JP2683425B2 - Endoscope cleaning and disinfecting equipment - Google Patents
Endoscope cleaning and disinfecting equipmentInfo
- Publication number
- JP2683425B2 JP2683425B2 JP1218833A JP21883389A JP2683425B2 JP 2683425 B2 JP2683425 B2 JP 2683425B2 JP 1218833 A JP1218833 A JP 1218833A JP 21883389 A JP21883389 A JP 21883389A JP 2683425 B2 JP2683425 B2 JP 2683425B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- endoscope
- tank
- liquid
- cleaning
- disinfection
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 本発明は内視鏡や挿入補助具等の被消毒物を洗浄し、
消毒する内視鏡洗浄消毒装置に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial field of application] The present invention is for cleaning objects to be disinfected such as an endoscope and an insertion aid,
The present invention relates to an endoscope cleaning / disinfecting device for disinfection.
医療分野で使われる内視鏡や挿入補助具等の被消毒物
は、感染防止の観点から使用後に必ず洗浄，消毒処理が
施される。この処理には、特開昭60-90531号公報等に開
示されている内視鏡洗浄消毒装置が用いられる。Items to be disinfected such as endoscopes and insertion aids used in the medical field are always cleaned and disinfected after use in order to prevent infection. For this processing, the endoscope cleaning / disinfecting apparatus disclosed in JP-A-60-90531 is used.
この種の装置において、従来からH2O2（過酸化水素）
ガスを用いた消毒方法が一般に知られている。ところ
が、このようなH2O2ガスによる消毒方法の欠点として
は、被消毒物の表面に水滴などが付着していると、この
水滴が妨げとなってその水滴直下の殺菌ができないとい
うことがあげられる。したがって、被消毒物を十分に乾
燥させてから消毒する必要があるが、消毒に先立って洗
浄工程を行う場合には、洗浄工程終了後に被消毒物に付
着した水滴を、消毒工程前に十分乾燥させて除去してお
かなければならない。In this type of equipment, H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide)
A disinfection method using gas is generally known. However, a drawback of such a disinfection method using H 2 O 2 gas is that if water droplets or the like adhere to the surface of the object to be disinfected, the water droplets interfere with the sterilization just below the water droplets. can give. Therefore, it is necessary to dry the disinfectant sufficiently before disinfection, but if the cleaning process is performed before disinfection, the water droplets that have adhered to the disinfectant after the cleaning process should be thoroughly dried before the disinfection process. I have to remove it.
上述したように、H2O2ガスを用いた従来の消毒方法で
は、「洗浄→乾燥→消毒」と３工程を順次行う必要があ
り、総工程時間が長いものであった。As described above, in the conventional disinfection method using H 2 O 2 gas, it is necessary to sequentially perform the three steps of “cleaning → drying → disinfection”, and the total process time is long.
本発明は上記事情に着目してなされたもので、その目
的とするところは、被消毒物の十分な消毒効果を有しつ
つ、総工程時間を短縮できる内視鏡洗浄消毒装置を提供
することにある。The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide an endoscope cleaning / disinfecting apparatus capable of shortening the total process time while having a sufficient disinfecting effect on an object to be disinfected. It is in.
上記目的を達成するために本発明は、内視鏡を槽内に
設置してこの内視鏡を洗浄，消毒する内視鏡洗浄消毒装
置において、上記槽内にH2O2液を噴霧して内視鏡に対す
る第１の消毒工程を行なう手段と、槽内温度を上げてH2
O2液を気化させ、気化したH2O2ガスにより内視鏡に対す
る第２の消毒工程を行なう手段とを設けたことを特徴と
する。In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an endoscope cleaning / disinfecting apparatus that installs an endoscope in a tank and cleans and disinfects the endoscope by spraying H 2 O 2 solution into the tank. Means for performing the first disinfection step for the endoscope and increasing the temperature in the tank to generate H 2
It is characterized in that means for vaporizing the O 2 liquid and performing the second disinfection step for the endoscope by the vaporized H 2 O 2 gas are provided.
第１の消毒液工程：すなわち、H2O2液噴霧工程では、
槽内に噴霧されたH2O2液は被消毒物の表面に付着して殺
菌効果を発揮する。このH2O2液は被消毒物に付着してい
る水滴にも溶け込み、よってその水滴直下の殺菌効果も
有する。First disinfectant solution step: That is, in the H 2 O 2 solution spraying step,
The H 2 O 2 liquid sprayed in the tank adheres to the surface of the object to be disinfected and exhibits a sterilizing effect. This H 2 O 2 solution also dissolves in water droplets adhering to the material to be disinfected, and therefore has a sterilizing effect immediately below the water droplets.
第２の消毒工程：すなわち、H2O2液気化工程では、槽
内加熱によって槽内温度が上昇すると、被消毒物に付着
した水滴が蒸発するとともに、H2O2液が気化してH2O2ガ
スとなる。このH2O2ガスは、噴霧によりH2O2液が付着し
なかった部分にも作用し、消毒効果を高める。Second disinfection step: That is, in the H 2 O 2 liquid vaporization step, when the temperature inside the tank rises due to heating in the tank, water droplets attached to the disinfectant evaporate and the H 2 O 2 liquid vaporizes It becomes 2 O 2 gas. This H 2 O 2 gas also acts on the portion where the H 2 O 2 liquid did not adhere by spraying, and enhances the disinfection effect.
このように、被消毒物の表面に水滴が付着している間
も、H2O2液による消毒作用が働いており、乾燥後のH2O2
ガスによる消毒作用時間を短時間に設定しても、十分な
消毒効果が得られるものである。Thus, even while the water droplets on the surface of the disinfecting product are attached, are working disinfection effect of H 2 O 2 solution, after drying H 2 O 2
Even if the disinfection action time by gas is set to a short time, a sufficient disinfection effect can be obtained.
以下、本発明の一実施例について図面を参照して説明
する。Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
第１図は内視鏡洗浄消毒装置のシステム全体を概略的
に示し、その装置本体１には洗浄，消毒しようとする内
視鏡２を収納する洗浄消毒槽３が設けられている。この
槽３内の上下方向中途部には載置台４が設けられ、この
載置台４上に内視鏡２が設置される。FIG. 1 schematically shows an entire system of an endoscope cleaning / disinfecting apparatus, and a main body 1 of the apparatus is provided with a cleaning / disinfecting tank 3 for accommodating an endoscope 2 to be cleaned / disinfected. A mounting table 4 is provided at an intermediate portion in the vertical direction in the tank 3, and the endoscope 2 is installed on the mounting table 4.
上記槽３内上部には内視鏡２に向けて洗浄水や消毒液
を噴射し、第１の消毒工程を行なう手段として機能する
噴射ノズル５、排気口６および送気送液口７が設けら
れ、この送気送液口７には送気送液チューブ８を介して
内視鏡チャンネルが接続されている。また、槽３内下部
にはその底部に貯留された洗浄水や消毒液を加熱し、第
２の消毒工程を行なう手段として機能する槽内ヒータ
９、送水口10、吸水口11および排液口12が設けられてい
る。そして、上記送水口10は途中に給水弁13を介して外
部の水道蛇口14に接続されている。また、吸水口11は途
中に噴霧液切換弁15および噴霧ポンプ16を介して上記噴
射ノズル５に接続され、さらに第１の逆止弁17を介して
上記送気送液口７に接続されている。さらに、排液口12
は途中に排液ポンプ18を介して外部に導かれ、排気口６
は途中に排気弁19、排気ファン20および触媒等からなる
H2O2処理ユニット21を介して外部に導かれている。ま
た、送気送液口７には第２の逆止弁22、送気ポンプ23お
よび槽外ヒータ24が接続され、噴霧液切換弁15には内部
にH2O2液を貯留するH2O2タンク25が接続されている。An injection nozzle 5, an exhaust port 6, and an air / liquid feeding port 7 which function as means for injecting cleaning water or a disinfecting liquid toward the endoscope 2 to perform the first disinfecting process are provided in the upper part of the tank 3. An endoscope channel is connected to the air / liquid feeding port 7 via an air / liquid feeding tube 8. Further, in the lower part of the tank 3, the in-tank heater 9, the water supply port 10, the water intake port 11, and the liquid discharge port which function as means for heating the cleaning water and the disinfectant solution stored in the bottom part to perform the second disinfection step. Twelve are provided. The water supply port 10 is connected to an external water faucet 14 via a water supply valve 13 on the way. Further, the water suction port 11 is connected to the injection nozzle 5 via a spray liquid switching valve 15 and a spray pump 16 on the way, and is further connected to the air supply liquid transfer port 7 via a first check valve 17. There is. In addition, the drain port 12
Is guided to the outside through the drainage pump 18 on the way, and the exhaust port 6
Consists of exhaust valve 19, exhaust fan 20 and catalyst
It is guided to the outside through the H 2 O 2 processing unit 21. Further, a second check valve 22, an air supply pump 23, and a heater 24 outside the tank are connected to the air supply / liquid supply port 7, and the spray liquid switching valve 15 stores H 2 O 2 liquid inside H 2 O 2. O 2 tank 25 is connected.
このような構成の内視鏡洗浄消毒装置において、使用
済みの内視鏡２を第２図のタイムチャートで示すよう
に、図示しない制御部を介して洗浄工程と消毒工程の２
工程で洗浄，消毒するようになっている。In the endoscope cleaning / disinfecting apparatus having such a configuration, as shown in the time chart of FIG. 2, the used endoscope 2 is cleaned and disinfected through a control unit (not shown).
It is designed to be cleaned and disinfected in the process.
すなわち、まず洗浄工程について説明すると、給水弁
13が開かれて水道蛇口14からの洗浄水が洗浄消毒槽３内
底部の槽タンク3aに吸水口11が十分に漬かるまで送水さ
れる。この洗浄水の送水が終了すると、槽内ヒータ９お
よび噴霧ポンプ16が作動する。すると、槽タンク3aに貯
留された洗浄水が槽内ヒータ９によって加熱され、温水
となるとともに、この洗浄水が吸水口11、噴霧液切換弁
15および噴霧ポンプ16を介して噴射ノズル５から内視鏡
２の外表面に向けて噴霧され、かつ第１の逆止弁17、送
気送液口７および送気送液チューブ８を介して内視鏡チ
ャンネル内に圧送される。これにより、内視鏡２の外表
面やチャンネル内面に付着した体液等の汚物が洗い流さ
れる。この洗浄水の噴霧および送水が終了すると、排液
ポンプ18、送気ポンプ23、槽外ヒータ24、排気弁19およ
び排気ファン20が作動する。すると、槽３内の洗浄水が
排液口12および排液ポンプ18を介して外部に排水される
とともに、槽外ヒータ24によって加熱された温風が送気
ポンプ23、第２の逆止弁22、送気送液口７および送気送
液チューブ８を介してチャンネル内に送気される。これ
により、チャンネル内面の水きり，乾燥が行われる。こ
のとき、槽内ヒータ９も引き続き作動して槽３内が加熱
され、内視鏡２の外表面の水きり，乾燥が行われる。ま
た、これと同時に槽３内の空気が排気口６、排気弁19、
排気ファン20およびH2O2処理ユニット21を介して外部に
排気される。ここで、内視鏡２の内外表面の乾燥レベル
は高い程よいが、時間の制約に応じてその乾燥を省略し
てもよい。つまり、送気ポンプ23によるチャンネル内面
の水きりのみを行って次の消毒工程に移行してもよく、
この場合は第２図の点線部分は全て省略される。That is, first, the washing process will be described.
13 is opened, and the cleaning water from the tap faucet 14 is supplied to the tank tank 3a at the bottom of the cleaning / disinfecting tank 3 until the water inlet 11 is sufficiently immersed. When the water supply of the cleaning water is completed, the in-tank heater 9 and the spray pump 16 are activated. Then, the cleaning water stored in the tank 3a is heated by the in-tank heater 9 to become warm water, and the cleaning water is absorbed by the water suction port 11 and the spray liquid switching valve.
Is sprayed from the injection nozzle 5 toward the outer surface of the endoscope 2 through the spray pump 15 and the spray pump 16, and through the first check valve 17, the air / liquid feeding port 7 and the air / liquid feeding tube 8. Pumped into the endoscope channel. As a result, dirt such as body fluid attached to the outer surface of the endoscope 2 and the inner surface of the channel is washed away. When the spraying of the cleaning water and the water supply are completed, the drainage pump 18, the air supply pump 23, the heater 24 outside the tank, the exhaust valve 19, and the exhaust fan 20 operate. Then, the cleaning water in the tank 3 is drained to the outside through the drain port 12 and the drain pump 18, and the warm air heated by the outside heater 24 is supplied to the air pump 23 and the second check valve. Air is fed into the channel via the air / liquid feeding port 7 and the air / liquid feeding tube 8. As a result, the inner surface of the channel is drained and dried. At this time, the in-tank heater 9 is also continuously operated to heat the inside of the tank 3, so that the outer surface of the endoscope 2 is drained and dried. At the same time, the air in the tank 3 is exhausted by the exhaust port 6, the exhaust valve 19,
It is exhausted to the outside via the exhaust fan 20 and the H 2 O 2 processing unit 21. Here, the higher the drying level of the inner and outer surfaces of the endoscope 2, the better, but the drying may be omitted depending on time constraints. In other words, only the inner surface of the channel may be drained by the air supply pump 23 to move to the next disinfection step,
In this case, all the dotted lines in FIG. 2 are omitted.
以上で洗浄工程が終了し、次に消毒工程に入る。ま
ず、第１の消毒工程として、噴霧ポンプ16および噴霧液
切換弁15が作動する。すると、H2O2タンク25内のH2O2液
が噴霧液切換弁15および噴霧ポンプ16を介して噴射ノズ
ル５から内視鏡２の外表面に向けて噴霧されるととも
に、第１の逆止弁17、送気送液口７および送気送液チュ
ーブ８を介してチャンネル内に送液される。ここで、H2
O2液は30％程度の濃度のものが望ましい。H2O2液は高い
殺菌効果を有し、内視鏡２の外表面やチャンネル内面を
消毒する。また、H2O2液は水溶性で、内視鏡２内外表面
に付着した水滴などにも溶け込んでその水滴直下の殺菌
もする。なお、H2O2液の噴霧および送液量は、H2O2液が
内視鏡２の内外表面に付着しさえすればよく、洗浄水の
ように大量に噴霧する必要はない。そして、ある程度内
視鏡２の内外表面にH2O2液を噴霧および送液したところ
で、排液ポンプ18が作動して槽３内のH2O2液が排液口12
および排液ポンプ18を介して外部に排出される。そし
て、H2O2液の噴霧および送液が終了すると、第１の消毒
工程の終了となる。次に、第２の消毒工程として、槽内
ヒータ９送気ポンプ23、槽外ヒータ24、排気弁19および
排気ファン20が作動する。すると、槽内ヒータ９によっ
て槽３内が加熱されるとともに、槽外ヒータ24によって
加熱された温風が送気ポンプ23、第２の逆止弁22、送気
送液口７および送気送液チューブ８を介してチャンネル
内に送気される。これにより、槽３内の温度が上昇して
内視鏡２の内外表面に付着した水滴が蒸発するととも
に、H2O2液が気化してH2O2ガスとなる。このH2O2ガス
は、噴霧および送液によりH2O2液が付着しなかった部分
にも作用し、その部分を改めて殺菌する。つまり、ガス
化に必要なH2O2液があらかじめ内視鏡２の内外表面に付
着しているので、まず液体の状態で殺菌作用が働く。そ
の後、乾燥とともにH2O2ガスの殺菌作用が生じるが、お
およその殺菌レベルはH2O2液により乾燥過程で達成され
ているため、乾燥終了後にH2O2ガスによる殺菌時間を特
に設けなくても、十分な殺菌効果が得られる。殺菌終了
後は槽３内のH2O2ガスが排気口６、排気弁19、排気ファ
ン20およびH2O2処理ユニット21を介してH2O＋O2の状態
で外部に排出される。With the above, the cleaning process is completed, and then the disinfection process is started. First, as the first disinfection step, the spray pump 16 and the spray liquid switching valve 15 are operated. Then, the H 2 O 2 liquid in the H 2 O 2 tank 25 is sprayed from the injection nozzle 5 toward the outer surface of the endoscope 2 via the spray liquid switching valve 15 and the spray pump 16, and Liquid is fed into the channel via the check valve 17, the air / liquid feeding port 7 and the air / liquid feeding tube 8. Where H 2
It is desirable that the O 2 solution has a concentration of about 30%. The H 2 O 2 solution has a high sterilizing effect and disinfects the outer surface of the endoscope 2 and the inner surface of the channel. Further, the H 2 O 2 solution is water-soluble, and dissolves in water droplets and the like adhering to the inner and outer surfaces of the endoscope 2 to sterilize just below the water droplets. The H 2 O 2 solution need only be sprayed and delivered as long as the H 2 O 2 solution adheres to the inner and outer surfaces of the endoscope 2, and it is not necessary to spray a large amount like cleaning water. Then, when the H 2 O 2 liquid is sprayed and sent to the inner and outer surfaces of the endoscope 2 to a certain extent, the drainage pump 18 is activated and the H 2 O 2 liquid in the tank 3 is drained out 12
And it is discharged to the outside through the drainage pump 18. Then, when the spraying and the liquid feeding of the H 2 O 2 solution are completed, the first disinfection step is completed. Next, as the second disinfection step, the in-tank heater 9 air supply pump 23, the outside heater 24, the exhaust valve 19, and the exhaust fan 20 are operated. Then, the inside of the tank 3 is heated by the heater 9 inside the tank, and the warm air heated by the heater 24 outside the tank is supplied with the air supply pump 23, the second check valve 22, the air supply / liquid supply port 7 and the air supply / sending. Air is fed into the channel via the liquid tube 8. As a result, the temperature inside the tank 3 rises, water droplets attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the endoscope 2 evaporate, and the H 2 O 2 liquid is vaporized into H 2 O 2 gas. This H 2 O 2 gas also acts on the portion where the H 2 O 2 liquid did not adhere due to spraying and liquid feeding, and sterilizes the portion again. That is, since the H 2 O 2 liquid required for gasification is attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the endoscope 2 in advance, the sterilizing action works in the liquid state. After that, the sterilizing action of H 2 O 2 gas occurs with drying, but since an approximate sterilization level is achieved in the drying process with the H 2 O 2 liquid, a sterilizing time with H 2 O 2 gas is particularly provided after the completion of drying. Even without it, a sufficient bactericidal effect can be obtained. After the sterilization, the H 2 O 2 gas in the tank 3 is discharged to the outside in the state of H 2 O + O 2 through the exhaust port 6, the exhaust valve 19, the exhaust fan 20 and the H 2 O 2 processing unit 21.
以上述べたように本発明によれば、内視鏡や挿入補助
具等の被消毒物を洗浄，消毒するにあたり、従来の「洗
浄→乾燥→消毒」の３工程から「洗浄→消毒」の２工程
で行うことができ、しかも乾燥過程でH2O2液による殺菌
効果が期待できるため、乾燥終了後のH2O2ガスによる殺
菌時間を最小限に押さえることができるから、被消毒物
の十分な消毒効果を有しつつ、総工程時間を短縮できる
ものである。As described above, according to the present invention, when cleaning and disinfecting an object to be disinfected such as an endoscope and an insertion aid, the conventional three steps of “cleaning → drying → disinfection” to “cleaning → disinfection” are performed. The sterilization effect of H 2 O 2 solution can be expected in the drying process, and the sterilization time by H 2 O 2 gas after the completion of drying can be minimized. While having a sufficient disinfecting effect, the total process time can be shortened.
図面は本発明の一実施例を示し、第１図は内視鏡洗浄消
毒装置のシステム全体を示す概略的な構成図、第２図は
その動作のタイムチャート図である。 ２……内視鏡、３……洗浄消毒槽、５……噴射ノズル、
８……送気送液チューブ、９……槽内ヒータ、15……噴
霧液切換弁、16……噴霧ポンプ、23……送気ポンプ、24
……槽外ヒータ、25……H2O2タンク。The drawings show an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing the entire system of an endoscope cleaning / disinfecting apparatus, and FIG. 2 is a time chart diagram of its operation. 2 ... Endoscope, 3 ... Washing / disinfecting tank, 5 ... Injection nozzle,
8 ... Air supply / liquid supply tube, 9 ... In-tank heater, 15 ... Spray liquid switching valve, 16 ... Spray pump, 23 ... Air supply pump, 24
…… Outside tank heater, 25 …… H 2 O 2 tank.
Claims (1)
浄，消毒する内視鏡洗浄消毒装置において、 上記槽内にH2O2液を噴霧して内視鏡に対する第１の消毒
工程を行なう手段と、 槽内温度を上げてH2O2液を気化させ、気化したH2O2ガス
により内視鏡に対する第２の消毒工程を行なう手段と、 を設けたことを特徴とする内視鏡洗浄消毒装置。1. An endoscope cleaning / disinfecting apparatus for cleaning and disinfecting an endoscope by installing the endoscope in a tank, wherein a H 2 O 2 solution is sprayed into the tank to remove the endoscope from the endoscope. The means for performing the disinfection step of No. 1 and the means for performing the second disinfection step for the endoscope by evaporating the H 2 O 2 liquid by raising the temperature in the tank and providing the vaporized H 2 O 2 gas are provided. An endoscope cleaning and disinfecting device.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1218833A JP2683425B2 (en) | 1989-08-25 | 1989-08-25 | Endoscope cleaning and disinfecting equipment |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1218833A JP2683425B2 (en) | 1989-08-25 | 1989-08-25 | Endoscope cleaning and disinfecting equipment |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0382436A JPH0382436A (en) | 1991-04-08 |
| JP2683425B2 true JP2683425B2 (en) | 1997-11-26 |
Family
ID=16726057
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1218833A Expired - Fee Related JP2683425B2 (en) | 1989-08-25 | 1989-08-25 | Endoscope cleaning and disinfecting equipment |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2683425B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5445792A (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1995-08-29 | American Sterilizer Company | Optimum hydrogen peroxide vapor sterlization method |
| EP0584338A1 (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1994-03-02 | American Sterilizer Company | Device and system for sterilizing objects |
| US5317896A (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1994-06-07 | American Sterilizer Company | Method of detecting liquid in a sterilization system |
| JP2576033B2 (en) * | 1993-12-17 | 1997-01-29 | ライザー工業株式会社 | Endoscope cleaning method and apparatus |
| US5851485A (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 1998-12-22 | Johnson & Johnson Medical, Inc. | Process for sterilization with liquid sterilant using controlled pumpdown rate |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5573237A (en) * | 1978-11-27 | 1980-06-02 | Olympus Optical Co | Method of washing endoscope and its device |
| FR2515963A1 (en) * | 1981-11-10 | 1983-05-13 | Cuypers Joseph | APPARATUS FOR STERILIZING SMALL MEDICAL OR PARA-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS |
| JPS6379658A (en) * | 1986-09-25 | 1988-04-09 | 日本濾水機工業株式会社 | Method for sterilizing and washing inner wall of tank |
-
1989
- 1989-08-25 JP JP1218833A patent/JP2683425B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0382436A (en) | 1991-04-08 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |