JP2021527405A - 合成肝臓指向性アデノ随伴ウイルスカプシドおよびその使用 - Google Patents
合成肝臓指向性アデノ随伴ウイルスカプシドおよびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【選択図】図1A
Description
(a)配列番号1〜3のいずれか1つのヌクレオチド配列;または
(b)配列番号4〜6のいずれか1つをコードするヌクレオチド配列
と少なくとも90%同一であるAAVカプシドコード配列を含む、
核酸、ならびに上記核酸を含む細胞およびウイルス性粒子に関する。
本発明の核酸、AAV repコード配列、異種性核酸を含むAAVベクターゲノム、および増殖性AAV感染をもたらすためのヘルパー機能を有するin vitroにある細胞を準備するステップと、
AAVカプシドを含む組み換えAAV粒子のアセンブリを可能にし、上記AAVベクターゲノムをカプシドに包有するステップと
を含む方法に関する。
本発明の説明および添付の特許請求の範囲におけるAAVカプシドサブユニット中の全てのアミノ酸の位置の表記は、VP1カプシドサブユニットのナンバリングに対するものである。
本発明者らは、他の臓器での指向性が最小限である、in vivoおよびin vitroでヒトおよび他の哺乳類の肝細胞の形質導入を提供することができる合成AAVカプシド構造を同定した。よって、本発明の一態様は、対象、たとえば野生型の対象に肝臓への遺伝子導入を提供できる合成AAVカプシド構造に関する。特定の実施形態では、本発明は、AAVカプシドをコードする核酸であって、上記核酸が、(a)配列番号1〜3のいずれか1つのヌクレオチド配列;または(b)配列番号4〜6のいずれか1つをコードするヌクレオチド配列と少なくとも90%同一であるAAVカプシドコード配列を含むか、またはから本質的になるか、またはからなる、核酸;およびキメラのAAVカプシドを含むウイルスに関する。一部の実施形態では、AAVカプシドコード配列は、(a)または(b)のヌクレオチド配列と少なくとも90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、99.1%、99.2%、99.3%、99.4%、99.5%、99.6%、99.7%、99.8%、または99.9%同一である。別の実施形態では、AAVカプシドコード配列は、(a)または(b)のヌクレオチド配列を含むか、またはから本質的になるか、またはからなる。
また本発明は、他の臓器への送達を最小限にしつつ、異種性ヌクレオチド配列を肝臓に送達するための方法に関する。本発明のウイルスベクターは、たとえばin vitroでポリペプチドもしくは核酸を作製するため、またはex vivoでの遺伝子療法のため、in vitroで目的のヌクレオチド配列を肝細胞に送達するために使用され得る。ベクターは、たとえば治療用または免疫原性のポリペプチドまたは核酸を発現するための、それを必要とする対象にヌクレオチド配列を送達する方法にさらに有用である。よってこの方法では、ポリペプチドまたは核酸は、対象においてin vivoで産生され得る。対象でポリペプチドが不足しているため、または対象におけるポリペプチドもしくは核酸の産生が、処置の方法もしくは他の方法として、および以下にさらに説明されるように何らかの治療効果を提供し得るため、対象は上記ポリペプチドまたは核酸を必要とし得る。
AAVカプシド遺伝子のシャッフルされたライブラリーの構築
AAVカプシド遺伝子のシャッフルされたライブラリーの構築を、前述(Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(10):3946 (2009); Yang et al., Meth. Mol. Biol. 709:127 (2011))のように行った。AAV血清型1、2、3B、4、6、7、8、および9のカプシド遺伝子を、AAV2末端逆位配列(ITR)およびAAV2 Rep遺伝子を含む同じベクターpXX−UF1−AAVにクローニングした。ITR、AAV2 Rep、および8つの異なるCap遺伝子のそれぞれを含むこれらプラスミドを、順次pXX−UF1−AAVnと命名した。カプシド遺伝子は、DNAシャフリングのために同じ比率で混合したプライマーCAP−5’ 5’−CCC−AAGCTTCGATCAACTACGCAGACAGGTACCAA−3’(配列番号7)およびCAP−3’ 5’−ATAAGAAT−GCGGCCGC−AGAGACCAAAGTTCAACTGAAACGA−3’(配列番号8)により増幅させた(Stemmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747 (1994))。簡潔に述べると、4μgのDNAテンプレートを、15℃にて0.04UのDNase Iで短時間処理し、300〜500および500〜1000bpのフラグメントを、pfu DNAポリメラーゼを使用するカプシド遺伝子の再アセンブリのためアガロースゲルから精製した。再アセンブリしたカプシド遺伝子を、CAP5’/CAP3’プライマーを使用してpfu DNAポリメラーゼにより再増幅させ、HindIII/NotIで消化させ、AAV2 RepおよびCap遺伝子に隣接するAAV2 ITRを含むHindIII/NotIで消化されたpXX−UF1−AAVベクターにライゲートした。HindIII/NotIによる消化は、肝臓に多く含まれるCap遺伝子のPCRにより増幅されるフラグメントの置き換えのためAAV2カプシド遺伝子を効率的に除去した。PCRプログラムは、94℃で5分間;94℃で1分間、ホットスタートでは75℃で5分間、60℃で1分間、72℃で4.5分間;29サイクルの94℃で1分間、60℃で1分間、72℃で4.5分間;72℃で10分間であった。再構築されたプラスミドを、E. coli DH10B細胞に形質転換し、多くのクローンを、制限酵素の解析のためにランダムに採取して、組み換えの頻度およびパッケージングの実行可能性を決定した。得られたITR含有感染性AAVプラスミドライブラリーを使用して、自己パッケージングするAAVウイルス性粒子のライブラリーを作製した。
マウスの肝臓におけるin vivoでのエンリッチメント
肝臓に対して標的化されたAAVバリアントのin vivoでのスクリーニングのため、1×1011vg(ベクターゲノム)/マウスのキメラ性AAVライブラリーを、成体のC57BL/6Jマウスへ尾静脈を介して投与した。2週間後に、肝臓および他の組織を含むマウスの組織を、フェノール/クロロホルム抽出を使用するゲノムDNAの単離のため回収した。カプシド遺伝子用の一般的なプライマーを使用して総肝臓DNAのPCR増幅を行った後、PCR産物を、AAV2 ITRおよびRep遺伝子を含むAAVプラスミド骨格に再度クローニングした。これにより、カプシド遺伝子のPCR産物およびpXX−UF1−AAVベクターを、HindIII/NotIで消化させ、クローニングのためライゲートした。第2のラウンドの感染性AAV粒子の作製を、第1のラウンドのin vivoでのエンリッチメントからもたらし、マウスに再度注射した。このin vivoでのエンリッチメントプロセスを、マウスで3回反復した。
レポーター遺伝子を含むAAVベクターの作製
カプシドに特異的なパッケージングプラスミドを、従来の大規模な調製方法により作製し、CsCl密度こう配超遠心により2回精製した。これらプラスミドは、ユビキタスなプロモーターCMVまたはCB(CMV−エンハーサー+ニワトリのβアクチン基本プロモーター)の転写制御下での緑色蛍光タンパク質GFPおよびβ−ガラクトシダーゼLac−Zの遺伝子などのレポーター遺伝子を含むAAVベクターのパッケージングに使用した。AAVベクターは、各新規のカプシドにパッケージングし、従来の二重CsCl密度こう配超遠心により精製した。レポーターベクターの力価を、既知のコピー数の対応するレポーターベクターのプラスミドのDNAに対するDNAドットブロット法により決定した。全てのベクターの収率は、正常な範囲にあった。
マウスにおいて肝臓に多く含まれるAAVカプシドのin vivoでの試験
in vivoで多く含まれる選択された新規カプシドが肝臓に形質導入する際に効力があるかどうかを試験するために、AAVXL12およびAAVXL32を使用して、2つのレポーター遺伝子、GFPおよびLacZを別々にパッケージングした。これらベクターを精製し、力価決定し、5×1012vg/kg体重の用量でC57B/6マウスの尾静脈を介して静脈内注射した。同じGFPおよびLacZの遺伝子をパッケージングするAAV9ベクターを、AAV9の遺伝子導入がマウスの肝臓で強力であるため、陽性対象として使用した。図1A〜1Bで示されるように、これら結果は、GFPおよびLacZのレポーター遺伝子の両方で、AAVXL12およびAAVXL32が、対照のAAV9と本質的に同じレベルの肝臓遺伝子発現を達成することを明らかにし、マウスにおいて肝臓指向性カプシド遺伝子を多く含むin vivoでの選択戦略が確認された。
ヒト肝臓がん細胞株での肝臓に多く含まれるAAVカプシドのin vitroでの試験
肝臓指向性カプシドがヒト起源の肝臓細胞に形質導入できるかどうかを見るために、まずベクターを、Huh7と命名されているヒト肝臓がん細胞株においてin vitroで試験した。Huh7は、肝臓に特異的なプロモーターを用いるAAVベクター遺伝子発現に関するin vitroでのアッセイで広く使用されている。この細胞株は、ヒト肝細胞の性質の一部を保持し、培養された初代ヒト肝細胞と正の相関を示す。よって、この細胞株は、ヒト起源の細胞でのAAVカプシドの肝臓指向性の最初の試験に使用され得る。再度、AAV9を、陽性対照として使用した。図2に示されるように、AAVXL12およびAAVXL32は両方とも、1×105vg/細胞および1×104vg/細胞の感染多重度(moi)で著しく効率的な遺伝子発現を達成した。他方で、AAV9は、Huh7細胞に形質導入する際に効率的ではなかった。数個のlacZ陽性細胞のみが、高いmoiで検出された。これら結果は、AAVXL12およびAAVXL32が、マウス肝臓細胞に加えて、ヒト肝臓細胞に対して高い親和性を有し得ることを示唆している。
ヒトおよびイヌの初代肝細胞での肝臓に多く含まれるAAVカプシドのin vitroでの試験
特定のAAV血清型は、マウスの肝臓に非常に良好に形質導入するがヒトまたは非ヒト(サル)の肝臓への形質導入は不十分であり(Hurlbut et al., Mol. Ther.18:1983 (2010))、対して他の血清型は、マウスの肝臓への形質導入は不十分であるが、ヒト化した肝臓のマウスモデル(Lisowski et al., Nature 506(7488):382 (2014))およびサル(Li et al., Mol. Ther. 12:1867 (2015))では非常に良好に形質導入が行われるため、この矛盾は、新規の肝臓指向性AAVカプシドも同様にヒトおよびイヌの初代肝細胞培養物に有効に形質導入するかどうかの試験を促した。
非ヒト霊長類の肝臓でのAAVXL32のin vivoでの試験
次に、肝臓指向性カプシドが非ヒト霊長類の肝臓でも効率的な遺伝子導入を達成できるかどうかを試験した。AAVXL32を、AAV8と比較するために選択した。後者は、サルの肝臓に形質導入できることが以前に報告されており、また、血友病Bの臨床試験においてヒトでの肝臓指向性遺伝子療法に使用されている。3〜5歳の成体の雄性のアカゲザル(Rhesus Macaque monkey)を、以前に公開された論文にしたがいAAVXL32およびAAV8に対する血清中和抗体に関してスクリーニングした。1:8未満の中和抗体力価を有する4匹のサルを選択し、AAVベクターを静脈内注射した。2匹のサルに、1×1012vg/kg体重の用量で、AAVXL32−CB−GFPを注射し、2匹にAAV−CB−GFPを注射した。AAVベクター発現カセットは、より迅速かつ効率的な遺伝子発現のため二本鎖の(同様に自己相補的とも呼ばれる)の形態であった。2週間後に、サルを安楽死させ、肝臓組織を、凍結薄切片で採取し、緑色蛍光撮影を行った。図5に示されるように、AAVXL32は、サルの肝臓においてAAV8よりも有意に高いレベルのGFP発現を達成した。GFP陽性細胞は、AAVXL32で処置したサルにおいて高い蛍光強度およびより陽性の細胞(矢印により指摘)で容易に検出される。他方で、AAV8で処置したサルは、上記よりもかなり少ない陽性細胞および弱い蛍光強度を示した。これら結果は、AAVXL32が、非ヒト霊長類においてAAV8よりも有意に肝臓指向性があることを強力に示唆している。
AAVXL32カプシドタンパク質の性質決定および第3のカプシドタンパク質のための弱い開始コドンの除去
カプシドタンパク質を性質決定するために、二重のCsCl超遠心分離で精製されDNAドットブロットで力価決定されたAAVXL32カプシドを解析した。精製したベクターを、SDS PAGEゲルにローディングし、銀染色後にVPタンパク質の分子量を決定した。図6に示されるように、AAVXL32は、4つのバンドを呈した。全ての天然のAAVの典型的なVP1タンパク質、VP2タンパク質、およびVP3タンパク質に加え、VP1およびVP2の間に追加のバンド(本明細書中VPXと命名)が存在した。この追加のバンドは、大分子タンパク質VP1に固有の領域に位置するXhoI制限部位でのAAV7およびAAV8のカプシド遺伝子の単一のヌクレオチドの部位特異的な変異誘発の結果であった。この変異を作製する本来の目的は、AAV血清型1、2、3、4、6、7、8、および9のカプシド遺伝子を含むAAVカプシド遺伝子のDNAシャフリングライブラリーでのDNAクローニングの簡便性のためであった(Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(10):3946 (2009))。VP1開始コドンから計測してヌクレオチド219でのXhoI部位での単一のC−G変異(CTCGAGからCTGGAG)は、AAV7およびAAV8の両方のカプシド遺伝子におけるアミノ酸ロイシンでのセンス変異を作製した。これは、VP1タンパク質アミノ酸配列を変更しなかった。しかしながら、このセンス変異は、(伝統的なATG開始コドンと比較して)弱い非コンセンサスな開始コドンCTGを作製したとの疑いがあった。これは、VP1およびVP2の間に追加のカプシドタンパク質VPXの産生をもたらし得た。明らかに、この追加のバンドは、認識できる方法でベクターDNAのパッケージングおよび感染性を損なうものではなかった。センス変異が追加のカプシドタンパク質で弱い開始コドンを作製したことを確認するために、部位特異的な変異誘発を行い、C−G変異を野生型のAAV7およびAAV8の配列の元のCに戻した。AAVXL32.1と称される復帰変異を有する新規のカプシド遺伝子は、実際に弱い開始コドンを不活性化し、VP1およびVP2の間の追加のカプシドバンドを除去した(図6)。XL32またはXL32.1のいずれかにパッケージングされたLacZレポーター遺伝子ベクターは、ベクターの収率および感染性に明らかな差異を示さず、追加のカプシドバンドが、AAVカプシド機能においてわずかなまたは知られていない役割を果たしたことが示唆される。
ヒト血清サンプルにおける中和抗体の普及
ヒトの集団において既存のAAVカプシドに対する中和抗体(Nab)は、AAVが介在するin vivoでの遺伝子療法にとって重要な問題である。AAV2およびAAV3などの一部のAAVの血清型は、非常に著しくNabが普及している(Ling, J. Integr. Med. 5:341 (2015))。肝臓指向性AAVXL32カプシドに対するNabの普及に関する予備評価を行った。中国人患者のグループの血清サンプルにおけるNabの普及を、それらの身元を完全に知らされることなく試験した。特に、100名の異なる人物由来の血清を、それらの既存のAAVXL32カプシドに対するNAbに関して試験した。Nabアッセイは、原則的に、Lingらおよびその中の参照文献(Ling, J. Integr. Med. 5:341 (2015))により以前に公開された方法により行った。修飾は、レポーター遺伝子としての分泌性ルシフェラーゼ(Gaussiaルシフェラーゼ)およびテスター細胞としてヒト肝臓細胞株Huh7を使用することにより行った。簡潔に述べると、5×104細胞/ウェルのHuh7細胞を、丸底の96ウェルプレートにプレーティングした。翌日、個々の血清サンプルを、2倍増加させながら段階希釈した。Nab陽性対照は、AAVXL32で免疫化したマウスから集めた血清であり、陰性対照は、Sigmaから購入したネイティブなマウスから集めた血清であった。希釈した血清サンプルおよびAAVを、37℃で1時間インキュベートし、1日早くHuh7細胞を播種したプレートに添加した。AAVXL32感染から48時間後に、細胞培養培地の小さなアリコートを、ルシフェラーゼ活性アッセイのため各ウェルから採取した。ホタルのルシフェラーゼとは異なり、Gaussiaルシフェラーゼは、分泌性酵素であり、酵素活性の測定のため細胞を溶解する必要がない。これら結果は、血清サンプルの50%超のNab力価が1:8希釈未満であり、約70%のNab力価が、1:16希釈未満であったことを示した。これらデータは、AAVXL32のNab普及が、中国人の集団においてAAV2、AAV3、AAVKL3、AAV5、およびAAV8に関して以前に公開されたデータよりも著しく低かったことを示している。これら試験では、AAV2、AAV3、およびAAVK03は、1:20希釈の血清希釈カットオフを有する対象の90%超において中和抗体に陽性であることが見出され、対して、AAV8は、同じ1:20の希釈カットオフでNab陽性率が80%超であり、AAV5の陽性率は70%超であった。
5’−CCC−AAGCTTCGATCAACTACGCAGACAGGTACCAA−3’
5’−ATAAGAAT−GCGGCCGC−AGAGACCAAAGTTCAACTGAAACGA−3’
Claims (35)
- AAVカプシドをコードする核酸であって、
(a)配列番号1〜3のいずれか1つのヌクレオチド配列;または
(b)配列番号4〜6のいずれか1つをコードするヌクレオチド配列
と少なくとも90%同一であるAAVカプシドコード配列を含む、
核酸。 - 前記AAVカプシドコード配列が、(a)または(b)のヌクレオチド配列と少なくとも95%同一である、請求項1に記載の核酸。
- 前記AAVカプシドコード配列が、(a)または(b)のヌクレオチド配列と少なくとも99%同一である、請求項1に記載の核酸。
- 前記AAVカプシドコード配列が、(a)または(b)のヌクレオチド配列と少なくとも99.5%同一である、請求項1に記載の核酸。
- 前記AAVカプシドコード配列が、(a)または(b)のヌクレオチド配列を含む、請求項1に記載の核酸。
- プラスミド、ファージ、ウイルス性ベクター、細菌人工染色体、または酵母人工染色体である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の核酸。
- 前記コード配列を含むAAVベクターである、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の核酸。
- AAV repコード配列をさらに含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の核酸。
- ゲノム中に安定に組み込まれている請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の核酸を含む、in vitroにある細胞。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の核酸を含む、ウイルス粒子。
- 前記ウイルス粒子が、AAV粒子、アデノウイルス粒子、ヘルペスウイルス粒子、またはバキュロウイルス粒子である、請求項10に記載のウイルス粒子。
- 配列番号4〜6のいずれか1つと少なくとも90%同一であるアミノ酸配列を含むAAVカプシド。
- 配列番号4〜6のいずれか1つと少なくとも95%同一であるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項12に記載のAAVカプシド。
- 配列番号4〜6のいずれか1つと少なくとも99%同一であるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項12に記載のAAVカプシド。
- 配列番号4〜6のいずれか1つと少なくとも99.5%同一であるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項12に記載のAAVカプシド。
- 配列番号4〜6のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項12に記載のAAVカプシド。
- DNA分子、RNA分子、ポリペプチド、炭水化物、脂質、および有機小分子からなる群から選択される化合物に共有結合しているか、結合しているか、または前記化合物をカプシドに包有している、請求項12〜16のいずれか1項に記載のAAVカプシド。
- AAVベクターゲノムと、
前記AAVベクターゲノムをカプシドに包有している、請求項12〜16のいずれか1項に記載のAAVカプシドと
を含む、AAV粒子。 - 前記AAVベクターゲノムが、異種性核酸を含む、請求項18に記載のAAV粒子。
- 前記異種性核酸が、アンチセンスRNA、マイクロRNA、またはRNAiをコードする、請求項19に記載のAAV粒子。
- 前記異種性核酸が、ポリペプチドをコードする、請求項19に記載のAAV粒子。
- 前記異種性核酸が、治療用ポリペプチドをコードする、請求項21に記載のAAV粒子。
- 前記異種性核酸が、レポータータンパク質をコードする、請求項21に記載のAAV粒子。
- 前記異種性核酸が、RNAポリメラーゼIIベースまたはRNAポリメラーゼIIIベースのプロモーター、たとえば構成的プロモーターまたは誘導性プロモーターに作動可能に結合している、請求項18〜23のいずれか1項に記載のAAV粒子。
- 前記異種性核酸が、肝臓に特異的であるかまたは肝臓に好ましいプロモーターに作動可能に結合している、請求項18〜24のいずれか1項に記載のAAV粒子。
- 前記肝臓に特異的であるかまたは肝臓に好ましいプロモーターが、アポリポタンパク質AII、アルブミン、α1−アンチトリプシン、チロキシン結合グロブリン、チトクロムP450 CYP3A4、もしくはマイクロRNA122、または合成の肝臓に特異的な制御配列に由来するプロモーターである、請求項25に記載のAAV粒子。
- AAVカプシドを含む組み換えAAV粒子を作製する方法であって、
請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の核酸、AAV repコード配列、異種性核酸を含むAAVベクターゲノム、および増殖性AAV感染をもたらすためのヘルパー機能を有するin vitroにある細胞を準備するステップと、
AAVカプシドを含む組み換えAAV粒子のアセンブリを可能にし、前記AAVベクターゲノムをカプシドに包有するステップと
を含む、方法。 - 請求項27に記載の方法により作製されるAAV粒子。
- 薬学的に許容される担体において、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の核酸、請求項10もしくは11のいずれか1項に記載のウイルス粒子、請求項12〜17のいずれか1項に記載のAAVカプシド、または請求項18〜26もしくは28のいずれか1項に記載のAAV粒子を含む、医薬製剤。
- 目的の核酸を肝細胞に送達する方法であって、前記肝細胞を請求項18〜26または28のいずれか1項に記載のAAV粒子と接触させるステップを含む、方法。
- 哺乳類の対象において目的の核酸を肝細胞に送達する方法であって、
請求項18〜26もしくは28のいずれか1項に記載のAAV粒子または請求項29に記載の医薬製剤の有効量を哺乳類の対象に投与することにより、前記哺乳類の対象の肝細胞に前記目的の核酸を送達するステップ
を含む、方法。 - 前記哺乳類の対象が、ヒトの対象である、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記AAV粒子が、肝臓に送達される、請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- 前記AAV粒子が、肝臓内への注射、門脈内への注射、またはそれらのいずれかの組み合わせにより肝臓へ直接送達される、請求項33に記載の方法。
- それを必要とする哺乳類の対象の障害を処置する方法であって、前記障害が、前記対象の肝臓において産物を発現させることにより処置可能であり、前記方法が、請求項18〜26もしくは28のいずれか1項に記載のAAV粒子または請求項29に記載の医薬製剤の治療有効量を哺乳類の対象に投与して、前記産物を発現させることにより、前記障害を処置するステップを含む、方法。
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