JP2020068666A - Wheat straw formed feeding stuff and method of raising livestock using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide new roughage feed stuff and means to help alleviate feeding workload in livestock farming, especially feeding stuff contributing to alleviation of the feeding workload.SOLUTION: Wheat straw formed feeding stuff of this invention is formed by applying pressure to cutoff wheat straw. The wheat straw formed feeding stuff can alleviate feeding workload since it can be fed to livestock simultaneously with formula feeding stuff to which the wheat straw formed feeding stuff is mixed. Although the wheat straw formed feeding stuff and the formula feeding stuff are blended and fed to raising cattle, somatic growth performance and carcass growth performance are equally high compared with a normal raising method (feeding long roughage feeding stuff and the formula feeding stuff).SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 8

Description

  TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a wheat straw forming feed and a method for raising livestock using the feed.

  There are two types of cattle feed: mixed feed and roughage. The compounded feed is a feed in which additives such as vitamins are mixed with a plurality of feed materials such as corn, rice bran, barley, soybean meal and the like, and contains a large amount of starch and protein. The roughage is grass with high fiber content, wheat straw, rice straw, etc., and is given raw, dried or fermented (silage). The compound feed and the roughage are fed while changing the distribution and the amount of feed depending on the growth stage and purpose (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2).

  Many livestock farmers manually feed roughage and compound feed twice in the morning and evening, and feeding only four times a day. Feeding work is typical of the physical work of the livestock industry, but in addition, there are other physical work tasks, especially for elderly workers, such as cleaning drinking areas and changing bedding. There are many. In the current situation where it is difficult to secure the employment of employees, it is difficult to secure young personnel, and it is necessary to perform the work with a small number of personnel, so the burden on elderly farmers is increasing.

Illustrated introduction to livestock from zero knowledge, April 21, 2016 2nd edition, pp. 76-77, House of Light Association New edition: Basics of Livestock Breeding, page 14, March 31, 2008, pages 14-15, General Association for Agriculture, Mountain and Fishing Village Culture

  One object of the present invention is to provide a new forage. Another object of the present invention is to provide a means for reducing the labor burden of feeding work in the livestock industry, and in particular, to provide a feed useful for reducing the burden of feeding work.

  As described above, the work of feeding the roughage feed and the compound feed separately twice a day in the morning and evening is a great burden especially for the elderly. The inventors of the present application thought that by developing a feed containing the necessary roughage in the compounded feed, the number of times of feeding can be reduced from 4 times to 2 times a day, and the time for feeding the roughage can be shortened. Did research. As a result, the straw that is normally fed as long (uncut) is chopped and compressed to form shaped feed, which is mixed with the mixed feed and fed to cattle to mix with long rough feed. The present invention has been completed based on the finding that it is possible to achieve good breeding performance comparable to that in the case where feeds are separately fed and that the labor load of feeding work can be reduced by using such shaped feed.

  That is, the present invention provides a wheat straw molded feed obtained by molding the cut wheat straw under pressure. The present invention also provides a feed for livestock, which comprises the wheat straw forming feed of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for raising livestock, which comprises feeding the above-mentioned wheat straw shaped feed of the present invention with a mixed feed to livestock, or feeding the above-mentioned feed of the present invention to livestock. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for producing beef, which comprises feeding a wheat straw forming feed with a mixed feed to beef cattle, or feeding the above-mentioned feed of the present invention to beef cattle.

  According to the present invention, a wheat straw formed feed was provided for the first time. The wheat straw molding feed can be fed to livestock at the same time as it is mixed with the mixed feed, so that the labor burden of feeding work can be reduced. Even when the wheat straw molding feed and the mixed feed are mixed and fed to the fattening cattle, the weight gain and carcass results are as good as those of the normal fattening method (feeding the long roughage and the mixed feed). Although there are concerns about a decrease in rumination time and a decrease in rumen pH, the results are comprehensively judged to be practically acceptable, and the mixed feed of wheat straw molding feed and compounded feed is for livestock, especially beef cattle in the fattening period. Practical enough as a feed for

In Example 1, rice straw, wheat straw (wheat straw), and wheat straw cubes (wheat straw molding feed) were each enclosed in a nylon bag, and the mixture was put into the stomach of a test cow from a lumen fistula to remove DM. It is a result of evaluating the NDF disappearance rate and the ADF disappearance rate. It is the result of having measured the rumination time of each test section of Example 1 which fed rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube. The rumination time of each individual when fed with rice straw was set as 100, and shown as the rice straw comparison (%). 1 is a graph showing the rumination time per 1 kg of the intake of dry matter derived from roughage in each test section of Example 1 fed with rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube. The results are shown in comparison with rice straw (%). It is the rumination time per 1 kg of rough feed-derived NDF intake in each test section of Example 1 fed with rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube. The results are shown in comparison with rice straw (%). It is a transition of pH in a lumen of each test section of Example 1 which fed rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube. It is the graph which summarized the time when pH in a lumen became less than 5.8 about each test section of Example 1 which fed rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube. It is an image showing the condition of the feed when the feed containing wheat SC was fed by an automatic feeding machine. There was a large proportion of wheat straw cubes and the shape of the cubes was maintained (left), or the shape of wheat straw cubes collapsed and the proportion of pellets was large (right). 5 is a graph showing changes in body weight of a test plot and a control plot of Example 2 during a test period. 5 is a graph showing changes in the feed intake of the test plots and control plots of Example 2 during the test period. 3 is a graph showing changes in blood properties (γ-GTP, total cholesterol, NEFA, BUN, vitamin A, β carotene) of the test group and the control group of Example 2 during the test period. It is a result of having measured the rumination time during the test period of the test section and the control section of Example 2. Upper: average value per day for the entire test period, lower: transition during the test period. It is the pH of the rumen solution of the test plot and the control plot of Example 2 after 3 hours from feeding the feed. The measurement was performed at 11, 18, and 24 months of age.

  The wheat straw molded feed of the present invention is a feed obtained by molding cut wheat straw (wheat straw) under pressure, and can be used as a rough feed. The wheat straw forming feed contains wheat straw as a main raw material, which is a grass raw material, and may optionally contain clay such as bentonite as an additive.

  The wheat straw forming feed of the present invention is wheat straw in which 90% or more, for example, 95% or more, 98% or more, or 99% or more of the herbaceous material as the main component is wheat straw and does not contain other herbaceous materials. That is, 100% of the herbaceous material may be wheat straw. When clay is included, its content is usually about 1 to 10 parts with respect to 100 parts of the herbaceous raw material.

Wheat straw forming feed can be produced by cutting a herbaceous material mainly composed of wheat straw into several cm (for example, about 4 to 6 cm), appropriately adding water and mixing, and forming by applying high pressure. it can. As a binder, clay such as bentonite may be added and mixed and pressurized. When clay is added, the addition amount is about 1 to 10%. The strength of the pressure is not particularly limited, but is about 3,500 to 18,000 PSI (weight pound / inch) to about 250 to 1250 kg / cm ² , for example, about 5,000 to 15,000 PSI to about 350 to 1,050 kg / cm ² . It can be molded with an appropriate strength. Since the raw material is heated to about 60 to 100 ° C., for example, about 70 to 90 ° C. by the high pressure treatment and friction, the raw material is also subjected to the heat treatment. In the present invention, the term "heat treatment" includes not only a treatment of applying heat with a heat source such as a heater, but also a treatment of applying heat to a raw material by pressurization or friction.

  The wheat straw formed feed can be fed to livestock as roughage in combination with the compounded feed. Typically, the wheat straw shaped feed of the present invention is fed to livestock in admixture with or simultaneously with the formulated feed. The wheat straw molded feed and the compounded feed may be mixed in advance before feeding, or the wheat straw molded feed and the compounded feed may be fed separately at the same time. Since only wheat straw molded feed can be used as roughage, it is not necessary to feed uncut roughage (long rice straw, straw, other grass, etc.) or just cut unformed roughage.

  The shape of the compounded feed to be combined with the wheat straw molding feed is not particularly limited. Known forms of livestock feed include flakes, mash, pellets, crumbles, expanders, and mixed forms of these (eg, flakes and mash, flakes and pellets). Any of these shapes may be used.

  The livestock that feeds the wheat straw forming feed or the feed containing the same is not particularly limited as long as it is a livestock fed with roughage, but is typically cow, and may be beef cattle, for example. Although the feeding period is not particularly limited, for example, it can be preferably fed to beef cattle in the fattening period. Therefore, the livestock feed containing the wheat straw formed feed of the present invention may typically be feed for cattle, for example beef cattle, and more specifically for beef fattening. Since the beef cattle fed with the wheat straw forming feed in combination with the mixed feed have good carcass performance, the present invention can produce carcasses or beef that are comparable to conventional fattening methods. In beef cattle breeding, 0 to 3 months of age is generally referred to as a lactation period, 4 months to 8 to 9 months of age is referred to as a breeding period, and thereafter, up to 30 months is referred to as a fattening period. The fattening period is further divided into the early fattening period (up to about 12 months old), the middle fattening period (up to about 20 to 22 months old), and the late fattening period (after that).

  The term "combined feed" is a general term in the field of livestock, and means a feed in which a plurality of types of cereals, rice bran, plant meal etc. are blended. The compounded feed usually contains additives such as minerals and vitamins. The compound feed is sometimes called a concentrated feed.

  The mixing ratio of the wheat straw molding feed and the compounded feed is not particularly limited, and the mixing ratio may be appropriately changed and used depending on the condition, age, season, etc. of the livestock. For example, for beef cattle in the fattening period, both of them can be mixed and fed so that about 10 to 20% of the whole feed becomes wheat straw forming feed. For livestock other than beef cattle in the fattening period, they may be fed at the same mixing ratio or appropriately adjusted.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically based on Examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

Example 1: Evaluation of characteristics of wheat straw cubes as forage 1. Purpose ZEN-NOH HAY, INC. Has developed wheat straw cubes as a new feed ingredient. Wheat straw cubes can be added to compound feeds, and labor saving of feed feeding work can be achieved. Therefore, they are expected to be useful as roughage raw materials. However, this raw material is prepared by cutting long wheat straws into pieces and then heat-processing them, impairing their role as roughage in beef fattening such as maintaining and improving nutritional value and rumen environment and promoting rumination. there is a possibility.
Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of the nutritional value of wheat straw cubes and the feed of the same ingredients on the rumen properties and ruminant function of cattle, compared with long wheat straws, and commonly used as a fattening forage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of forage by comparing it with the rice straw.

2. Materials and methods
(1) Test period: August 2014-October 2014
(2) Test site: Central Agricultural Feed and Livestock Research Institute, Kasama Dairy and Beef Laboratory, fattening house
(3) Test method:
A. Test animals:
Three fattening cows (three fist fitted steers) with an average age of 29 months were used for the test. Table 1 shows the salary system.

I. Test feed:
Rice straw (domestic straw), wheat straw (OG) and wheat straw cube (US) were provided. The feeding system was as shown in Table 1, and during the test period, 2 kg of each forage was fed for 14 consecutive days per animal per day. As for the compound feed, 10 kg per day was fed as a guide.

The wheat straw cube used was manufactured as follows.
[1] Cut the raw wheat straw to a length of about 2 inches with a grinder.
[2] Add water and bentonite (around 6%).
[3] It is transported to two cubing heads by an auger, and the press wheels installed in each cubing head are passed under high pressure.
[4] Pressure of 7,000-12,000 PSI (Pound per Square Inch) is applied in the press wheel. 7,000 PSI = 3,175 kg / SI (Kg per Square Inch) = 492.125 kg / cm ² (Kg per square centimeter)
[5] The raw material extruded by the press wheel stays in the Cuber die for a minimum of 5 seconds, basically 10-11 seconds.
[6] The raw material is heated from 160 degrees Fahrenheit to 190 degrees Fahrenheit (around 71-87 degrees Celsius) due to pressure and friction as it passes through the Cuber die. Depending on the raw material, the temperature of the Cuber die itself ranges from 200 to 325 degrees Fahrenheit (around 93-162 degrees Celsius).
[7] After being discharged from the Cuber die, it goes through the cooler and is dried and stored.

C. Feeding management:
The test cows were individually fed by the currant bent door system, each rumor was equipped with a ruminant monitoring system "Heytime HR" (manufactured by SCR), and an indwelling pH sensor (manufactured by Dascor) was introduced from Fistel. As the compounded feed, "Ushio late period" (manufactured by JA East Japan Kumiai Feed Co., Ltd.), which is commonly used by the Central Research Institute for All Agricultural Feed and Livestock, was fed by satiety. The feed was fed twice a day, and water was freely drinkable in a water cup. Other feeding management was in accordance with the practice of Central Research Institute of Agricultural and Livestock.

D. Survey item:
(A) Feed components: general components, fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acidic detergent fiber (ADF), lignin) and total carotene were analyzed.
(B) In situ 24-hour disappearance rate: Roughage crushed with a 2 mm mesh was weighed and sealed in a nylon bag in an amount of about 20 g each, and then put into the test cow from a lumen fistula. The dry matter disappearance rate, NDF disappearance rate and ADF disappearance rate were evaluated 0 and 24 hours after the addition.
(C) Feed intake: The intake of each rough feed and the mixed feed was measured for each individual.
(D) Rumination time: The change of rumination time was observed using the rumination monitoring system "Heetime HR". In addition, the rumination time per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) intake was calculated together with the results of feed intake. Those that could not be accurately measured for rumination time were excluded from the data.
(E) Lumen properties: Changes in the pH of the lumen during the last 3 days of each period were measured every 1 minute using an indwelling pH sensor placed in the lumen.

E. Statistical analysis:
Statistical analysis was performed by JMP Ver.10.02 model fitting. After the analysis of variance, when the P value was 0.10 or less, the interval difference was tested by Tukey's HSD test. In all the tests, the P value was 0.05 or less, there was a significant difference, and 0.10 or less was a tendency.

3. Results (1) Test roughage component values (Table 2)
Table 2 shows the component values of the tested roughage. The NDF content and TDN (total digestible nutrient) content were higher in the order of wheat straw, wheat straw cube and rice straw, and the ADF content and lignin content were higher in the order of wheat straw cube, wheat straw and rice straw. On the other hand, the crude protein content and the total carotene content were the same in all the forages.

(2) In situ 24-hour disappearance rate (Fig. 1)
Figure 1 shows the in situ 24-hour disappearance rate of each feed. There were no significant differences between the roughages in the 24-hour DM disappearance rate, NDF disappearance rate, and ADF disappearance rate (both P> 0.10).
(3) Feed intake (Table 3)
Table 3 shows the daily feed intake of each roughage feeding area. Almost all prescribed amounts of the compound feed and the roughage were completely eaten, and no difference was observed in the intake amount between test sections. This result suggests that the wheat straw cube has the same preference as wheat straw and rice straw. On the other hand, in each component intake calculated by multiplying the roughage intake by each component value shown in Table 2, the dry matter intake of wheat straw and wheat straw cube showed a significantly lower value than rice straw (P < 0.05). Also, the intake of rough feed-derived NDF was significantly higher in the order of wheat straw, wheat straw cube, and rice straw, and the intake of rough feed-derived ADF was significantly higher in the order of wheat straw cube, wheat straw, and rice straw (both P <0.05). .. Since the above-mentioned results showed that the intake of roughage was almost the same, the content of each roughage was reflected as it was.

(4) Rumination time (Figs. 2, 3, 4)
Fig. 2 shows the results of testing the rumination time of other roughages when the rumination time of each individual when feeding rice straw was set to 100. Since there was a large individual difference in each test plot, no difference was observed in the test period in the rumination time.
Further, the rumination time per 1 kg of the forage DM ingested (compared to rice straw) is shown in Fig. 3, and the rumination time per 1 kg of the forage-derived NDF (compared to rice straw) is shown in Fig. 4. In this respect as well, there was no significant difference in the rumination time per DM 1kg and NDF 1kg because there was a large individual difference in each test plot.

(5) Lumen properties (Figs. 5 and 6)
Figure 5 shows the changes in the lumen pH measured by the indwelling pH sensor. In all the test plots, the pH in the lumen decreased for about 2 hours from the feeding time of the mixed feed (10, 16 and 19:00), and then it recovered. No difference in the test interval was observed in the change in lumen pH for 3 days.
In addition, Fig. 6 shows the time of intraluminal pH of less than 5.8 ¹⁾ , which is the standard for subacute rumen acidosis. The individual difference was large, and no significant difference was observed in each test section.

4. Discussion It has been reported that heat treatment of roughage affects the nutritional value of feed such as protein and fiber components2,3 ⁾ . Wheat straw cubes were prepared by cutting long wheat straws, heat-processing them, and comparing the wheat straws and wheat straw cubes used in this test, there were some differences, but almost all ingredients were It shows the same value, and it is considered that the influence of the heat treatment on the feed ingredient value of wheat straw cube was small.

From the results in Table 2 and FIG. 1, it was found that the wheat straw cubes had NDF and ADF contents exceeding those of rice straw, and the 24-hour DM loss rate was similar to that of wheat straw and rice straw. It is considered that the amount of fiber content such as NDF and ADF and the degree of disappearance rate in the lumen are related to the rumen mat forming ability, and there is already a report that rice straw has a high rumen mat forming ability ⁴⁾ , It was suggested that wheat straw cubes had the same rumen mat-forming ability as rice straw.

The carotene contained in the roughage is a precursor of vitamin A, and it has already been reported that feeding a roughage with a high carotene content significantly increases the blood vitamin A concentration ⁵⁾ . Vitamin A is a substance essential for normal growth and vision of animals, and is a vitamin that contributes to maintaining normal epithelial tissues and maintaining immune function. Since vitamin A suppresses the differentiation of adipocytes, it has already been reported that limiting the amount of vitamin A supplied during fattening of Japanese Black cattle leads to improvement in meat quality, especially marbling ^6,7). , Vitamin A controls are widely practiced among producers. Therefore, it is very important and an essential condition to consider the carotene content when evaluating the roughage used for fattening cattle production. Regarding the carotene content, the wheat straw cubes used in this test were equivalent to the rice straw commonly used as a fattening forage. Therefore, in terms of carotene content, wheat straw cubes are considered to be suitable as a source of forage during the fattening period.

  From the above, wheat straw cubes have a fiber content exceeding that of rice straw, and also have a low carotene content, and it is inferred that they have a rumen mat forming ability equivalent to that of rice straw. Is considered to be excellent.

(2) Rumination time and evaluation of properties in rumen Ruminant plays a major role in the miniaturization of feed by re-chewing and the stabilization of pH in the rumen due to the large amount of saliva secretion. Is one of the major purposes of. Roughage may be processed into pellets or cubes mainly for the purpose of easy transportation, and in this case, chewing time and rumination time may be reduced in ruminants due to reduction of feed cutting length and particle size. Although it has been reported8,9 ⁾ , such a phenomenon was not confirmed in this study because no significant difference was observed between the roughages.

At a fattening site, it is common to adopt a grain-based feeding system for the purpose of improving fattening efficiency, which may cause deterioration of the environment in the lumen and decrease in pH in the lumen, leading to pathological conditions such as rumen acidosis. is there. Therefore, maintaining the environment in the rumen is cited as a major role of roughage during the fattening period. In this study, changes in the pH in the rumen and time below pH 5.8, which is the standard for subacute rumen acidosis, were examined, but no significant difference was observed between the forages. This result suggested that the rapid fermentation in the rumen was suppressed by forming the rumen mat by ingesting sufficient roughage, since each roughage was almost completely consumed. Furthermore, since rice straw has a high ability to form a lumen mat ⁴⁾ , this result is 4. Similar to (1), it was suggested that the wheat straw cube had a high lumen mat forming ability.

5. Conclusion (1) The wheat straw cubes used in this test had a fiber content higher than that of rice straw and a carotene content equivalent to that of rice straw.
(2) Significant differences were observed in the intake of roughage, 24-hour disappearance rate in situ, rumination time, pH change, and time of pH <5.8, which is the standard for subacute rumen acidosis, compared with wheat straw and rice straw. There wasn't.
(3) From this test, wheat straw cubes were similar to wheat straws and rice straw in terms of palatability, promotion of rumination, and maintenance of the environment in the rumen, and thus were considered to be excellent sources of forage during the fattening period.

6. Reference 1) Dohme et al., J. Dairy Sci., 91, 3554-3567 (2008).
2) Maeda et al., Journal of Japan Society of Grassland Science, 31 (3), 332-338 (1985)
3) Maeda, J. Japan. Grassl, Sci., 36 (2): 118-129 (1990)
4) Goto, Grassland Sci., 48: 379-391 (2002).
5) Ishida et al., Kachu Lab report, 0213-222 (2014).
6) Odawara et al., Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin, 60: 25-26 (1995)
7) Hodachi et al., Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin, 67: 22-28 (1999)
8) Sudweeks et al., J Anim Sci, 53: 1406-1411 (1981).
9) Okamoto, JST, 47 (11): 672-678. (1976).

Example 2: Effect of mixed feed containing wheat straw cube on growth performance of Japanese black fattening cattle 1. Objectives Previous studies have shown that wheat straw cubes (hereinafter wheat SC) are similar to wheat straw and rice straw in palatability, rumination promotion and maintenance of rumen environment, and are useful as a source of forage during the fattening period. It was In addition, since wheat SC is in the form of cubes, it can be mixed with the compound feed material, and as a result, labor for feeding roughage may be saved.
Therefore, in this test, Japanese black fattening cattle were used, and a conventional feeding system (feeding compound feed and rough feed) and a complete feed containing wheat SC in the feed (not feeding the feed, only feeding the test feed) They were manufactured and compared for growth performance and carcass performance.

2. Materials and methods
(1) Test period: November 2015-July 2017
(2) Test place: Kasama Dairy Beef Laboratory Finishing House
(3) Test method:
A. Test animals:
17 Japanese black castrated cattle with an average age of about 11 months were provided.

I. Test category:
It was divided into two sections so that the body weight and age were even. Table 4 shows the salary system for each ward.
(A) Control area (n = 9): Late feed for general fattening (manufactured by JA East Japan Kumiai Feed Co., Ltd.)
(B) Test plot (n = 8): “Wheat SC mixed feed” (Table 5) was fed.
Wheat SC was mixed in the formula feed at 16.7%. This was set so that 1.5 kg or more can be ingested as roughage at the time of satiation. Timothy was fed until 13 months of age. The test feed was pelletized in order to prevent separation and selective eating with a compound feed excluding wheat SC, corn pressure pen and barley pressure pen.

C. Survey item:
(A) Feed ingredients: general ingredients, fiber fraction, retinol and total carotene were analyzed.
(B) Feed intake: The value obtained by subtracting the remaining feed amount from the feed amount divided by the number of heads was taken as the feed intake per animal, and the mixed feed and the rough feed were measured daily. The mixed feed and roughage intakes of the test plots were calculated by multiplying the ingested feed amount by the mixing ratio of the mixed feed and wheat SC.
(C) Weight: Conducted every month. However, since the weight of the control plot W1372 could not be measured during the test period, the shipping weight was calculated from the carcass yield ratio in the plot.
(D) Blood components: Blood was collected every month and analyzed for total cholesterol, BUN, γ-GTP, NEFA, vitamin A and β carotene.
(E) Rumination time: The rumination monitoring system "Heatime HR" was used to measure the rumination time of 3 animals in each ward for 24 hours once a week.
(F) Rumen solution pH: At 11, 18, and 24 months of age, the rumen solution was collected 3 hours after feeding the feed, and the pH was measured.
(G) Carcass rating results and shipping sales results: evaluated by the rating of the Japan Meat Rating Association.
(H) Statistical analysis: JMP Ver.10.02 was used for all data. For the changes in body weight and blood components, the MANOVA test was performed by model fitting. In addition, Student's t-test was performed to compare each time point. In all tests, a P value of 0.05 or less was considered significant.

3. Results and discussion (1) Components of the compounded feed and the shape when the feed was fed (Table 5, Figure 7)
The vitamin A content of the analysis value is expressed as vitamin A potency (IU / 100 g), and the vitamin A potency (IU / 100 g) is derived from carotene (IU / 100 g) (total carotene (mg / 100 g) ) × 400) and retinol (IU / 100 g) were added together. As a result of the analysis of the components, the crude protein was lower than the designed value in the test plot as compared with the designed value. The vitamin A concentration was almost the same as the design value.

  Regarding the shape of feed fed, the proportion of pellets and wheat SC in the mixed feed of the test plots varied depending on the feed. As shown in FIG. 7, the proportion of wheat SC was high, and the case where the cube shape was maintained (left) or the shape of wheat SC was broken and the proportion of pellets was high (right) was observed. It is considered that the wheat SC was pulverized or separated from the pellets during the production, transportation, transfer (bulk tank, automatic feeding machine), storage in the bulk tank, etc. after the production in the factory.

(2) Weight gain (Table 6, Figure 8)
The starting weight of the test was 359 ± 50 kg (11.9 months old) on average in the control group, and 363 ± 62 kg (12.1 months old) average in the test group. The shipping weight was 848 ± 115 kg in the control group and 845 kg ± 95.3 kg in the test group.The daily weight gain during the test period was 0.92 ± kg / day in the control group and 0.90 ± 0.11 kg in the test group. There was no difference in weight (P = 0.71) and weight gain (P = 0.75) in the plot.

(3) Feed intake and feed efficiency (Table 6, Figure 9)
The roughage intake of the test plot was calculated from timothy (from the start of the test to 13 months of age) and the ratio of wheat SC to the ingested compound feed. As a result, the mixed feed intake per animal during the test period was 4,823 kg in the control group, 4,608 kg in the test group, and the intake of roughage was 1,126 kg in the control group and 1,120 kg in the test group. Although the compounded feed was slightly reduced in the test plot, the roughage was ingested in almost the same amount.

  In each ward, it was taken according to the salary system until the salary peaked. After satiety feeding (17 months old), the control group had a mixed feed intake of 10 kg at 17 months old, 10 kg or more after 24 months, 11 kg at maximum 27 months old, and about 10 kg at the time of shipment. On the other hand, in the test area, although 10 kg was ingested at the age of 17 months, it was less than 9 kg at the age of 23 months, remained about 9 kg after that, and remained at 8.8 kg at the time of shipment. It was said that powdering and separation occurred during transportation and replacement, and that the shape when feeding was not constant (the difference in the powdering degree of wheat SC and the mixing ratio of wheat SC and pellets) affected feed intake. it was thought. The feed conversion rate was almost the same as in the control plot 12.2 and the test plot 11.9.

According to the results of the previous test, wheat SC had NDF and ADF contents exceeding those of rice straw, and the 24-hour DM loss rate was similar to that of rice straw. The fiber content such as NDF and ADF and the disappearance rate in the lumen affect the formation of lumen mat, and rice straw has a high rumen mat forming ability, and wheat straw cube has the same rumen mat forming ability as rice straw. ¹⁾ . In addition, in a test using dairy steers, it was reported that flake pellets had a lower intake of roughage than flake mash or bulky type2 ⁾ . In this test, since wheat SC showed the same effect as rice straw, the feed requirement ratio was almost the same, and it was considered that the intake was slightly reduced because the pellet type feed was fed.

(4) Blood properties (Fig. 10)
Vitamin A and total cholesterol did not differ between the two plots. Vitamin A decreased with age, remained around 50-60 IU / 100 ml after 18 months of age, and total cholesterol increased with an increase in feed intake. Although 40 IU / 100 g of vitamin A was added to the mixed feed in the test section, it did not affect the transition of vitamin A concentration during the test period. The total cholesterol in blood is said to fluctuate reflecting the amount of feed intake3 ⁾ , so this study also changed. γ-GTP was significantly higher in the control group at 20 months of age (P = 0.02), but no difference was observed thereafter. Watanabe et ^al.4) reported that a decrease in vitamin A level was associated with the occurrence of liver damage. In this test, the decrease in vitamin A concentration at 20 months of age was earlier in the control group than in the test group, so the γ-GTP concentration remained high, but after this, both groups fell below 30 IU / dl, which was below the normal range. It was considered that there was no difference between the test plots because of the change. Although there was no difference in β-carotene up to 17 months of age, after 18 months of age, at 18.2, 23.4, 25.5 and 28.7 months of age, the control group was significantly higher (P <0.05). Even in the research report5 ^{) in} which vitamin A is strictly limited, there are few cases where it falls below 15 μg / dl. Although β-carotene content was significantly different in this test, it was considered to be low level in both plots, indicating that vitamin A was sufficiently decreased. Regarding NEFA changes, the test plots were significantly higher at 16.2, 18.2, and 21.4 months of age (P <0.05). Regarding BUN, the control group was 14.1, 21.4, and 28.7 months old, and the test group was significantly higher at 18.2 and 26.3 months (P <0.05). BUN fluctuates reflecting protein metabolism ⁶⁾ . Compared with the control group, the test group had a lower protein content in the compound feed, and it was considered that this was influenced by the lower protein intake during the restricted feeding period (early fattening period).

(5) Rumination time and pH of rumen fluid (Figs. 11 and 12)
The average rumination time during the test period was 305 minutes / day in the control group and 277 minutes / day in the test group, which was significantly increased (P = 0.0003) in the control group. Furthermore, during the test period, the control area always had a longer rumination time than the test area after 18.5 months of age, and was significantly longer at 19.3, 22.6, 23.9, 24.7, 25.7, 25.9, 26.6, 27.2, 27.6, 28.2 months of age. (P <0.05).

Regarding the rumen fluid pH, no difference was observed between the two groups at 11 and 18 months of age, but at 24 months of age, there was a tendency difference (P = 0.08) between the control group 5.93 and the test group 5.78. The criterion for subacute rumen acidosis is said to be when the intraruminal pH falls below 5.8 ⁷⁾ . In this test, it was less than 5.8 in the test group at the age of 24 months, but it was considered to be a level practically no problem.

It has been reported that chewing time and rumination time are reduced in ruminant animals due to reduction of cut length and particle size of ^feed7,8) . In this test, it was considered that the short cutting length of wheat SC had an effect. The NDF content of wheat straw was higher than that of rice straw, and although the NDF intake was the same as that of rice straw, it was considered that the shorter cutting length led to a decrease in rumination time and a decrease in lumen pH. In addition, it was considered that powdering and separation occurred during transportation and replacement, and that the shape during feeding was not constant, which also affected the decrease in rumination time and the decrease in lumen pH.

(6) Carcass results (Table 7)
Table 7 shows the shipping rating results of the test cows. The test plots were all grade 4.5 and had a good rate of 100%. On the other hand, in the control plots, 2 and 3 grades occurred one by one, and the upper rate was 77.8%, about 20% lower. Watanabe ⁹⁾ reported that the upper rate was high when the total blood cholesterol level after 16 months of age was 130 mg / dL or higher. In this test, both groups had an average value of more than 130 mg / dL, but only in the test group, the superiority rate was 100%, and there was no relationship with total cholesterol. In this test, there was no difference in BMS No. between the two plots. There was no significant difference in carcass weight, loin core area, rose thickness and subcutaneous fat thickness between the two plots.

4. Conclusion (1) We studied the effect on the fattening performance by producing a fully mixed feed containing wheat SC without feeding rice straw during the fattening period.
(2) As a result, there was no difference in weight gain and feed intake compared with the control group (normal mixed feed, feeding system).
(3) The shape of the compound feed at the time of feeding was not constant because powder SC of wheat SC and separation from pellets were confirmed in the compound feed of the test section in which wheat SC was mixed.
(4) There was no difference in blood properties between the test plots, and blood A, β-carotene, total cholesterol, γ-GTP, etc. in the test plots showed similar changes to those of normal fattening cattle.
(5) The average rumination time during the test period was significantly shorter in the test section, and a significant difference occurred after 19 months of age. In addition, the rumen pH at the age of 24 months tended to decrease in the test plots.
(6) Regarding the carcass results, the good rate was 100% in the test area, which was comparable to normal fattening.
(7) From the above, the same results as in normal fattening were obtained when Japanese black fattening cattle were fed with a fully formulated feed containing wheat SC. Wheat SC has a short cutting length and variability in shape at the time of feeding due to pulverization and separation, and although there is concern that the rumination time and the lumen pH may decrease compared to normal fattening, the results are judged comprehensively. It was considered to be a level with no practical problems.

6. Reference 1) Goto, Grassland Sci., 48: 379-391 (2002).
2) Takano et al., Kachu Lab report, 0341-527 (2003).
3) Kitagawa, Journal of Nutrition Physiology, 27: 119-129 (1983)
4) Watanabe et al., Journal of Industrial Veterinary Medicine, 1 (4): 177-183 (2010)
5) Takano et al., Kachu Lab report, 0349-179 (2014).
6) Adachi et al., J. Vet. Med. Sci., 59 (10): 873-877 (1997).
7) Dohme et al., J. Dairy Sci., 91, 3554-3567 (2008)
8) Sudweeks et al., J Anim Sci, 53: 1406-1411 (1981).
9) Watanabe, Production Veterinary Medical System, Beef, pp90-101, Agricultural Bunkyo (1999).

Claims (12)

  Wheat straw molding feed obtained by molding the cut wheat straw under pressure.   A livestock feed, comprising the wheat straw shaped feed according to claim 1.   The feed according to claim 2, which is a feed for cattle.   The feed according to claim 3, which is a feed for beef cattle.   The feed according to claim 4, which is a feed for fattening beef cattle.   A method for raising livestock, comprising feeding the formed wheat straw feed according to claim 1 to a livestock in combination with a blended feed, or feeding the feed according to any one of claims 2 to 5 to the livestock. .   The method according to claim 6, wherein the wheat straw molded feed is fed to livestock at the same time as the mixed feed or mixed with the mixed feed.   8. The method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the wheat straw molded feed and the mixed feed are fed to the livestock without feeding any uncut wheat straw or unformed wheat straw cut product. .   The method according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the livestock is cow.   10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cow is beef.   The method according to claim 10, wherein the beef cattle are fattening beef cattle.   A method for producing beef, which comprises feeding the beef cattle in combination with the wheat straw molded feed according to claim 1 to beef cattle, or feeding the feed according to claim 4 or 5 to beef cattle.