室温２７〜３３℃、湿度２８〜４５％
【００２１】
上記条件におけるブラシ特性試験の結果をまとめて表２に示す。
【００２２】
【表２】
表１及び表２より、実施例１乃至３のカーボンブラシは、比較例１のカーボンブラシに比べて、整流子の平均温度上昇が低いことがわかる。これは、表１に示すように、これら実施例１乃至３のカーボンブラシは、比較例１のカーボンブラシに比べて開気孔率が大きく、このため、放熱性が向上したためであると考えられる。また、脂肪酸アマイドの有する潤滑特性によって、カーボンブラシ自身の潤滑性も向上したことも、平均温度上昇が低下した要因となっていると考えられる。
【００２４】
【発明の効果】
以上のように、フィラーと、バインダーとの混練時に、脂肪酸アマイドを添加することによって、脂肪酸アマイドの持つ潤滑特性によって、フィラーとバインダーとが均等に混練される。また、バインダー硬化時に脂肪酸アマイドがバインダーと反応し、ブラシ基材中に多くの気孔を形成し、放熱性を向上することができる。また、熱硬化性樹脂の改質によるカーボンブラシの追従性が向上するとともに、脂肪酸アマイドの持つ潤滑特性によって、カーボンブラシの潤滑性も向上し、このため、カーボンブラシとしての寿命が延命する効果を得ることができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a resin-curing carbon brush used in an electric machine.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, this type of resin-curing carbon brush is obtained by kneading graphite powder such as artificial graphite or natural graphite serving as a filler and a resin-curing resin serving as a binder, and molding and curing the carbon brush (for example, Patent Document 1). For this reason, the thermosetting resin used as the binder is molded in a cured state and has relatively few pores.
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-26156 [0004]
Moreover, since there are few pores and the binder is in a cured state, the heat dissipation property is poor, and the carbon brush itself becomes high temperature, and the brush characteristics may be lowered accordingly.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a resin-curing carbon brush having good heat dissipation and improved brush life.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The carbon brush according to the present invention for solving the above problems is a resin-curing carbon brush, wherein the fatty acid amide is 0.1% by mass to 3.0% by mass when the filler and the thermosetting resin serving as the binder are kneaded. %, And then molded and cured. The fatty acid amide is ethylene bis stearic acid amide.
[0007]
At the time of kneading the filler and the thermosetting resin as the binder, the fatty acid amide is 0.1% by mass to 3.0% by mass, preferably 0.2% by mass to 1.5% by mass, and more preferably 0.3%. Add to a mass% to 0.7 mass%, mold and cure. By adding the fatty acid amide at the time of kneading, the filler and the binder are uniformly kneaded according to the lubricating properties of the fatty acid amide. And it hardens | cures after shaping | molding to a predetermined shape. The thermosetting resin and the fatty acid amide are liquefied by the temperature rise during the curing. At this time, the fatty acid amide having a viscosity lower than that of the thermosetting resin covers the surface of the thermosetting resin, part of the fatty acid amide reacts with the thermosetting resin, and part of the thermosetting resin. It is thought that it remains on the surface. As a result, fatty acid amide remains in the portion between the thermosetting resins where the fatty acid amide was located, and as a result, voids are formed and appropriate pores are formed inside the brush substrate after the thermosetting resin is cured. Formed. For this reason, heat dissipation improves. Further, the fatty acid amide is modified by the thermosetting resin by reacting with the thermosetting resin. This improves the followability of the brush. The fatty acid amide is also a wax, and the unreacted portion gives lubricity and improves the sliding characteristics of the carbon brush.
[0008]
Moreover, when the fatty acid amide to add is less than 0.1 mass%, the effect of the fatty acid amide to add is not fully acquired, and when more than 3.0 mass%, it leads to the strength reduction of a brush base material. Therefore, it is not preferable.
[0009]
Moreover, by using ethylenebisstearic acid amide as the fatty acid amide, it reacts with the thermosetting resin of the binder at the binder curing temperature, and pores can be more effectively formed in the brush base material.
[0010]
As the graphite particles used as the filler that can be used in the present invention, any graphite particles of artificial graphite or natural graphite can be used. Moreover, the graphite particle which mixed these may be sufficient.
[0011]
As the binder for bonding the graphite particles, a general thermosetting resin can be used. For example, a solid or liquid epoxy resin, a phenol resin, and various kinds of heat obtained by modifying them can be used. A curable resin or the like can be used. These resins preferably use 10 to 40% as a binder.
[0012]
60 mass% to 90 mass% of the above graphite particles, 10 mass% to 40 mass% of the binder, and 0.1 mass% to 3.0 mass% of the fatty acid amide with respect to the total weight of the graphite particles and the binder. Are kneaded at the same time. And after shaping | molding into a predetermined shape, it heat-processes at the temperature of 150-250 degreeC which a binder and a fatty acid amide harden | cure, and it is set as a carbon brush. During the curing process, most of the fatty acid amide reacts, and as a result, many pores are formed in the brush base material. The fatty acid amide can be used in a solid or liquid state.
[0013]
Thus, although the binder is in a cured state, since many pores are formed in the brush base material, a carbon brush excellent in heat dissipation can be obtained. Moreover, it can be set as the carbon brush excellent in lubricity by the lubrication characteristic which the fatty acid amide added simultaneously has.
[0014]
【Example】
(Example 1)
Ethylene bis such that 80.0% by mass of graphite particles having an average particle diameter of 50 μm, 20% by mass of a general-purpose epoxy resin as a binder, and 0.3% by mass with respect to the total weight of these graphite particles and binder. Stearic acid amide was mixed and kneaded. This kneaded product is pulverized to a predetermined size, then molded into a predetermined shape at 100 MPa, heat treated at 200 ° C., the binder is cured, and the cumulative pore volume by a mercury porosimeter is 187.3 mm 3 / g. A carbon brush having an open porosity of 26.2% was obtained.
[0015]
(Example 2)
Ethylene bis such that 80.0% by mass of graphite particles having an average particle diameter of 50 μm, 20% by mass of a general-purpose epoxy resin as a binder, and 0.5% by mass with respect to the total weight of these graphite particles and binder. Stearic acid amide was mixed and kneaded. The kneaded product was pulverized to a predetermined size, then molded into a predetermined shape at 100 MPa, heat treated at 200 ° C., the binder was cured, and the cumulative pore volume by a mercury porosimeter was 195.9 mm 3 / g. A carbon brush having an open porosity of 27.1% was obtained.
[0016]
(Example 3)
Ethylene bis such that 80.0% by mass of graphite particles having an average particle diameter of 50 μm, 20% by mass of a general-purpose epoxy resin as a binder, and 0.7% by mass with respect to the total weight of these graphite particles and binder. Stearic acid amide was mixed and kneaded. This kneaded product is pulverized to a predetermined size, then formed into a predetermined shape at 100 MPa, heat treated at 200 ° C., the binder is cured, and the cumulative pore volume by a mercury porosimeter is 204.4 mm 3 / g. A carbon brush having an open porosity of 28.1% was obtained.
[0017]
(Comparative Example 1)
80.0% by mass of graphite particles having an average particle diameter of 50 μm and 20% by mass of a general-purpose epoxy resin as a binder were mixed and kneaded. The kneaded product was pulverized to a predetermined size, then formed into a predetermined shape at 100 MPa, heat treated at 200 ° C., the binder was cured, and the cumulative pore volume by a mercury porosimeter was 174.5 mm 3 / g. A carbon brush having an open porosity of 24.8% was obtained.
[0018]
Table 1 summarizes the physical characteristics of the carbon brushes of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1.
[0019]
[Table 1]
Each carbon brush was subjected to a brush characteristic test according to the following test motor and test conditions.
Voltage: AC230V 50Hz
Orifice: φ15mm
Operating conditions: continuous test environment: room temperature 27-33 ° C, humidity 28-45%
[0021]
Table 2 summarizes the results of the brush characteristic test under the above conditions.
[0022]
[Table 2]
From Table 1 and Table 2, it can be seen that the carbon brushes of Examples 1 to 3 have a lower average temperature rise of the commutator than the carbon brush of Comparative Example 1. As shown in Table 1, the carbon brushes of Examples 1 to 3 have a larger open porosity than that of the carbon brush of Comparative Example 1, and it is considered that this is because the heat dissipation is improved. In addition, the lubricity of the fatty acid amide has also improved the lubricity of the carbon brush itself, which is considered to be a factor in lowering the average temperature rise.
[0024]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, by adding the fatty acid amide at the time of kneading the filler and the binder, the filler and the binder are evenly kneaded according to the lubricating properties of the fatty acid amide. Moreover, fatty acid amide reacts with a binder at the time of binder hardening, many pores are formed in a brush base material, and heat dissipation can be improved. In addition, the followability of the carbon brush is improved by modifying the thermosetting resin, and the lubrication characteristics of the fatty acid amide also improve the lubricity of the carbon brush, which has the effect of extending the life of the carbon brush. Can be obtained.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002264868A JP3667310B2 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2002-09-11 | Carbon brush |
| KR1020030062018A KR100899262B1 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-05 | Carbon brush |
| CNB031470998A CN1307754C (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-11 | Carbon brush |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002264868A JP3667310B2 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2002-09-11 | Carbon brush |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2004099782A JP2004099782A (en) | 2004-04-02 |
| JP3667310B2 true JP3667310B2 (en) | 2005-07-06 |
Family
ID=32264161
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002264868A Expired - Fee Related JP3667310B2 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2002-09-11 | Carbon brush |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3667310B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100899262B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1307754C (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004312921A (en) * | 2003-04-09 | 2004-11-04 | Totan Kako Kk | Metal coated carbon brush |
| JP4091024B2 (en) * | 2004-07-26 | 2008-05-28 | 東炭化工株式会社 | Carbon brush |
| JP2006187190A (en) * | 2004-11-30 | 2006-07-13 | Denso Corp | Brush, commutator and commutation mechanism |
| CN100420105C (en) * | 2006-11-20 | 2008-09-17 | 苏州东南碳制品有限公司 | A carbon brush used for electric engine of cleaner |
| CN102324805B (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2013-05-22 | 汕头市澄海区超力微电机有限公司 | Electric brush device of brush direct current micro motor |
| KR101273248B1 (en) * | 2011-12-01 | 2013-06-10 | 주식회사 가남 | High thermal conductivity molding method of manufacture |
| CN106033862B (en) * | 2015-03-18 | 2018-07-13 | 苏州东南佳新材料股份有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of locomotive traction motor carbon brush |
| CN106032328B (en) * | 2015-03-18 | 2018-12-07 | 苏州东南佳新材料股份有限公司 | A kind of material being used to prepare locomotive traction motor carbon brush |
| CN107141794A (en) * | 2017-06-20 | 2017-09-08 | 苏州大学 | A kind of resin base brush and preparation method thereof |
| KR102098193B1 (en) * | 2018-03-12 | 2020-04-07 | 한국교통대학교 산학협력단 | Carbon brush for motor using surface modified graphite powder and method for preparing the same |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4248908A (en) | 1979-07-06 | 1981-02-03 | Inland Steel Company | Hot-dip metallic coatings on low carbon alloy steel |
| JPH03270660A (en) | 1990-03-16 | 1991-12-02 | Mabuchi Motor Co Ltd | Carbon brush for miniature motor and manufacture thereof |
| CN1031160C (en) * | 1991-04-25 | 1996-02-28 | 东京电气株式会社 | Brush and commutator motor having brush device using same |
| KR100229409B1 (en) * | 1995-12-27 | 1999-11-01 | 오상수 | Brush for dc motor and its manufacturing method |
| KR100225810B1 (en) * | 1996-12-24 | 1999-10-15 | 에릭 발리베 | Method and apparatus for controlling operation of sequential filter in diesel engine |
| JP2000281753A (en) * | 1999-03-31 | 2000-10-10 | Toshiba Corp | Electrically conductive resin composition for shield |
-
2002
- 2002-09-11 JP JP2002264868A patent/JP3667310B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-09-05 KR KR1020030062018A patent/KR100899262B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-09-11 CN CNB031470998A patent/CN1307754C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1307754C (en) | 2007-03-28 |
| KR100899262B1 (en) | 2009-05-27 |
| CN1495975A (en) | 2004-05-12 |
| KR20040023532A (en) | 2004-03-18 |
| JP2004099782A (en) | 2004-04-02 |
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