JP2021528480A - 予防及び治療に有効な選択的抗がん剤 - Google Patents
予防及び治療に有効な選択的抗がん剤 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【選択図】 図2
Description
膵がんは、米国における第7位のがん死亡の原因である。2018年には、米国がん学会(American Cancer Society)による米国における膵がんの推定は、約55,440人(男性29,200人及び女性26,240人)が膵がんの診断を受け、約44,330人(男性23,020人及び女性21,310人)が膵がんにより死亡するというものである。膵がんの率は、過去10年間でゆっくりと増加してきた。2013年の膵がん発生の生涯リスクは78人に約1人(1.47%)であったが、2017年の生涯リスクは65人に約1人(1.5%)であった。
皮膚がんを除いて、結腸直腸がんは、米国において男性及び女性の両方に診断される3番目に一般的ながんである。米国がん学会による2018年の米国における結腸直腸がんの症例数の推定は、結腸がんでは97,220件の新たな症例及び直腸がんでは42,030件の新たな症例である。結腸直腸がんを発生する生涯リスクは、21人に約1人(4.7%)であり、男性と女性のデータを合わせると、米国における第3位のがん死亡の原因である。2018年に約50,630件の死亡を引き起こすと予想される。
本明細書において特に定義されない限り、技術用語は、本発明に関連する当業者(すなわち、腫瘍学者又は他のがん専門家)により理解される意味と同じ意味を有する。特定の技術に応じて、そのような専門家は医化学及び/又は薬理学に知識、訓練及び経験を有していることもある。
又は塩若しくは溶媒和物若しくは水和物、又は溶媒和物若しくは水和物の塩、又はこれらの任意の混合物の1つ又は複数の固体形態である。一実施形態において、式(I)の化合物の固体形態は、結晶質形態、非晶質形態、又は結晶質及び非晶質形態の混合物であり得る。固体形態は、式(I)の化合物、又は塩若しくは溶媒和物若しくは水和物、又は溶媒和物若しくは水和物の塩、又はこれらの任意の混合物の結晶質形態を含むことができる。
又は塩若しくは溶媒和物若しくは水和物、又は溶媒和物若しくは水和物の塩、又はこれらの任意の混合物の固体形態と、1つ又は複数の薬学的に許容される担体及び/若しくは賦形剤とを含む医薬組成物である。さらに、治療有効量の式(I)の化合物、又は塩若しくは溶媒和物若しくは水和物、又は溶媒和物若しくは水和物の塩、又はこれらの任意の混合物の固体形態と、1つ又は複数の薬学的に許容される担体及び/若しくは賦形剤とを含む医薬組成物が提供される。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供されるのは、式(I)の化合物の硫酸塩である。式(I)の化合物の硫酸塩は、様々な固体形態で存在できることが考慮される。そのような固体形態には、式(I)の化合物の結晶質硫酸塩の多形体、溶媒和物及び水和物などの結晶質固体、並びに非晶質固体、又はこれらの任意の混合物が含まれる。式(I)の化合物の硫酸塩のすべてのそのような固体形態が、本発明において考慮される。
医薬組成物は、活性成分(複数可)として、本明細書に提供される1つ又は複数の化合物、そのような化合物(複数可)の立体異性体、鏡像異性体、鏡像異性体又はジアステレオマーの混合物、又はこれらの任意の組合せ(例えば、薬学的に許容される塩、水和物、溶媒和物)、及び不活性ビヒクル(例えば、水又は有機溶媒)、担体、固体充填剤、液体希釈剤、緩衝液、塩、糖などが含まれる薬学的に許容される賦形剤を含む。一部の実施形態において、組成物は、追加の化学療法剤などの第2の活性成分を含むことができる。
医薬組成物は、液剤、懸濁剤、カプセル剤、クリーム剤、乳剤、フォーム剤、軟膏剤、ペースト剤、顆粒剤、微粉化粉末剤又は錠剤が含まれる、液体又は固体形態での、経口、経腸、非経口(例えば、静脈内、動脈内、皮下、筋肉内、血管内、腹腔内、鞘内)、眼内、舌下、経皮、又は局所、膣内又は直腸内などの経路による、及び吸入器、噴霧器、パッチ、ペッサリー、ステント又は坐剤などの医療装置による投与のために処方され得る。
式(I)の化合物と、薬学的に許容される担体及び/又は賦形剤とを含む医薬組成物を、経口投与用に処方することができる。経口投与用の医薬組成物は、有効量の1つ又は複数の式(I)の化合物、任意選択で、有効量の1つ又は複数の第2の薬剤、並びに経口投与に適した1つ又は複数の医薬担体及び/若しくは賦形剤を含有する。時には、医薬組成物は、有効量の第3の薬剤をさらに含有する。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供されるのは、本明細書に提供される化合物及び非経口投与に適した医薬賦形剤を含有する非経口投与用の医薬組成物である。一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供されるのは、有効量の開示されている化合物、任意選択で有効量の1つ又は複数の第2の薬剤、並びに非経口投与に適した1つ又は複数の薬学的に許容される担体及び/又は賦形剤を含有する、非経口投与用の医薬組成物である。一部の実施形態において、医薬組成物は、有効量の第3の薬剤をさらに含有する。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供されるのは、本明細書に提供される化合物及び局所投与に適した医薬賦形剤を含有する吸入投与用の医薬組成物である。一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供されるのは、有効量の本明細書に提供される化合物、任意選択で有効量の1つ又は複数の第2の薬剤、並びに吸入投与に適した1つ又は複数の薬学的に許容される担体及び/又は賦形剤を含有する、吸入投与用の医薬組成物である。一部の実施形態において、医薬組成物は、有効量の第3の薬剤をさらに含有する。
医薬組成物は非経口投与(例えば、静脈内注入、動脈内若しくは血管内、皮下又は筋肉内への注射、カテーテル若しくはポートを介した送達、或いはこれらの任意の組合せ)のために処方することができる。医薬組成物は、有効量の式(I)の化合物及び非経口投与に適した薬学的に許容される担体を含有することができる。非経口投与に適した医薬組成物は、ガラスバイアル、真空ボトル又はプラスチックバッグなどの別個の単位用量として提示され、それぞれ、所定量の活性成分を乾燥形態で、溶液に溶解して、懸濁液に、又は乳剤として含有することができる。全身投与を達成することができる。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供されるのは、本明細書に提供される化合物及び制御放出投与に適した医薬賦形剤を含有する制御放出投与用の医薬組成物である。一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供されるのは、有効量の開示されている化合物、任意選択で有効量の1つ又は複数の第2の薬剤、並びに制御放出投与に適した1つ又は複数の医薬賦形剤を含有する、制御放出投与用の医薬組成物である。一部の実施形態において、医薬組成物は、有効量の第3の薬剤をさらに含有する。
医薬活性成分の分解を低減する及び/又は医薬活性成分の経腸吸収を増加するための実施形態は、本明細書に提供される化合物をリポソームにカプセル化することである。個体群内のサイズの分布において、大多数のリポソームは400nm未満の直径を有してもよい。大多数のリポソームは、約100〜約150nmの直径を有してもよい。リポソームは、コーティングされていても、安定化されていてもよい。
本明細書に記載されている化合物は、治療有効量の本明細書に提供される化合物及び/又は1つ若しくは複数の追加の化学療法剤を含み、1つ又は複数の薬学的に許容される担体及び/又は賦形剤と一緒に処方されている、薬学的に許容される組成物の形態で送達され得る。一部の場合において、本明細書に提供される化合物及び追加の化学療法剤は、別々の医薬組成物で投与され、(例えば、異なる物理的及び/又は化学的特徴のため)異なる経路で投与され得る(例えば、一方の化学療法剤は経口投与されるが、他方の化合物は静脈内投与される)。他の場合において、本明細書に提供される化合物及び追加の化学療法剤は別々であるが、同じ経路(例えば、両方とも経口的又は両方とも静脈内)で投与され得る。なお他の場合において、本明細書に記載される化合物及び追加の化学療法剤は、同じ医薬組成物で投与され得る。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供されるのはキットである。キットは、適切な包装の中に、本明細書に提供される化合物又は医薬組成物、及び使用説明書、臨床試験の考察、副作用のリストなどが含まれ得る文書を含むことができる。そのようなキットは、情報を含むこともでき、例えば、科学参照文献、包装挿入書面、臨床試験の結果及び/又は結果の要約などであり、これらは、医薬組成物の活性及び/若しくは利点を示す若しくは確立する、並びに/又は医療提供者に有用な服用、投与、副作用、薬物相互作用若しくは他の情報を記載する。そのような情報は、様々な研究、例えば、in vivoモデルを伴う実験動物を使用する研究及びヒト臨床試験に基づいた研究の結果に基づくことができる。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に提供される化合物は、1つ又は複数の他の療法と組み合わせて投与される。例えば、本明細書に提供されるのは、他の経路、又は同じ経路の他の構成成分、又はさらには標的酵素の重複セットを調節することが公知である薬剤が、本明細書に提供される化合物又はその薬学的に許容される形態(例えば、薬学的に許容される塩、水和物、溶媒和物、異性体、プロドラッグ及び同位体標識誘導体)と組み合わせて使用される併用療法のための方法である。一態様において、そのような療法には、相乗又は付加治療効果を提供する、対象化合物と、化学療法剤、治療抗体及び/又は放射線治療との組合せが含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
デ−エチルフラボペレイリンを合成し、デ−エチルフラボペレイリンの活性を2つの理由で分析した。第1には、エチル基を除去し、それによって化学相互作用の可能な源を除去して、フラボペレイリンの構造を簡略化するためである。第2には、化合物の三次元形態を維持するためであり、フラボペレイリンとデ−エチルフラボペレイリンは両方とも平面であり、がん細胞DNAにより生じると考えられるスタッキング相互作用(stacking interaction)に重要な特性である。
デ−エチルフラボペレイリン(化合物13−9−1)を合成する第一目標は、フラボペレイリン(化合物13−7−2)の抗がん細胞活性を依然として保持する異なる化合物を生成することであった。様々ながん細胞の繁殖に対する2つの化合物の効果を比較して、この目標が達成されたことを確証した。例えば、2つのヒト乳がん細胞株及び2つのヒト前立腺がん細胞株に対するデ−エチルフラボペレイリンの効果を分析した。乳がん細胞の場合では、2つの化合物は同じ濃度(同じIC50)で同じ程度に繁殖を阻害している。前立腺がん株の場合では、デ−エチルフラボペレイリンは半分の濃度でフラボペレイリンと同じように活性であり、時には、前立腺がん細胞増殖の抑制においてより強力であることを示した。
1.マウスにおける毒性:腹腔内投与
毒性研究は、試験したすべての用量(100mg/kg、150mg/kg及び200mg/kg)において、50%のマウスがフラボペレイリンの腹腔内(IP)注射の投与後に死亡した。同じ用量では、デ−エチルフラボペレイリンをIP注射したマウスで死亡したものはなく、統計的に有意な結果、P<0.05であった。
デ−エチルフラボペレイリンは、経口投与で与えたとき、300mg/kgの用量であってもマウスにおいて良好に忍容される。対照的に、フラボペレイリンは100mg/kgまでの用量のみが忍容される。
20mg/kg及び40mg/kg用量では、化合物13−9−1のマウスへの静脈内投与は良好に忍容された。20mg/kg用量は、化合物が抗腫瘍効果を発揮するのに十分な血清濃度をもたらした。
デ−エチルフラボペレイリンを、卵巣がん、膵がん、脳がん及び結腸がん細胞株に対する活性について試験した。結果を図7〜10に示す。それぞれの場合において、データは抗がん活性を実証し、この抗がん剤の挙動についての追加の詳細も明らかにしている。細胞障害性は、黄色テトラゾリウム色素の3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾール−2−イル)−2,5−ジフェニルテトラゾリウムブロミド(MTT)を不溶性の紫色のホルマザンに還元することによってアッセイする。MTTアッセイは、生存細胞の数を決定する比色アッセイである。
図11に示されているフローサイトメトリー分析の結果は、合成化合物13−9−1ががん細胞を死滅させることができる1つの作用機構が、アポトーシスの誘導であることを実証している。この誘導は用量依存的であり、化合物の濃度が高いほど、アポトーシスを経る膵がん細胞の百分率が高くなる。未処理細胞からなる対照と比較すると、差は統計的に有意である(p<0.01)。
軟寒天における足場非依存性コロニー形成アッセイを使用して、デ−エチルフラボペレイリンへの曝露後の腫瘍形成性膵がん細胞の長期生存(20日間)を試験した。PANC−1細胞は未処理の場合では12%の率でコロニーを形成した。デ−エチルフラボペレイリンは、軟寒天におけるPANC−1コロニーの形成を完全に阻害した。化合物13−9−1への曝露後に生存した腫瘍形成性がん細胞はなかった(図13)。
有効な抗がん治療の最も強力な戦略の1つは、薬物組合せを用いることである。デ−エチルフラボペレイリンが、がん細胞の損傷DNA構造を特異的に標的にすることによりがん細胞にアポトーシスを誘導することができるので、潜在的な相乗的組合せを、多種多様な作用機構を有する抗がん薬の長いリストと形成することができる。
化合物13−9−1のマウスへの投与
マウスへの最適な投与経路及び投与量範囲を確立する予備試験は、IV投与が20mg/kg及び40mg/kgで良好に忍容されたこと、同時に経口投与が100mg/kg、200mg/kg及びさらには300mg/kgでも良好に忍容されたことを実証した(図15)。経口投与をマウス実験のために選択し、それは、投与が、尾静脈注射の必要性を避けることによって簡素化されるからである。
経口投与(200mg/kg)の後、化合物13−9−1は、脳を含むすべての試験臓器及び組織において見出された。最高濃度(最高Cmax)は、腎臓、結腸及び脾臓において見出された。最高AUCは、肺において見出され、続いて脾臓、結腸及び腎臓の順であった。
抗がん化合物の活性を試験するマウスモデルは、極めて強力であることが証明されており、ヒトがん患者における化合物の有効性を推定する優れた基礎を提供している。ヒトがん細胞の異種移植片が同所性移植されたときに特に当てはまり、これは、腫瘍が関連する臓器において増殖し、生理学的環境がヒトの臨床状態を模倣することを意味する。
放射線及び化学療法により治療されたがん患者は、多くの場合、治療後に寛解期に入る。寛解は数か月間又は数年間続くこともあるが、がんは、連続した治療にもかかわらず、戻ること、転移すること、最終的により侵襲性になることが一般的である。がん幹細胞は、化学療法抵抗性、放射線抵抗性及び再発の基礎を提供する。腫瘍細胞のサブセットであるがん幹細胞は、抗がん治療の破壊効果に抵抗すること、長期間存続することができ、次いで腫瘍再増殖を可能にする。抗がん幹細胞活性を実証する薬剤は、新たな成功したがん療法を開発する助けとなる。
図27は、デ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物で処理したPANC−1細胞を注射した後のマウスにおける膵臓腫瘍形成に対するデ−エチルフラボペレイリンの効果を示す。次いでマウスを、注射した後にデ−エチルフラボペレイリンで20日間にわたって治療した。20日後、腫瘍形成が、化合物13−9−1で処理したPANC−1を注射した動物の55%に観察され、一方では、腫瘍形成が対照(未治療)群の動物の100%に生じた。最大腫瘍形成率は39日目に80%に達し、これは、対照と比較すると極めて有意な差である(ログランクテストによりP=0.001)。この実験は、デ−エチルフラボペレイリンがPANC−1がん幹細胞の確定された活性、すなわち新たな腫瘍を形成する能力を阻害することを実証している。
健康な幹細胞は、臓器中に細胞の小さな個体群を通常提示する。健康な幹細胞は特定化された体細胞であり、自己再生と分化が可能であり、それによって組織の増殖及び維持を調節する。幹細胞は、Wntシグナル伝達と呼ばれる生化学経路によって制御される。
慢性炎症は多くのタイプのがんにとっての引き金である。慢性膵炎として公知である膵臓の慢性炎症は、膵がんの有意に高いリスクに関連してきた。このため、デ−エチルフラボペレイリンの抗炎症活性を試験して、膵炎を抑制できるか、したがって慢性炎症から膵がんへの移行を予防する潜在性を有するかを調べた。結果は陽性であり、デ−エチルフラボペレイリンは膵炎に対して有意な抗炎症効果を有し、このことは、膵炎又は他のがんリスク因子を有する患者において、膵がんの予防にデ−エチルフラボペレイリンを使用することを正当化している。
デ−エチルフラボペレイリンは、図30に示されているように、ヒト結腸がん細胞の皮下異種移植片を受けたマウスにおいて、HT−29腫瘍体積を低減した。この例では、デ−エチルフラボペレイリンの抗腫瘍活性をIFL(イリノテカン、フルオロウラシル及びロイコボリンの組合せ)の活性と比較した。IFLは、結腸直腸がんの治療に日常的に使用されているが、有意な毒性に関連している。毒性は、一部がリポソーム中にカプセル化イリノテカンを有して負の副作用を低減するほど激しいものである。
本出願は、2018年3月31日出願の米国特許仮出願第62/651,133号の優先権を主張し、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
参考文献
Claims (15)
- 1つ又は複数の用量でデ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物を、がんに罹患している又はがんの上昇したリスクを有する対象に投与することを含む治療方法であって、前記化合物が、デ−エチルフラボペレイリン、その塩、その溶媒和物、その水和物、又は前記溶媒和物若しくは前記水和物の塩である、治療方法。
- 医薬として使用されるデ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物であって、デ−エチルフラボペレイリン、その塩、その溶媒和物、その水和物、又は前記溶媒和物若しくは前記水和物の塩である、化合物。
- がん又は慢性炎症の治療に使用されるデ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物であって、デ−エチルフラボペレイリン、その塩、その溶媒和物、その水和物、又は前記溶媒和物若しくは前記水和物の塩である、化合物。
- がん又は慢性炎症に罹患している対象の療法のための、医薬組成物又はキット・オブ・パーツを含む医療装置の製造のためのデ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物の使用であって、前記化合物が、デ−エチルフラボペレイリン、その塩、その溶媒和物、その水和物、又は前記溶媒和物若しくは前記水和物の塩である、使用。
- 請求項4に記載されたように製造される、医薬組成物又はキット・オブ・パーツを含む医療装置。
- 前記医薬組成物又は前記医療装置が全身投与のために処方される、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- 前記医薬組成物又は前記医療装置が局所投与のために処方される、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- 前記医薬組成物又は前記医療装置が少なくとも経腸投与のために処方される、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- 前記医薬組成物又は前記医療装置が少なくとも非経口投与のために処方される、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- 前記医薬組成物又は前記医療装置が、少なくとも局所適用、吸入、眼科用又は舌下投与のために処方される、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- 前記医療装置が埋め込み型である、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5〜10のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- デ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物以外の薬剤をさらに含み、前記薬剤が、がんの治療に活性であり、前記デ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物と同じ又は異なる経路で投与される、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5〜11のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- 前記がんが、癌腫、肉腫、黒色腫、白血病及びリンパ腫からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの疾患として特徴付けられる、請求項1に記載の治療方法、請求項2若しくは3に記載のデ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5〜12のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- 前記がんが、肺がん、脾臓がん、結腸がん、腎がん、肝がん、膵がん及び卵巣がんからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療方法、請求項2若しくは3に記載のデ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物、請求項4に記載の使用又は請求項5〜13のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物若しくは医療装置。
- 治療有効量の1つ又は複数のデ−エチルフラボペレイリン化合物を含み、前記1つ又は複数の化合物が、デ−エチルフラボペレイリン、その塩、その溶媒和物、その水和物、前記溶媒和物若しくは前記水和物の塩、又はこれらの任意の組合せである、医薬組成物又はキット・オブ・パーツを含む医療装置。
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- 2019-04-01 JP JP2021502738A patent/JP7491514B2/ja active Active
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JP7491514B2 (ja) | 2024-05-28 |
EP3773582C0 (en) | 2023-10-25 |
EP3773582A1 (en) | 2021-02-17 |
CA3094388A1 (en) | 2019-10-03 |
EP3773582B1 (en) | 2023-10-25 |
WO2019191776A1 (en) | 2019-10-03 |
US20210015803A1 (en) | 2021-01-21 |
US11083714B2 (en) | 2021-08-10 |
CN112601527A (zh) | 2021-04-02 |
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