JP6839392B2 - Straw molded feed and livestock breeding method using it - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a straw molded feed and a method for raising livestock using the same.

There are two types of cattle feed: compound feed and roughage. The compound feed is a feed in which additives such as vitamins are mixed with a plurality of feed raw materials centered on grains such as corn, rice bran, barley, and soybean meal, and contains a large amount of starch and protein. The roughage is grass, straw, rice straw, etc. with a high fiber content, and is given raw, dried, or fermented (silage). The formula feed and roughage are distributed and the amount of feed is changed according to the growth stage and purpose (Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2).

In many livestock farmers, roughage and compound feed are manually fed to cattle twice in the morning and evening, and feeding alone is four times a day. Feeding work is a typical physical work in the livestock industry, but there are other tasks that are physically burdensome, especially for elderly workers, such as cleaning drinking areas and replacing cow beds. There are many. In the current situation where it is difficult to secure employment for employees, it is difficult to secure young people, and the work must be done with a small number of people, so the burden on elderly farmers is increasing.

Illustrated Introduction to Livestock from Zero Knowledge, April 21, 2016 2nd Edition, pp. 76-77, Ie no Hikari Association New Edition Livestock Breeding Basics, page 14, March 31, 2008, pages 14-15, Rural Culture Association Japan

One object of the present invention is to provide a novel roughage. Another object of the present invention is to provide a means for reducing the labor burden of feeding work in the livestock industry, and in particular, to provide a feed useful for reducing the burden of feeding work.

As described above, the work of separately feeding the roughage and the mixed feed twice in the morning and evening is a heavy burden especially for the elderly. The inventors of the present application think that by developing a feed containing the necessary roughage in the mixed feed, the number of feedings can be halved from 4 times a day to 2 times a day, and the time for feeding the roughage can be shortened. I did a study. As a result, the straw that is normally fed as long (uncut) is cut and compressed into a molded feed, which is mixed with the mixed feed and fed to the cows to mix it with the long roughage. We have found that we can achieve good breeding results comparable to those when feeds are fed separately, and that the labor burden of feeding work can be reduced by using such molded feeds, and the present invention has been completed.

That is, in the present invention , 1 to 10 parts of clay is added and mixed with 100 parts of the herbaceous raw material which is a herbaceous raw material cut to several cm and 95% or more of which is straw , and is formed into a cube by pressurization. Provided is a roughage for cattle, which comprises a molded straw-molded feed. The present invention also provides a cattle feed containing the above-mentioned roughage and compound feed of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention is to pay the roughage is mixed with simultaneously or assorted feed and mixed feed cattle of the present invention, or involves fed the diet of the present invention in cattle, cattle method I will provide a. Furthermore, the present invention includes the production of beef, which comprises feeding the roughage of the present invention to beef cattle at the same time as or mixed with the mixed feed , or feeding the feed of the present invention to beef cattle. Provide a method.

According to the present invention, a straw molded feed was provided for the first time. Since the straw molded feed can be mixed with the compound feed and fed to livestock at the same time, the labor burden of the feeding work can be reduced. Even if a mixture of straw molded feed and compound feed is fed to fattening cows, the weight gain performance and carcass performance are as good as those of the normal fattening method (feeding of long roughage and compound feed). Although there are concerns about a decrease in rumination time and a decrease in lumen pH, there is no problem in practical use when judging the results comprehensively, and the mixed feed of straw molded feed and compound feed is for livestock, especially beef cattle during the fattening period. It is practical enough as a feed for.

In Example 1, rice straw, wheat straw (wheat straw), and wheat straw cube (wheat straw molded feed) were each enclosed in a nylon bag and put into the stomach of the test cow from the rumen fistula, and the DM disappearance rate was determined. This is the result of evaluating the NDF disappearance rate and the ADF disappearance rate. This is the result of measuring the rumination time of each test plot of Example 1 in which rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube were fed. The rumination time of each individual when feeding rice straw was set to 100, and it was shown in comparison with rice straw (%). It is a graph which showed the rumination time per 1 kg of the dry matter derived from roughage in each test group of Example 1 which fed rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube. The results are shown in comparison with rice straw (%). The rebirth time per 1 kg of roughage-derived NDF intake in each test plot of Example 1 fed with rice straw, wheat straws, and wheat straw cubes. The results are shown in comparison with rice straw (%). It is the transition of the pH in the lumen of each test group of Example 1 fed with rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube. It is a graph summarizing the time when the pH in the lumen became less than 5.8 for each test group of Example 1 which fed rice straw, wheat straw, and wheat straw cube. It is an image which showed the state of the feed when the wheat SC mixed feed was fed by the automatic feeder. There were cases where the proportion of wheat straw cubes was high and the cube shape was maintained (left), and cases where the shape of the wheat straw cubes collapsed and the proportion of pellets was high (right). It is a graph which shows the transition of the body weight in the test group and the control group of Example 2 during the test period. It is a graph which shows the transition of the feed intake during the test period in the test group and the control group of Example 2. It is a graph which shows the transition of the blood property (γ-GTP, total cholesterol, NEFA, BUN, vitamin A, β-carotene) in the test group and the control group of Example 2 during the test period. It is a result of measuring the rumination time during the test period in the test group and the control group of Example 2. Upper row: average value per day for the entire test period, lower row: transition during the test period. It is the pH of the rumen solution 3 hours after feeding of the feed in the test group and the control group of Example 2. Measurements were taken at 11, 18, and 24 months of age.

The wheat straw molded feed of the present invention is a feed obtained by molding cut wheat straw (wheat straw) by pressurization, and can be used as a roughage. The wheat straw molded feed contains wheat straw as a herbaceous raw material as a main raw material, and may optionally contain clay such as bentonite as an additive.

The wheat straw molded feed of the present invention is one in which 90% or more, for example, 95% or more, 98% or more, or 99% or more of the herbaceous raw material as the main component is wheat straw and does not contain other herbaceous raw materials. That is, 100% of the herbaceous raw material may be wheat straw. When clay is contained, the content is usually about 1 to 10 parts with respect to 100 parts of the herbaceous raw material.

Wheat straw molding feed can be produced by cutting a herbaceous raw material mainly composed of wheat straw into several cm (for example, about 4 to 6 cm), adding water as appropriate, mixing, and molding by applying high pressure. it can. Clay such as bentonite may be added and mixed as a binder and pressurized. When clay is added, the amount added is about 1 to 10%. The strength of the pressure is not particularly limited, but if it is about 3,500 to 18,000 PSI (pound-force per square) to 250 to 1250 kg / cm ² , for example, about 5,000 to 15,000 PSI to 350 to 150 kg / cm ² , It can be molded with an appropriate strength. Since the raw material is heated to about 60 to 100 ° C., for example, about 70 to 90 ° C. by the pressure treatment and friction at high pressure, the raw material is also subjected to the heat treatment. In the present invention, the term heat treatment includes not only a treatment of applying heat with a heat source such as a heater, but also a treatment of applying heat to a raw material by pressurization or friction.

The straw molded feed can be fed to livestock as a roughage in combination with a compound feed. Typically, the straw-molded feed of the present invention is fed to livestock in combination with the formula feed or at the same time as the formula feed. The straw-molded feed and the compound feed may be mixed in advance and then fed, or the straw-molded feed and the compound feed may be fed separately at the same time. Since only wheat straw molded feed can be used as the roughage, it is not necessary to feed uncut roughage (long rice straw, straw, other grass, etc.) or just cut unmolded roughage.

The shape of the mixed feed to be combined with the straw molded feed is not particularly limited. Known livestock feed shapes include flakes, mashes, pellets, crumbles, expanders, and a mixture of these (for example, flakes and mashes, flakes and pellets). Any of these shapes may be used.

The livestock fed with the straw molded feed or the feed containing the same is not particularly limited as long as it is a livestock raised with a roughage, but is typically a cattle, for example, a beef cattle. The feeding period is not particularly limited, but for example, beef cattle in the fattening period can be preferably fed. Therefore, the livestock feed containing the straw-molded feed of the present invention can typically be a feed for cattle, for example beef cattle, and more specifically for beef cattle fattening. Beef cattle fed with a straw-molded feed in combination with a compound feed also have good carcass performance, and therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to produce carcasses or beef that are comparable to conventional fattening methods. In beef cattle breeding, generally, 0 to 3 months of age is referred to as a lactation period, 4 months to 8 to 9 months of age is referred to as a breeding period, and then 30 months of age is referred to as a fattening period. The fattening period is further divided into an early fattening period (up to about 12 months of age), a middle fattening period (up to about 20 to 22 months of age), and a late fattening period (after that).

The term compound feed is a general term in the field of livestock, and means a feed containing a plurality of types of cereals, rice bran, plant meals, and the like. Formula feeds usually also contain additives such as minerals and vitamins. The compound feed is sometimes called a concentrated feed.

The mixing ratio of the straw molded feed and the mixed feed is not particularly limited, and the mixing ratio may be appropriately changed according to the condition, age, season, etc. of the livestock. For example, for beef cattle in the fattening period, both can be mixed and fed so that about 10 to 20% of the total feed is a straw-molded feed. Livestock other than fattening beef cattle may be fed at the same mixing ratio or in an appropriate increase or decrease.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail based on Examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

Example 1: Evaluation of characteristics of wheat straw cubes as roughage 1. Purpose Zen-Noh HAY, INC. Has developed a wheat straw cube as a new feed ingredient. Wheat straw cubes have the potential to be added to compound feeds and can save labor in feed feeding work, so they are expected to be useful as raw materials for roughage. However, the raw material is prepared by finely cutting and heat-processing long wheat straws, and impairs its role as a roughage in beef cattle fattening, such as maintaining and improving the nutritional value and rumen environment, and promoting rumination. there is a possibility.
Therefore, in this test, the nutritional value of wheat straw cubes and the effect of feeding the same raw material on the internal properties of cattle's rumen and the regurgitation function were investigated, compared with long wheat straws, and commonly used as a forage for fattening. The purpose was to evaluate the characteristics of roughage by comparing with the rice straw.

2. 2. Materials and methods
(1) Test period: August 2014-October 2014
(2) Test site: Zen-Noh Feed and Livestock Central Research Institute Kasama Milk Cow Laboratory Fattening House
(3) Test method:
A. Test animal:
Three fattening cows with an average age of 29 months (three fistula-equipped hybrid steers) were tested. Table 1 shows the salary system.

I. Test feed:
Rice straw (domestic long straw), wheat straw (OG) and wheat straw cube (US) were provided. The salary system was as shown in Table 1, and during the test period, each forage was fed 2 kg per animal per day for 14 consecutive days. As for the compound feed, 10 kg per animal per day was fed as a guideline.

Wheat straw cubes manufactured as follows were used.
[1] Cut the raw wheat straw to a length of about 2 inches with a grinder.
[2] Add water and bentonite (around 6%).
[3] It is transported to two cubing heads by an auger, and the press wheels installed in each cubing head are passed at high pressure.
[4] A pressure of 7,000-12,000 PSI (Pound per Square Inch) is applied inside the press wheel. 7,000 PSI = 3,175 kg / SI (Kg per Square Inch) = 492.125 kg / cm ² (Kg per square centimeter)
[5] The raw material extruded by the press wheel stays inside the Cuber die for a minimum of 5 seconds, basically 10-11 seconds.
[6] Due to the pressure and friction when passing through the Cuber die, the raw material is heated from 160 degrees Fahrenheit to 190 degrees Fahrenheit (around 71-87 degrees Celsius). Depending on the raw material, the temperature of the Cuber die itself ranges from 200 degrees Fahrenheit to 325 degrees Fahrenheit (around 93-162 degrees Celsius).
[7] After being discharged from the Cuber die, it is stored in a dry state through a cooler.

C. Feeding management:
The test cows were individually fed by the Callanvent door system, each individual was equipped with a rumination monitoring system "Heaven HR" (manufactured by SCR), and an indwelling pH sensor (manufactured by Dascor) was introduced from Fistel. As the compound feed, "Ushio Late" (manufactured by JA East Japan Kumiai Feed Co., Ltd.), which is generally used at the Zen-Noh Feed and Livestock Central Research Institute, was fed to each individual. The feed was fed twice a day, and the water was free drinking with a water cup. Other feeding management followed the practice of Zen-Noh Feed and Livestock Central Research Institute.

D. Survey item:
(A) Feed components: General components, fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acidic detergent fiber (ADF), lignin) and total carotene were analyzed.
(B) In situ 24-hour disappearance rate: Approximately 20 g of roughage crushed with a 2 mm mesh was weighed and sealed in a nylon bag, and then added to the test cow from the rumen fistula. The dry matter disappearance rate, NDF disappearance rate and ADF disappearance rate were evaluated at 0 and 24 hours after the injection.
(C) Feed intake: The intake of roughage and compound feed was measured for each individual.
(D) Rumination time: The transition of rumination time was observed using the rumination monitoring system "Hetime HR". In addition, the rumination time per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) intake was calculated together with the result of feed intake. Those for which the rumination time could not be measured accurately were excluded from the data.
(E) Lumen properties: The transition of the lumen pH during the last 3 days of each period was measured every minute with an indwelling pH sensor placed in the lumen.

E. Statistical analysis:
Statistical analysis was performed by model fitting of JMP Ver.10.02. After analysis of variance, if the P value was 0.10 or less, the interval difference was tested by Tukey's HSD test. In all tests, the P value was 0.05 or less, which was significantly different, and the P value was 0.10 or less, which tended to be significant.

3. 3. Results (1) Test roughage component values (Table 2)
Table 2 shows the component values of the roughage tested. The NDF content and TDN (total digestible nutrient) content were higher in the order of wheat straw, wheat straw cube, and rice straw, and the ADF content and lignin content were higher in the order of wheat straw cube, wheat straw, and rice straw. On the other hand, the crude protein content and the total carotene content showed the same values in all the roughages.

(2) In situ 24-hour disappearance rate (Fig. 1)
Figure 1 shows the in situ 24-hour disappearance rate of each feed. There were no significant differences between the roughages in the 24-hour DM elimination rate, NDF elimination rate, and ADF elimination rate (both P> 0.10).
(3) Feed intake (Table 3)
Table 3 shows the daily feed intake of each forage feeding group. Both the compound feed and the roughage were almost completely consumed in the prescribed amount, and there was no difference in the intake amount between the test sections. This result suggests that the wheat straw cube has the same palatability as wheat straw and rice straw. On the other hand, in the intake of each component calculated by multiplying the intake of roughage by the value of each component shown in Table 2, the dry matter intake of wheat straws and wheat straw cubes was significantly lower than that of rice straw (P < 0.05). In addition, the intake of NDF derived from roughage was significantly higher in the order of wheat straw, wheat straw cube, and rice straw, and the intake of ADF derived from roughage was significantly higher in the order of wheat straw cube, wheat straw, and rice straw (both P <0.05). .. Since the above results showed that the forage intake was almost the same, the amount of the component content of each forage was reflected as it was.

(4) Rumination time (Figs. 2, 3 and 4)
Figure 2 shows the results of testing the rumination time of other roughages when the rumination time of each individual when feeding rice straw was set to 100. Since there were large individual differences in each test group, there was no difference in the test section in the rumination time.
In addition, Fig. 3 shows the rumination time per 1 kg of ingested roughage DM (compared to rice straw), and Fig. 4 shows the rumination time per 1 kg of ingested roughage-derived NDF (compared to rice straw). Again, since there were large individual differences in each test group, there was no difference in the rumination time between 1 kg of DM and 1 kg of NDF.

(5) Lumen properties (Figs. 5 and 6)
Figure 5 shows the transition of the lumen pH measured by the indwelling pH sensor. In all the test plots, the pH in the lumen decreased for about 2 hours from the time when the compound feed was fed (10, 16 and 19:00), and then recovered. There was no difference in the test section in the transition of lumen pH for 3 days.
In addition, Fig. 6 shows the time of pH less than 5.8 in the rumen, which is the standard for subacute lumen acidosis ^1). Individual differences were large, and no significant difference was observed in each test section.

4. Discussion It has been reported that heat treatment of roughage affects the nutritional value of feed such as protein and fiber components2,3 ⁾ . Wheat straw cubes are prepared by cutting and heat-processing long wheat straws. Comparing the wheat straws used in this test with the wheat straw cubes, although there were some differences, all the ingredients were generally It showed the same value, and it is considered that the influence of the heat processing treatment on the feed component value of the wheat straw cube was small.

From the results of Table 2 and FIG. 1, it was found that the wheat straw cube had an NDF and ADF content higher than that of rice straw, and the 24-hour DM disappearance rate was equivalent to that of wheat straw and rice straw. It is thought that the degree of fiber content such as NDF and ADF and the high and low rate of disappearance in the lumen are linked to the ability to form lumen mats, and it has already been reported that ^{rice straw has a high ability to form lumen mats4).} It was suggested that the wheat straw cube has the same lumen mat forming ability as rice straw.

Carotene contained in roughage is a precursor of vitamin A, and it has already been reported that feeding a roughage with a high carotene content significantly increases the blood vitamin A concentration ⁵⁾ . Vitamin A is an essential substance for the normal growth and vision of animals, and is a vitamin that keeps epithelial tissues normal and contributes to the maintenance of immune function. In addition, since vitamin A suppresses adipocyte differentiation, it has already been reported that limiting the amount of vitamin A fed during Japanese Black fattening leads to improvement in meat quality, especially fat crossing6,7 ^). , Vitamin A control is widely practiced among producers. Therefore, it is very important and essential to consider the carotene content when evaluating the roughage used for fattening cattle production. Carotene content The wheat straw cubes used in this study were equivalent to rice straw commonly used as a forage for fattening. Therefore, in terms of carotene content, wheat straw cubes are considered to be suitable as a roughage source during the fattening period.

From the above, it is inferred that wheat straw cubes have a fiber content higher than that of rice straw, a low carotene content, and a lumen mat forming ability equivalent to that of rice straw. Is considered to be excellent.

(2) Evaluation of rumination time and lumen internal properties Ruminant plays a major role in refining the feed by re-chewing and stabilizing the pH in the lumen by secreting a large amount of saliva. Is one of the major purposes of. Roughage may be processed into pellets or cubes mainly for the purpose of facilitating transportation, in which case a decrease in chewing time and rumination time may be observed in ruminants due to a decrease in feed cutting length and particle size. Although reported ^8,9) , no significant difference was observed between the roughages in this study, so such a phenomenon was not confirmed.

At fattening sites, it is common to adopt a grain-based feeding system for the purpose of improving fattening efficiency, which causes deterioration of the lumen environment and a decrease in lumen pH, which may lead to pathological conditions such as lumen acidosis. is there. Therefore, maintaining the environment in the lumen is cited as a major role of roughage during the fattening period. In this study, changes in lumen pH and time below pH 5.8, which is the standard for subacute lumen acidosis, were examined, but no significant difference was observed between roughages. This result suggests that the rapid fermentation in the rumen was suppressed by forming the rumen mat by ingesting sufficient forage, since each forage was almost completely eaten. Furthermore, since rice straw has a high lumen mat forming ability ⁴⁾ , this result is 4. Similar to (1), it is suggested that the wheat straw cube has a high lumen mat forming ability.

5. Conclusion (1) The wheat straw cubes used in this test had a fiber content higher than that of rice straw and a carotene content equivalent to that of rice straw.
(2) Significant differences were observed in the forage intake, in situ 24-hour disappearance rate, rumination time, pH transition, and time of pH <5.8, which is the standard for subacute rumen acidosis, compared with wheat straw and rice straw. There wasn't.
(3) From this test, the wheat straw cube was considered to be an excellent source of roughage during the fattening period because it was equivalent to wheat straw and rice straw in terms of palatability, promotion of rubbing, and maintenance of the environment in the lumen.

6. References 1) Dohme et al., J. Dairy Sci., 91, 3554-3567 (2008)
2) Maeda et al., Journal of the Japanese Society of Grassland Science, 31 (3), 332-338 (1985)
3) Maeda, J. Japan. Grassl, Sci., 36 (2): 118-129 (1990)
4) Goto, Grassland Sci., 48: 379-391 (2002)
5) Ishida et al., Report of Kainaka Lab., 0213-222 (2014).
6) Odawara et al., Beef Cattle Research Bulletin, 60: 25-26 (1995)
7) Tate et al., Beef Cattle Research Bulletin, 67: 22-28 (1999)
8) Sudweeks et al., J Anim Sci, 53: 1406-1411 (1981)
9) Okamoto, Nikki Kaiho, 47 (11): 672-678. (1976)

Example 2: Effect of mixed feed containing wheat straw cubes on the growth performance of Japanese Black fattening cattle 1. Purpose Tests have shown that wheat straw cubes (hereinafter referred to as wheat SC) are equivalent to wheat straws and rice straw in terms of palatability, promotion of anti-corrosion, and maintenance of the environment in the rumen, and are useful as a roughage source during the fattening period. It was. Further, since the wheat SC is in the form of a cube, it can be mixed with the mixed feed raw material, and as a result, there is a possibility that the labor for feeding the roughage can be saved.
Therefore, in this test, Japanese Black fattening cattle were used, and the conventional feeding system (mixed feed, roughage feed) and the complete mixed feed containing wheat SC in the mixed feed (no roughage, only the test mixed feed) were used. Manufactured and compared for growth and carcass performance.

2. 2. Materials and methods
(1) Test period: November 2015-July 2017
(2) Test location: Kasama Milk Cow Laboratory Finishing Building
(3) Test method:
A. Test animal:
17 Japanese Black castrated fattening cows with an average age of about 11 months were provided.

I. Test category:
It was divided into 2 wards so that the weight and age were even. Table 4 shows the salary system of each ward.
(A) Control group (n = 9): Late feed for general fattening (manufactured by JA East Japan Kumiai Feed Co., Ltd.)
(B) Test plot (n = 8): "Wheat SC mixed feed" (Table 5) was fed.
Wheat SC was mixed in the formula feed at 16.7%. This was a allocation that allows 1.5 kg or more to be ingested as roughage when satiety. Timothy was fed until 13 months of age. The shape of the test feed was a compound feed excluding wheat SC, corn pressure pen and barley pressure pen, and pelletized to prevent separation and selection and eating.

C. Survey item:
(A) Feed components: General components, fiber fraction, retinol and total carotene were analyzed.
(B) Feed intake: The value obtained by subtracting the residual feed amount from the feed amount and dividing it by the number of heads was taken as the feed intake per head, and the mixed feed and roughage were measured daily. The mixed feed and roughage intakes of the test plots were calculated by multiplying the ingested feed amount by the mixed feed and wheat SC mixing ratios.
(C) Body weight: Conducted monthly. However, since the body weight of the control group W1372 could not be measured during the test period, the factory body weight was calculated from the carcass yield ratio in the same group.
(D) Blood components: Blood was collected every month, and total cholesterol level, BUN, γ-GTP, NEFA, vitamin A and β-carotene were analyzed.
(E) Rumination time: Using the rumination monitoring system "Hetime HR", the rumination time of 3 heads in each ward for 24 hours was measured once a week.
(F) Lumen solution pH: At 11, 18, and 24 months of age, the lumen solution was collected 3 hours after feeding and the pH was measured.
(G) Carcass rating results and shipping and sales results: Evaluated by the rating of the Japan Meat Rating Association.
(H) Statistical analysis: All data was performed using JMP Ver.10.02. The MANOVA test was performed by fitting the model for changes in body weight and blood components. In addition, Student's t-test was performed to compare each time point. In all tests, a P value of 0.05 or less was considered significant.

3. 3. Results and discussion (1) Ingredients of compound feed and shape when feed is fed (Table 5, Fig. 7)
The vitamin A content of the analysis value is expressed as vitamin A potency (IU / 100 g), and vitamin A potency (IU / 100 g) is carotene-derived vitamin A potency (IU / 100 g) (total carotene (mg / 100 g). ) × 400) and retinol (IU / 100 g) were added. As a result of component analysis, the crude protein was lower than the design value in the test plot compared with the design value. The vitamin A concentration was almost the same as the design value.

As for the shape at the time of feed feeding, the proportions of pellets and wheat SC in the compound feed in the test plot varied depending on the feed. As shown in FIG. 7, there were cases where the proportion of wheat SC was high and the cube shape was maintained (left), and cases where the shape of wheat SC was deformed and the proportion of pellets was high (right). It is considered that this was caused by pulverization of wheat SC and separation from pellets during transportation, transfer (bullet tank, automatic feeder), storage in bulk tank, etc. after production at the factory.

(2) Weight gain results (Table 6, Figure 8)
The average body weight at the start of the test was 359 ± 50 kg (11.9 months old) in the control group and 363 ± 62 kg (12.1 months old) in the test group. The average weight at the time of shipment was 848 ± 115 kg in the control group and 845 kg ± 95.3 kg in the test group, and the daily weight gain during the test period was 0.92 ± kg / day in the control group and 0.90 ± 0.11 kg in the test group. There was no difference in body weight (P = 0.71) and body weight gain (P = 0.75) in the plot.

(3) Feed intake and feed efficiency (Table 6, Fig. 9)
The forage intake in the test plot was calculated from timothy (from the start of the test to 13 months of age) and the ratio of wheat SC to the ingested compound feed. As a result, the intake of compound feed per animal during the test period was 4,823 kg in the control group and 4,608 kg in the test group, and the intake of roughage was 1,126 kg in the control group and 1,120 kg in the test group. The compound feed was slightly lower in the test plot, but the roughage was ingested in about the same amount.

In each ward, intake was generally in line with the salary system until the salary peaked. After the satiety feed (17 months old), the compound feed intake in the control group was 10 kg at 17 months old, 10 kg or more after 24 months, 11 kg at maximum 27 months old, and about 10 kg at the time of shipment. On the other hand, although the test group ingested 10 kg at the age of 17 months, it was less than 9 kg at the age of 23 months, remained at about 9 kg after that, and remained at 8.8 kg at the time of shipment. It is said that pulverization and separation occurred during transportation and replacement, and the shape at the time of feeding was not constant (the degree of pulverization of wheat SC and the difference in the mixing ratio of wheat SC and pellets) affected the feed intake. it was thought. The feed conversion ratio was almost the same as that of the control group 12.2 and the test group 11.9.

According to the results of the previous test, wheat SC had an NDF and ADF content higher than that of rice straw, and the 24-hour DM disappearance rate was equivalent to that of rice straw. Fiber content such as NDF and ADF and the rate of disappearance in the lumen affect the formation of lumen mats, and rice straw has a high lumen mat forming ability, and wheat straw cubes have the same lumen mat forming ability as rice straw. It is shown to be ¹⁾ . In addition, in a test using dairy steers, flake pellets reported that the forage intake was lower than that of flake mash and bulky type ²⁾ . In this study, wheat SC had the same effect as rice straw, so the feed conversion ratio was almost the same, and it was considered that the intake was slightly reduced due to the feeding of pellet-type feed.

(4) Blood properties (Fig. 10)
Vitamin A and total cholesterol did not differ between the two plots. Vitamin A decreased with age, remained around 50-60 IU / 100 ml after 18 months of age, and total cholesterol increased with increasing feed intake. Although 40 IU / 100 g of vitamin A was added to the formula feed in the test group, it did not affect the transition of vitamin A concentration during the test period. Since total blood cholesterol is said to fluctuate depending on feed intake ³⁾ , this study also changed. γ-GTP was significantly higher in the control group (P = 0.02) at 20 months of age, but no difference was observed thereafter. Watanabe et ^al.4) reported that there is a link between decreased vitamin A levels and the development of liver damage. In this study, the decrease in vitamin A concentration was faster in the control group than in the test group at around 20 months of age, so the γ-GTP concentration remained high, but after that, it was below 30 IU / dl in both groups, which was within the normal range. It was considered that there was no difference between the test plots because of the transition. Although β-carotene did not differ until 17 months of age, the control group was significantly higher at 18.2, 23.4, 25.5 and 28.7 months of age after 18 months of age (P <0.05). ^{Even in the research report 5)} that strictly limits vitamin A, there are few cases where it falls below 15 μg / dl. Although there was a significant difference in β-carotene content in this study, it was considered to be a sufficiently low level of vitamin A in both groups. Regarding the transition of NEFA, the test plots were significantly higher at 16.2, 18.2, and 21.4 months of age (P <0.05). BUN was significantly higher in the control group at 14.1, 21.4 and 28.7 months of age and in the test group at 18.2 and 26.3 months of age (P <0.05). BUN fluctuates reflecting protein metabolism ⁶⁾ . The protein content in the formula feed was lower in the test group than in the control group, and it was considered that the protein intake was lower during the restricted feeding period (early fattening period).

(5) Rumination time and lumen solution pH (Figs. 11 and 12)
The mean rumination time during the test period was 305 minutes / day in the control group and 277 minutes / day in the test group, which were significantly higher in the control group (P = 0.0003). In addition, during the study period, the control group always had a longer rumination time than the test group after 18.5 months of age, and significantly longer at 19.3, 22.6, 23.9, 24.7, 25.7, 25.9, 26.6, 27.2, 27.6, and 28.2 months of age. (P <0.05).

Regarding the lumen solution pH, there was no difference between the two groups at 11 and 18 months of age, but there was a tendency difference (P = 0.08) between the control group 5.93 and the test group 5.78 at 24 months of age. The standard for subacute lumen acidosis is said to be when the pH in the lumen is less than 5.8 ⁷⁾ . In this test, it was below 5.8 in the test group at the age of 24 months, but it was considered that there was no problem in practical use.

It has been reported that the chewing time and ruminant time are reduced in ruminants due to the decrease in feed cutting length and particle size ^7,8) . In this test, it was considered that the short cutting length of wheat SC had an effect. In addition, the NDF content of straw was higher than that of rice straw, and the NDF intake was the same as that of rice straw, but the short cutting length was considered to have led to a decrease in rumination time and a decrease in lumen pH. In addition, it was considered that pulverization and separation occurred during transportation and replacement, and the shape at the time of feeding was not constant, which also affected the reduction in rumination time and the decrease in lumen pH.

(6) Carcass performance (Table 7)
Table 7 shows the shipment rating results of the test cows. The test plots were all 4.5 grades and the quality rate was 100%. On the other hand, in the control group, 2nd and 3rd grades occurred one by one, and the quality rate was 77.8%, which was about 20% lower. Watanabe ⁹⁾ reports that the high quality rate is high when the total blood cholesterol concentration after 16 months of age is 130 mg / dL or higher. In this study, the average was above 130 mg / dL in both groups, but only in the test group, the superiority rate was 100%, and no association with total cholesterol was observed. In this test, there was no difference in BMS No. between the two groups. There were no significant differences in carcass weight, loin core area, rose thickness and subcutaneous fat thickness between the two groups.

4. Conclusion (1) During the fattening period, rice straw was not fed, and a complete mixed feed containing wheat SC was produced, and the effect on fattening performance was investigated.
(2) As a result, there was no difference in body gain performance and feed intake as compared with the control group (normal compound feed, feed system).
(3) The shape of the mixed feed at the time of feeding was not constant because it was confirmed that the mixed feed in the test group mixed with wheat SC was pulverized and separated from the pellets.
(4) There was no difference in blood properties between the test plots, and vitamin A, β-carotene, total cholesterol, γ-GTP, etc. in the blood of the test plots showed the same changes as in normal fattening cattle.
(5) The average rumination time during the test period was significantly shorter in the test group, and a significant difference occurred after 19 months of age. In addition, the lumen pH at 24 months of age tended to decrease in the test plots.
(6) Regarding the carcass performance, the quality rate was 100% in the test plot, which was comparable to normal fattening.
(7) From the above, when the Japanese Black fattening cattle were fed with a complete mixed feed containing wheat SC, the same results as in normal fattening were obtained. Wheat SC has a short cutting length and variations in shape at the time of feeding due to pulverization and separation, and although there are concerns about a decrease in rumination time and a decrease in lumen pH compared to normal fattening, when judging the results comprehensively It was considered that there was no problem in practical use.

6. References 1) Goto, Grassland Sci., 48: 379-391 (2002)
2) Takano et al., Report of Kainaka Lab, 0341-527 (2003)
3) Kitagawa, Journal of Nutrition and Physiology, 27: 119-129 (1983)
4) Watanabe et al., Journal of Industrial Animal Clinic, 1 (4): 177-183 (2010)
5) Takano et al., Report of Kainaka Lab, 0349-179 (2014)
6) Adachi et al., J. Vet. Med. Sci., 59 (10): 873-877 (1997).
7) Dohme et al., J. Dairy Sci., 91, 3554-3567 (2008)
8) Sudweeks et al., J Anim Sci, 53: 1406-1411 (1981)
9) Watanabe, Production Veterinary Medical System Beef Cow Edition, pp90-101, Rural Culture Association (1999).

Claims (9)

1 to 10 parts of clay is added and mixed with 100 parts of the herbaceous raw material, which is a herbaceous raw material cut to several centimeters and 95% or more of which is wheat straw, and is formed into a cube shape by pressurization. Roughage for cattle, consisting of molded feed. A cattle feed containing the roughage and compound feed according to claim 1. The feed according to claim 2 , which is a feed for beef cattle. The feed according to claim 3 , which is a feed for beef cattle fattening. A cow including feeding the roughage according to claim 1 to the cow at the same time as or mixed with the mixed feed, or feeding the cow according to any one of claims 2 to 4. Breeding method. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the roughage and the compound feed are fed to the cow without feeding either the uncut wheat straw or the unmolded wheat straw cut product. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the cow is a beef cattle. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the beef cattle is a beef cattle in the fattening period. A method for producing beef, which comprises feeding the beef cattle with the roughage according to claim 1 at the same time as or mixed with the compound feed, or feeding the beef cattle with the feed according to claim 3 or 4.