JP2020033011A - Windshield - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a windshield to which an information acquisition device that emits and/or receives light through a glass plate can be mounted and which enables accurate light emission and/or light reception and accurate information processing to be performed, and a manufacturing method for the same.SOLUTION: According to the present invention, a windshield on which an information acquisition device that acquires information from the outside of a vehicle by light emission and/or light reception can be mounted, includes a glass plate and fog prevention means provided on the glass plate. The glass plate has at least one information acquisition area which faces the information acquisition device and through which the light passes. The fog prevention means is provided on the glass plate so as to prevent fogging of the information acquisition area.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a windshield in which an information acquisition device that acquires information from outside a vehicle by irradiating and / or receiving light can be arranged, and a method of manufacturing the windshield.

  In recent years, the safety performance of automobiles has been dramatically improved. As one of them, in order to avoid collision with the vehicle in front, the distance to the vehicle in front and the speed of the vehicle in front are sensed. A safety system in which the brake operates is proposed. Such a system measures the distance to a vehicle in front using a laser radar or a camera. A laser radar or a camera is generally arranged inside a windshield, and performs measurement by irradiating light such as infrared rays forward (for example, Patent Document 1).

JP 2006-96331 A

  As described above, the measuring devices such as the laser radar and the camera are arranged on the inner surface side of the glass plate constituting the windshield, and irradiate and receive light through the glass plate. However, on cold days and cold days, the glass plate may become cloudy. However, when the glass plate is fogged, there is a possibility that the light cannot be accurately irradiated from the measuring device or the light cannot be received. As a result, the distance between vehicles and the like may not be accurately calculated.

  Such a problem is not limited to the inter-vehicle distance measuring device, but may be a problem that may occur in any information acquisition device that acquires information from outside the vehicle by receiving light such as a rain sensor, a light sensor, and an optical beacon. The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, and a light shield and / or a light receiving device are provided in a windshield to which an information acquisition device that performs light irradiation and / or light receiving through a glass plate can be attached. An object of the present invention is to provide a windshield and a method for manufacturing the same, which can be performed accurately and can process information accurately.

  A windshield according to the present invention is a windshield in which an information acquisition device that acquires information from outside of a vehicle by irradiating and / or receiving light can be arranged, and includes a glass plate and a protection provided on the glass plate. Fogging means, wherein the glass plate has at least one information acquisition area through which the light passes in opposition to the information acquisition device, and the anti-fogging means comprises at least the The information acquisition area is provided to prevent fogging.

  In the windshield, the anti-fogging means may be an anti-fogging film, and the anti-fogging film may be disposed at least in the information acquisition area on the glass plate.

  The anti-fogging film can be formed by applying a liquid material on the glass plate at an arrangement corresponding to the information acquisition region.

  The anti-fogging film may contain inorganic oxide particles for forming irregularities on the surface.

  The refractive index of the anti-fog film may be larger than the refractive index of air and smaller than the refractive index of the glass plate.

  The anti-fogging film may contain an organic substance containing a water-absorbing resin as a main component.

  The anti-fogging film can be formed in a film shape including a base layer and an anti-fogging function layer formed on the base layer, and in the glass plate, in an arrangement corresponding to the information acquisition region. It can be configured to be attached.

  The anti-fogging function layer can be mainly composed of a water-absorbing resin or a substance having a hydrophilic group and having a hydrophilic film surface.

  The anti-fog function layer may contain inorganic oxide particles for forming irregularities on the surface.

  The refractive index of the anti-fog function layer may be larger than the refractive index of air and smaller than the refractive index of the glass plate.

  The anti-fog means may include a heating wire to which a current is applied, and the heating wire may be arranged at least in the information acquisition area.

  The heating wire can be connected in series to a power supply.

  At least a part of each of the heating wires may have a line width of at least a portion passing through the information acquisition region in a range of 0.05 to 0.5 mm.

  In the heating wire, at least one of a surface facing the glass plate and a surface facing the vehicle interior can be coated with a coating material.

  The coating may be a dark ceramic.

  The anti-fog means can be composed of a plurality of means.

  For example, the anti-fogging means can be composed of at least an anti-fogging film disposed on the inner surface of the glass plate and a heating wire to which a current is applied.

Alternatively, the anti-fog means, at least, an anti-fog film disposed on the inner surface of the glass plate, a transparent conductive film disposed between the anti-fog film and the glass plate,
Can be configured.

  In each of the windshields, the information acquisition device can include a stereo camera having a plurality of imaging devices separated from each other so as to acquire a plurality of images in which parallax has occurred, and a plurality of the information acquisition regions, It can be provided to correspond to each photographing device.

  In each of the windshields, the information acquisition device may include a bracket for attaching the information acquisition device to the glass plate, and the information acquisition region may be configured to be surrounded by the bracket.

  A method for manufacturing a windshield according to the present invention is a method for manufacturing a windshield in which an information acquisition device that acquires information from outside the vehicle by performing light irradiation and / or light reception can be arranged. Forming a glass sheet having at least one information acquisition region facing the light, passing through the transfer sheet, preparing a transfer sheet on which at least a heating wire is disposed, and applying the heating wire from the transfer sheet to the glass sheet. Transferring to the information acquisition area on the inner surface.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, in the windshield which can attach the information acquisition apparatus which irradiates and / or receives light through a glass plate, it can irradiate and / or receive light accurately, and can process information. Can be done accurately.

It is sectional drawing of one Embodiment of the windshield concerning this invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view of FIG. 1. It is sectional drawing of a laminated glass. It is a front view (a) and a sectional view (b) showing the amount of doubling of a curved laminated glass. 4 is a graph showing a relationship between a general frequency and a sound transmission loss of a curved glass plate and a planar glass plate. It is a schematic plan view which shows the measurement position of the thickness of a laminated glass. It is an example of an image used for measurement of an intermediate film. It is a top view of a glass plate. It is an enlarged plan view of a center mask layer. FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along line AA of FIG. 9. It is a side view which shows an example of the manufacturing method of a glass plate. It is a top view of the parts which comprise a measurement unit. It is sectional drawing of a sensor. It is a figure which shows an example of the effect of an antifogging film. It is a figure explaining the antireflection effect by an antifogging film. It is a figure explaining the antireflection effect by an antifogging film. It is a top view which shows the example which comprised the antifogging means which concerns on this invention by a heating wire. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a transfer sheet. FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a method of transferring a heating wire using the transfer sheet of FIG. 18. It is a top view which shows the other example which comprised the antifogging means which concerns on this invention by the heating wire. FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a windshield showing an example in which an antifogging film and a heating wire are arranged. FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a windshield showing an example in which an antifogging film, a transparent conductive film, and a heating wire are arranged. It is a front view showing an example of a windshield provided with a stereo camera. It is sectional drawing of FIG.

  Hereinafter, an embodiment in which a measurement unit of a distance between vehicles is attached to a windshield according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a windshield according to the present embodiment, and FIG. 2 is a plan view of FIG. As shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 8, and 9, the windshield according to the present embodiment includes a glass plate 1 and a mask layer 2 formed on an inner surface of the glass plate 1. A measurement unit 4 for measuring a distance between vehicles is attached to the mask layer 2. Further, openings 231 and 232 are formed in the mask layer 2, and light is irradiated from the measurement unit 4 and light is received through the openings 231 and 232. On the inner surface of the glass plate 1, an anti-fog film is formed in a region corresponding to the openings 231 and 232 of the mask layer 2. Hereinafter, each member will be described.

<1. Glass plate>
<1-1. Composition of glass plate / Composition of laminated glass>
The glass plate 1 can have various configurations. For example, the glass plate 1 can be composed of a laminated glass having a plurality of glass plates, or can be composed of a single glass plate. When using laminated glass, for example, it can be configured as shown in FIG. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the laminated glass.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the laminated glass 1 includes an outer glass plate 11 and an inner glass plate 12, and a resin interlayer 13 is disposed between the glass plates 11 and 12. First, the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 will be described. As the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12, known glass plates can be used, and they can be formed of heat ray absorbing glass, general clear glass or green glass, or UV green glass. However, these glass plates 11 and 12 need to realize visible light transmittance in accordance with safety standards of the country where the automobile is used. For example, the required solar absorptance can be ensured by the outer glass plate 11 and the visible light transmittance can be adjusted by the inner glass plate 12 to satisfy the safety standard. Hereinafter, examples of clear glass, heat ray absorbing glass, and soda-lime glass will be described.

(Clear glass)
SiO ₂ : 70 to 73% by mass
Al ₂ O _3: 0.6~2.4 wt%
CaO: 7 to 12% by mass
MgO: 1.0 to 4.5 mass%
R ₂ O: 13 to 15% by mass (R is an alkali metal)
Fe total iron oxide in terms of _{2 O 3 (T-Fe 2} O 3): 0.08~0.14 wt%

(Heat absorbing glass)
The composition of the heat-absorbing glass, for example, based on the composition of the clear glass, the proportion of the total iron oxide in terms of _{Fe 2 O 3 (T-Fe} 2 O 3) and 0.4 to 1.3 wt%, CeO ₂ ratio 0
To 2% by mass, the ratio of TiO ₂ to 0 to 0.5% by mass, and the skeleton component of glass (mainly S
iO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃₎ to be a _{T-Fe 2 O 3, CeO} 2 and increase by subtracting composition of TiO _2.

(Soda-lime glass)
SiO ₂ : 65 to 80% by mass
Al ₂ O ₃ : 0 to 5% by mass
CaO: 5 to 15% by mass
MgO: 2% by mass or more NaO: 10 to 18% by mass
K ₂ O: 0 to 5 wt%
MgO + CaO: 5 to 15% by mass
Na ₂ O + K ₂ O: 10 to 20% by mass
SO ₃ : 0.05 to 0.3% by mass
B ₂ O ₃ : 0 to 5% by mass
Fe total iron oxide in terms of _{2 O 3 (T-Fe 2} O 3): 0.02~0.03 wt%

  The thickness of the laminated glass according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of weight reduction, the total thickness of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 is preferably set to 2.4 to 5.0 mm. , More preferably 2.6 to 4.6 mm, particularly preferably 2.7 to 3.2 mm. As described above, in order to reduce the weight, it is necessary to reduce the total thickness of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12, and thus the thickness of each glass plate is not particularly limited, For example, the thickness of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 can be determined as follows.

  The outer glass plate 11 mainly needs to have durability and impact resistance against external obstacles. For example, when this laminated glass is used as a windshield of an automobile, the outer glass plate 11 has impact resistance to flying objects such as pebbles. is necessary. On the other hand, as the thickness increases, the weight increases, which is not preferable. In this respect, the thickness of the outer glass plate 11 is preferably 1.8 to 2.3 mm, and more preferably 1.9 to 2.1 mm. Which thickness is employed can be determined according to the use of the glass.

  The thickness of the inner glass plate 12 can be made equal to that of the outer glass plate 11, but, for example, the thickness can be made smaller than that of the outer glass plate 11 in order to reduce the weight of the laminated glass. Specifically, in consideration of the strength of the glass, it is preferably 0.6 to 2.3 mm, more preferably 0.8 to 2.0 mm, and particularly preferably 1.0 to 1.4 mm. preferable. Furthermore, it is preferable that it is 0.8-1.3 mm. Which thickness is adopted for the inner glass plate 12 can be determined depending on the use of the glass.

  Further, the shapes of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 according to the present embodiment may be any of a planar shape and a curved shape.

  It is said that when the glass plate has a curved shape, the sound insulation performance decreases as the amount of doubling increases. The doubling amount is an amount indicating the bending of the glass plate. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, when a straight line L connecting the center of the upper side and the center of the lower side of the glass plate is set, Is defined as the amount of doubling D.

  FIG. 5 is a graph showing a relationship between a general frequency and a sound transmission loss of a curved glass plate and a planar glass plate. According to FIG. 5, the curved glass plate has no significant difference in the sound transmission loss when the doubling amount is in the range of 30 to 38 mm. However, the sound transmission loss in the frequency band of 4000 Hz or less compared with the flat glass plate. It can be seen that the loss has decreased. Therefore, when producing a glass plate having a curved shape, the amount of doubling is preferably small. For example, when the amount of doubling exceeds 30 mm, the Young's modulus of the core layer of the intermediate film is set to 18 MPa (frequency (100 Hz, temperature 20 ° C.) or less.

  Here, an example of a method of measuring the thickness when the glass plate (laminated glass) 1 is curved will be described. First, as shown in FIG. 6, the measurement positions are two upper and lower positions on a center line S extending vertically in the left-right center of the glass plate. The measuring instrument is not particularly limited, but for example, a thickness gauge such as SM-112 manufactured by TECLOCK can be used. At the time of measurement, the curved surface of the glass plate is placed on a flat surface, and the measurement is performed by holding the end of the glass plate with the above thickness gauge. Note that even when the glass plate is flat, measurement can be performed in the same manner as when the glass plate is curved.

<1-2. Laminated glass interlayer>
The intermediate film 13 is formed of at least one layer. As an example, as shown in FIG. 3, the intermediate film 13 can be formed of three layers in which a soft core layer 131 is sandwiched by a harder outer layer 132. However, the present invention is not limited to this configuration, and may be formed of a plurality of layers having the core layer 131 and at least one outer layer 132 disposed on the outer glass plate 11 side. For example, two layers of the intermediate film 13 including the core layer 131 and one outer layer 132 disposed on the outer glass plate 11 side, or two or more even outer layers 132 on both sides of the core layer 131, respectively. The arranged intermediate film 13 or the intermediate film 13 having an odd outer layer 132 on one side and an even outer layer 132 on the other side with the core layer 131 interposed therebetween can also be used. In the case where only one outer layer 132 is provided, the outer layer 132 is provided on the outer glass plate 11 side as described above, but this is to improve the resistance to breakage against external force from outside the vehicle or outdoors. In addition, when the number of the outer layers 132 is large, the sound insulation performance also increases.

  As long as the core layer 131 is softer than the outer layer 132, its hardness is not particularly limited. The material constituting each of the layers 131 and 132 is not particularly limited. For example, the material can be selected based on the Young's modulus. Specifically, at a frequency of 100 Hz and a temperature of 20 degrees, the pressure is preferably 1 to 20 MPa, more preferably 1 to 18 MPa, and particularly preferably 1 to 14 MPa. With such a range, it is possible to prevent the STL from lowering in a low frequency range of about 3500 Hz or less. On the other hand, as described later, the Young's modulus of the outer layer 132 is preferably large in order to improve the sound insulation performance in a high frequency range, and is 560 MPa or more, 600 MPa or more, 650 MPa or more, 700 MPa or more at a frequency of 100 Hz and a temperature of 20 degrees. It can be 750 MPa or more, 880 MPa or more, or 1300 MPa or more. On the other hand, the upper limit of the Young's modulus of the outer layer 132 is not particularly limited, but can be set, for example, from the viewpoint of workability. For example, it is empirically known that when the pressure is 1750 MPa or more, workability, particularly cutting becomes difficult.

  As a specific material, the outer layer 132 can be made of, for example, polyvinyl butyral resin (PVB). Polyvinyl butyral resin is preferable because it has excellent adhesiveness to each glass plate and excellent penetration resistance. On the other hand, the core layer 131 can be made of, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate resin (EVA) or a polyvinyl acetal resin softer than the polyvinyl butyral resin constituting the outer layer. By sandwiching the soft core layer therebetween, the sound insulation performance can be greatly improved while maintaining the same adhesiveness and penetration resistance as a single-layer resin interlayer.

  Generally, the hardness of the polyvinyl acetal resin is controlled by (a) the degree of polymerization of the starting polyvinyl alcohol, (b) the degree of acetalization, (c) the type of plasticizer, and (d) the proportion of the plasticizer added. Can be. Therefore, by appropriately adjusting at least one selected from these conditions, even with the same polyvinyl butyral resin, a hard polyvinyl butyral resin used for the outer layer 132 and a soft polyvinyl butyral resin used for the core layer 131 It is possible to make differently. Further, the hardness of the polyvinyl acetal resin can also be controlled by the type of aldehyde used for acetalization, the co-acetalization with a plurality of types of aldehydes, or the pure acetalization with a single type of aldehyde. Although it cannot be said unconditionally, the polyvinyl acetal resin obtained by using an aldehyde having a large number of carbon atoms tends to be softer. Therefore, for example, when the outer layer 132 is made of a polyvinyl butyral resin, the core layer 131 has an aldehyde having 5 or more carbon atoms (for example, n-hexylaldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-heptylaldehyde, n-octyl aldehyde) with polyvinyl alcohol. In addition, when a predetermined Young's modulus is obtained, it is not limited to the above resin and the like.

  Further, the total thickness of the intermediate film 13 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.3 to 6.0 mm, more preferably 0.5 to 4.0 mm, and more preferably 0.6 to 2.0 mm. It is particularly preferred that there is. In addition, the thickness of the core layer 131 is preferably 0.1 to 2.0 mm, and more preferably 0.1 to 0.6 mm. On the other hand, the thickness of each outer layer 132 is preferably 0.1 to 2.0 mm, more preferably 0.1 to 1.0 mm. In addition, the total thickness of the intermediate film 13 may be kept constant, and the thickness of the core layer 131 may be adjusted.

  The thicknesses of the core layer 131 and the outer layer 132 can be measured, for example, as follows. First, the cross section of the laminated glass is enlarged and displayed 175 times by a microscope (for example, VH-5500 manufactured by KEYENCE CORPORATION). Then, the thicknesses of the core layer 131 and the outer layer 132 are visually identified and measured. At this time, in order to eliminate visual variations, the number of measurements is set to five, and the average value is set to the thickness of the core layer 131 and the outer layer 132. For example, an enlarged photograph of the laminated glass as shown in FIG. 7 is taken, and the core layer and the outer layer 132 are specified and the thickness is measured.

  The thicknesses of the core layer 131 and the outer layer 132 of the intermediate film 13 do not need to be constant over the entire surface, and may be, for example, a wedge shape for a laminated glass used in a head-up display. In this case, the thickness of the core layer 131 and the outer layer 132 of the intermediate film 13 is measured at the point where the thickness is the smallest, that is, at the lowermost side of the laminated glass. When the intermediate film 13 is wedge-shaped, the outer glass plate and the inner glass plate are not arranged in parallel, but such an arrangement is also included in the glass plate of the present invention. That is, in the present invention, for example, the arrangement of the outer glass plate and the inner glass plate when the intermediate film 13 using the core layer 131 or the outer layer 132 whose thickness is increased at a rate of change of 3 mm or less per 1 m is included. .

  The method for producing the intermediate film 13 is not particularly limited. For example, a resin component such as the polyvinyl acetal resin described above, a plasticizer, and other additives as necessary are blended and uniformly kneaded. And a method of laminating two or more resin films formed by this method by a pressing method, a laminating method or the like. The resin film before lamination used in a method of laminating by a pressing method, a lamination method, or the like may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure. Further, the intermediate film 13 may be formed of a single layer other than the above-described plurality of layers.

<1-3. Infrared transmittance of glass plate>
As described above, the windshield according to the present embodiment is used for a forward safety system of an automobile using a measurement unit such as a laser radar and a camera. In such a safety system, a vehicle ahead is irradiated with infrared rays to measure the speed and the inter-vehicle distance of the vehicle ahead. Therefore, the laminated glass (or one glass plate) is required to achieve a predetermined range of infrared transmittance.

  For example, when a general sensor is used for a laser radar, the transmittance is 20% or more and 80% or less, and at least 20% or more and 60% or less with respect to light (infrared rays) having a wavelength of 850 to 950 nm. There are things that are useful. According to JIS R3106, the transmittance can be measured by using UV3100 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) as a measuring device. Specifically, the transmission of light in one direction, which is irradiated at an angle of 90 degrees to the surface of the laminated glass, is measured.

  Also, in the above safety system, without using a laser radar, there is also one that uses an infrared camera to measure the speed and inter-vehicle distance of the vehicle ahead, but in that case, for example, a general camera for laser radar When is used, it is considered useful that it is 30% or more and 80% or less, preferably 40% or more and 60% or less with respect to light (infrared ray) having a wavelength of 700 to 800 nm. The measuring method of the transmittance follows ISO9050.

<2. Mask layer>
Next, the mask layer 2 will be described. The mask layer 2 as shown in FIG. 8 is formed on the glass plate 1 according to the present embodiment. The mask layer 2 is laminated on a glass plate, but the position is not particularly limited. For example, when the glass plate is formed of one glass plate, the mask layer 2 can be laminated on the inner surface of the vehicle. On the other hand, when the glass plate is formed of laminated glass as shown in FIG. 3, the inner surface of the outer glass plate 11, the outer surface of the inner glass plate 12, and the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12 are formed. It can be laminated to at least one of the surfaces. Among them, for example, when the mask layer 2 having substantially the same shape is formed on both the inner surface of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12, when the mask layer 2 is laminated, This is preferable because the curvatures of both glass plates 11 and 12 match. FIG. 1 shows an example in which the mask layer 2 is formed on the inner surface of the glass plate 1.

  This mask layer 2 is a dark-colored area for preventing the glass plate 1 from being seen from the outside, such as an adhesive applied when the glass plate 1 is attached to a vehicle body, and is formed on the outer peripheral edge of the glass plate 1. The peripheral mask layer 21 includes a center mask layer 22 that extends downward from the center of the upper edge of the glass plate 1 in the peripheral mask layer 21. The measurement unit 4 described above is attached to the center mask layer 22. The measurement unit 4 only needs to be arranged so that light emitted from the sensor 5 passes through the center of the opening (information acquisition area) and can receive reflected light from a preceding vehicle and an obstacle as described later. The mask layer 2 can be formed of various materials, but is not particularly limited as long as it can shield the field of view from outside the vehicle. For example, a dark ceramic such as black is applied to the glass plate 1. Can be formed.

  Next, the center mask layer 22 will be described. As shown in FIG. 9, the center mask layer 22 is formed in a rectangular shape extending in the up-down direction, and has two openings arranged in the up-down direction, that is, an upper opening 231 and a lower opening 232. The upper opening 231 and the lower opening 232 are both trapezoidal, but the width of the lower opening 232 in the left-right direction is about half the width of the upper opening 231. However, the length in the vertical direction is substantially the same. Although the size of the opening is not particularly limited, for example, the upper opening 231 may be about 58 mm in length and about 58 mm in width, and the lower opening 232 may be about 52 mm in length and about 27 mm in width.

  The center mask layer 22 is divided into three regions, an upper region 221 above the upper opening 231, a lower region 222 below the upper region 221 and including the openings 231 and 232, and a side of the lower region 222. It is composed of a rectangular small side region 223 formed in the portion.

  Next, the layer configuration of each region will be described. As shown in FIG. 10, the upper region 221 is formed as a single layer of a first ceramic layer 241 made of black ceramic. The lower region 222 is formed of three layers including the first ceramic layer 241, the silver layer 242, and the second ceramic layer 243 stacked from the inner surface of the glass plate 1. The silver layer 242 is formed of silver, and the second ceramic layer 243 is formed of the same material as the first ceramic layer 241. The side region 223 is formed of two layers, a first ceramic layer 241 and a silver layer 242, which are laminated from the inner surface of the glass plate 1, and the silver layer 242 is exposed to the vehicle interior. The lowermost first ceramic layer 241 is common to each region, and the second silver layer 242 is common to the lower region 222 and the side region 223. Note that the thickness of each of the ceramic layers 241 and 243 can be set to, for example, 10 to 20 μm in order to secure light-shielding properties. As will be described later, the bracket of the measurement unit 4 is adhered to the center mask layer 22 formed on the inner side surface of the inner glass plate 12 with an adhesive. Such a thickness is preferred. This is because, for example, the urethane / silicon adhesive may be deteriorated by ultraviolet rays or the like.

  The peripheral mask layer 21 and the center mask layer 22 can be formed, for example, as follows. First, a first ceramic layer 241 is applied on a glass plate. The first ceramic layer 241 is common to the peripheral mask layer 21. Next, on the first ceramic layer 241, a silver layer 242 is applied to a region corresponding to the lower region 222 and the side region 223. Finally, a second ceramic layer 243 is applied to a region corresponding to the lower region 222. In the lower region 222, a region where the silver layer 242 is formed corresponds to a position where a sensor of the measurement unit 4 described later is arranged. Further, a wiring for grounding is provided on the silver layer 242 exposed in the side region 223. The ceramic layers 241 and 243 and the silver layer 242 can be formed by a screen printing method, but can also be manufactured by transferring a firing transfer film to a glass plate and firing.

The ceramic layers 241 and 243 can be formed of various materials, and for example, can have the following composition.

The silver layer 242 is not particularly limited, but may have the following composition, for example.

  The screen printing conditions include, for example, polyester screen: 355 mesh, coat thickness: 20 μm, tension: 20 Nm, squeegee hardness: 80 degrees, mounting angle: 75 °, printing speed: 300 mm / s, and drying oven. By drying at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes, a ceramic layer and a silver layer can be formed. When the first ceramic layer 241, the silver layer 242, and the second ceramic layer 243 are stacked in this order, the above-described screen printing and drying may be repeated.

<3. Anti-fog film>
Hereinafter, the antifogging film will be described. The anti-fogging film is not particularly limited as long as it has the anti-fogging effect of the glass plate 1, and a known one can be used. Generally, the anti-fog film includes a hydrophilic type in which water generated from water vapor is formed as a water film on the surface, a water-absorbing type that absorbs water vapor, and a water-repellent type that repels water droplets generated from water vapor. Is also applicable. Hereinafter, an example of a water-absorbing type anti-fog film will be described as an example.
[Organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film]
The organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film is a single-layer film formed on the surface of a glass plate or a laminated multi-layer film. The organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film contains an organic substance and an inorganic oxide. The organic matter contains a water-absorbing resin, and the inorganic oxide contains a silica component. The organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film may contain an ultraviolet absorber and / or an infrared absorber. Hereinafter, each component will be described.

(Water absorbent resin)
There is no particular limitation on the water-absorbing resin, polyethylene glycol, polyether resin, polyurethane resin, starch resin, cellulose resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polyester polyol, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Examples include polyvinyl acetal resin and polyvinyl acetate. Of these, preferred are hydroxyalkyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetal resin, polyvinyl acetate, epoxy resin and polyurethane resin, and more preferred are polyvinyl acetal resin, epoxy resin and polyurethane resin. Yes, particularly preferred are polyvinyl acetal resins.

The polyvinyl acetal resin can be obtained by subjecting polyvinyl alcohol to an aldehyde condensation reaction to form an acetal. Acetalization of polyvinyl alcohol may be performed by a known method such as a precipitation method using an aqueous medium in the presence of an acid catalyst and a dissolution method using a solvent such as alcohol. Acetalization can also be performed in parallel with saponification of polyvinyl acetate. The degree of acetalization is preferably 2 to 40 mol%, more preferably 3 to 30 mol%, particularly preferably 5 to 20 mol%, and in some cases 5 to 15 mol%. The degree of acetalization can be measured based on, for example, ¹³ C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A polyvinyl acetal resin having a degree of acetalization within the above range is suitable for forming an organic-inorganic composite antifogging film having good water absorption and water resistance.

  The average degree of polymerization of polyvinyl alcohol is preferably from 200 to 4,500, and more preferably from 500 to 4,500. A high average polymerization degree is advantageous for forming an organic-inorganic composite antifogging film having good water absorption and water resistance.However, if the average polymerization degree is too high, the viscosity of the solution becomes too high, which hinders the formation of the film. May come. The saponification degree of polyvinyl alcohol is preferably from 75 to 99.8 mol%.

  Examples of the aldehyde to be condensed with polyvinyl alcohol include aliphatic aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, hexylcarbaldehyde, octylcarbaldehyde, and decylcarbaldehyde. Also, benzaldehyde; 2-methylbenzaldehyde, 3-methylbenzaldehyde, 4-methylbenzaldehyde and other alkyl-substituted benzaldehydes; chlorobenzaldehyde and other halogen-substituted benzaldehydes; alkyl such as hydroxy group, alkoxy group, amino group and cyano group A substituted benzaldehyde in which a hydrogen atom is substituted by a functional group other than a group; and aromatic aldehydes such as condensed aromatic ring aldehydes such as naphthaldehyde and anthralaldehyde. Aromatic aldehydes having strong hydrophobicity are advantageous for forming an organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film having a low degree of acetalization and excellent water resistance. Use of an aromatic aldehyde is advantageous in forming a film having high water absorption while leaving a large amount of hydroxyl groups. The polyvinyl acetal resin preferably contains an acetal structure derived from an aromatic aldehyde, particularly benzaldehyde.

  Examples of the epoxy resin include a glycidyl ether-based epoxy resin, a glycidyl ester-based epoxy resin, a glycidylamine-based epoxy resin, and a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. Of these, cycloaliphatic epoxy resins are preferred.

  Examples of the polyurethane resin include a polyurethane resin composed of a polyisocyanate and a polyol. As the polyol, an acrylic polyol and a polyoxyalkylene-based polyol are preferable.

  The organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film contains a water-absorbing resin as a main component. In the present invention, the “main component” means a component having the highest content based on mass. The content of the water-absorbing resin based on the weight of the organic-inorganic composite antifogging film is preferably 50% by weight or more, more preferably 60% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 65% by weight, from the viewpoint of film hardness, water absorption and antifogging property. % By weight, 95% by weight or less, more preferably 90% by weight or less, particularly preferably 85% by weight or less.

(Inorganic oxide)
The inorganic oxide is, for example, an oxide of at least one element selected from Si, Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, Nd, La, Ce, and Sn, and includes at least an oxide of Si (silica). The organic-inorganic composite antifogging film is preferably at least 0.01 part by weight, more preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, still more preferably at least 0.2 part by weight, particularly preferably at least 100 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the water absorbent resin. Is at least 1 part by weight, most preferably at least 5 parts by weight, in some cases at least 10 parts by weight, if necessary at least 20 parts by weight, preferably at most 50 parts by weight, more preferably at most 45 parts by weight, even more preferably It is preferable that the inorganic oxide is contained so as to be 40 parts by weight or less, particularly preferably 35 parts by weight or less, most preferably 33 parts by weight or less, and in some cases 30 parts by weight or less. Inorganic oxide is a component necessary to ensure the strength of the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film, particularly the abrasion resistance, but when its content is large, the anti-fogging property of the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film is reduced. .

(Inorganic oxide fine particles)
The organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film may further include inorganic oxide fine particles as at least a part of the inorganic oxide. The inorganic oxide constituting the inorganic oxide fine particles is, for example, an oxide of at least one element selected from Si, Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, Nd, La, Ce and Sn, and preferably silica fine particles. is there. Silica fine particles can be introduced into an organic-inorganic composite antifogging film by adding, for example, colloidal silica. The inorganic oxide fine particles are excellent in the effect of transmitting the stress applied to the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film to the article supporting the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film, and have high hardness. Therefore, the addition of the inorganic oxide fine particles is advantageous from the viewpoint of improving the abrasion resistance of the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film. In addition, when inorganic oxide fine particles are added to the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film, fine voids are formed in portions where the fine particles are in contact with or in close proximity, and water vapor is easily taken into the film from these voids. For this reason, the addition of the inorganic oxide fine particles sometimes works to improve the anti-fogging property. The inorganic oxide fine particles can be supplied to the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film by adding the inorganic oxide fine particles formed in advance to a coating liquid for forming the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film.

  If the average particle size of the inorganic oxide fine particles is too large, the organic-inorganic composite antifogging film may become cloudy. If the average particle size is too small, it becomes difficult to aggregate and uniformly disperse. From this viewpoint, the average particle diameter of the inorganic oxide fine particles is preferably 1 to 20 nm, more preferably 5 to 20 nm. Here, the average particle diameter of the inorganic oxide fine particles is described in the state of primary particles. The average particle size of the inorganic oxide fine particles is determined by measuring the particle size of 50 fine particles arbitrarily selected by observation using a scanning electron microscope, and employing the average value. When the content of the inorganic oxide fine particles increases, the water absorption of the whole organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film decreases, and the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film may become cloudy. The inorganic oxide fine particles are preferably from 0 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably from 2 to 30 parts by weight, still more preferably from 5 to 25 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 10 to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the water absorbent resin. Parts.

(Hydrolyzable metal compound)
In order to mix the inorganic oxide into the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film, a metal compound having a hydrolyzable group (hydrolyzable metal compound) or a hydrolyzate thereof is used to form the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film. It may be added to the coating solution. As the hydrolyzable metal compound, a silicon compound having a hydrolyzable group represented by the following formula (I) is preferable. The silica contained in the inorganic oxide preferably contains a silicon compound having a hydrolyzable group or silica derived from a hydrolyzate thereof. The silicon compound having a hydrolyzable group represented by the formula (I) may be used alone or in combination of two or more. In the present invention, silica that includes a silicon compound bonded by a siloxane bond and an organic metal directly bonded to a part of the silicon is also included in the silica.

R _m SiX _4-m (I)
R in the formula (I) is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms in which a hydrogen atom may be substituted by a reactive functional group. Examples of the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms include an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms (methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group and isopropyl group) and an alkenyl group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms (vinyl group and allyl group). , Propenyl group) and the like.

  The reactive functional group is preferably at least one selected from an oxyglycidyl group and an amino group. The hydrolyzable metal compound having a reactive functional group firmly binds the water-absorbing resin, which is an organic substance, and the silica, which is an inorganic oxide, and contributes to the improvement of abrasion resistance, hardness, etc. of the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film. I can do it.

  X in the formula (I) is a hydrolyzable group or a halogen atom. Examples of the hydrolyzable group include at least one selected from an alkoxyl group, an acetoxy group, an alkenyloxy group, and an amino group. Examples of the alkoxyl group include an alkoxyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group). Among the hydrolyzable groups, an alkoxyl group is preferable, and an alkoxyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is more preferable. The halogen atom is, for example, chlorine.

  M in the formula (I) is an integer of 0 to 2, preferably 0 to 1.

A preferred specific example of the silicon compound having a hydrolyzable group represented by the formula (I) is a silicon alkoxide wherein X in the formula (I) is an alkoxyl group. Further, it is more preferable that the silicon alkoxide includes a tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide corresponding to the compound (SiX ₄ ) in which m = 0 in the formula (I). Specific examples of the tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide include tetramethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane. Silicon alkoxides may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When two or more types are used in combination, it is more preferable that the main component of the silicon alkoxide is a tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide.

More preferably, the silicon alkoxide includes a tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide and a trifunctional silicon alkoxide corresponding to the compound (RSix ₃ ) where m = 1 in the formula (I). Specific examples of the trifunctional silicon alkoxide having no reactive functional group include methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, and the like. Specific examples of the trifunctional silicon alkoxide having a reactive functional group include glycidoxyalkyl trialkoxysilane (such as 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane) and aminoalkyltrialkoxysilane (such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) ) And the like.

Silicon alkoxides having a reactive functional group are sometimes referred to as silane coupling agents. The bifunctional silicon alkoxide corresponding to the compound (R ₂ SiX ₂ ) where m = 2 in the formula (I) is also a silane coupling agent when at least one of R is a reactive functional group. Specific examples of the bifunctional silicon alkoxide in which at least one of R has a reactive functional group include glycidoxyalkylalkyldialkoxysilanes (such as 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane) and aminoalkylalkyldialkoxysilanes [N -2- (aminoethyl) -3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane and the like].

  When the ultraviolet absorber or the infrared absorber is an organic substance, it is particularly preferable that the silicon alkoxide contains a silane coupling agent. This is because the light shielding property (for example, ultraviolet shielding property) by the ultraviolet absorber or the infrared absorber is improved. The reason that the silane coupling agent improves the light shielding property of the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film is that the addition of the silane coupling agent makes the light absorber, which is an organic compound, more uniformly dispersed in the water-absorbing resin containing silica. It is thought to be in.

  The silicon compound having a hydrolyzable group represented by the formula (I) supplies a component represented by the following formula (II) when hydrolysis and polycondensation have completely progressed.

R _m SiO _{(4-m) / 2} (II)
R and m in the formula (II) are as described above. After hydrolysis and polycondensation, the compound represented by the formula (II) is actually three-dimensionally spread by alternately connecting silicon atoms and oxygen atoms in the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film. A network structure of siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si) is formed.

  When the content of silica derived from the tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide or the trifunctional silicon alkoxide in the organic-inorganic composite antifogging film increases, the antifogging property of the organic-inorganic composite antifogging film may decrease. This is partly because the flexibility of the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film is reduced, and the swelling and shrinking of the film due to the absorption and release of water are limited. The silica derived from the tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide is preferably added in an amount of 0 to 30 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 20 parts by weight, and still more preferably 3 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the water absorbent resin. . Silica derived from trifunctional silicon alkoxide is preferably in the range of 0 to 30 parts by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 15 parts by weight, and still more preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the water absorbent resin. It is good to add in.

  As the ultraviolet absorber, for example, a benzotriazole compound [2- (2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, 2- (2′-hydroxy-3 ′, 5′-di-t-butylphenyl) Benzotriazole, etc.], benzophenone compounds [2,2 ', 4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-octoxybenzophenone, 5, 5′-methylenebis (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone)], a hydroxyphenyltriazine compound [2- (2-hydroxy-4-octoxyphenyl) -4,6-bis (2,4-di-t-) (Butylphenyl) -s-triazine, 2- (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) -4 6-diphenyl-s-triazine, 2- (2-hydroxy-4-propoxy-5-methylphenyl) -4,6-bis (2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) -s-triazine, etc.] and cyano Organic substances such as acrylate compounds [ethyl-α-cyano-β, β-diphenyl acrylate, methyl-2-cyano-3-methyl-3- (p-methoxyphenyl) acrylate, etc.]. The ultraviolet absorbers may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The ultraviolet absorber may be at least one organic dye selected from a polymethine compound, an imidazoline compound, a coumarin compound, a naphthalimide compound, a perylene compound, an azo compound, an isoindolinone compound, a quinophthalone compound, and a quinoline compound. . Preferred among the ultraviolet absorbers are organic ultraviolet absorbers, and more preferred are at least one selected from benzotriazole compounds, benzophenone compounds, hydroxyphenyltriazine compounds, and cyanoacrylate compounds. Is a benzophenone compound. The benzophenone compound is preferable because it has good solubility in an alcohol-based solvent contained in a coating liquid for forming an organic-inorganic composite antifogging film and is uniformly dispersed in a polyvinyl acetal resin. The ultraviolet absorber preferably has a hydroxyl group, and more preferably has two or more hydroxyl groups bonded to one benzene skeleton of the ultraviolet absorber. The UV absorber is preferably added in an amount of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably 1.0 to 40 parts by weight, and still more preferably 2 to 35 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the water absorbent resin.

  As the infrared absorber, for example, polymethine compounds, cyanine compounds, phthalocyanine compounds, naphthalocyanine compounds, naphthoquinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, dithiol compounds, immonium compounds, diimonium compounds, aminium compounds, pyrylium compounds, cerium compounds, squarylium compounds, benzene Organic infrared absorbers such as counter ion conjugates of dithiol metal complex anions and cyanine dye cations; tungsten oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, zirconium oxide, nickel oxide, nickel oxide, aluminum oxide, oxide Inorganic infrared absorbers such as zinc, iron oxide, ammonium oxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, lanthanum oxide, tungsten oxide, indium tin oxide and antimony tin oxide Etc. The. The infrared absorbers may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Preferred among the infrared absorbers are inorganic infrared absorbers, and more preferred are indium tin oxide and / or antimony tin oxide. Indium tin oxide and / or antimony tin oxide are preferable because they have good stability in a coating solution for forming an organic-inorganic composite antifogging film and are uniformly dispersed in a polyvinyl acetal resin. The infrared absorber is preferably added in an amount of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably 1.0 to 40 parts by weight, and still more preferably 2 to 35 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the water-absorbing resin.

(Crosslinked structure)
The organic-inorganic composite antifogging film may include a crosslinked structure derived from at least one crosslinking agent selected from an organic boron compound, an organic titanium compound, and an organic zirconium compound. The introduction of the crosslinked structure improves the abrasion resistance and water resistance of the organic-inorganic composite antifogging film. In other words, the introduction of the crosslinked structure facilitates improving the durability of the organic-inorganic composite antifogging film without deteriorating its antifogging performance.

  The type of the crosslinking agent is not particularly limited as long as it can crosslink the water-absorbing resin used. Here, an example is given only of the organic titanium compound. The organic titanium compound is, for example, at least one selected from a titanium alkoxide, a titanium chelate compound and a titanium acylate. The titanium alkoxide is, for example, tetratetraisopropoxide, titanium tetra-n-butoxide, titanium tetraoctoxide. Examples of the titanium chelate compound include titanium acetylacetonate, titanium ethyl acetoacetate, titanium octylene glycol, titanium triethanolamine, and titanium lactate. The titanium lactate may be an ammonium salt (titanium lactate ammonium). The titanium acylate is, for example, titanium stearate. Preferred organic titanium compounds are titanium chelate compounds, especially titanium lactate.

  When the water-absorbing resin is a polyvinyl acetal resin, a preferable crosslinking agent is an organic titanium compound, particularly titanium lactate.

(Other optional components)
The organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film may contain other additives. Examples of the additives include glycols such as glycerin and ethylene glycol having a function of improving anti-fogging property. The additive may be a surfactant, a surface conditioner, a slip imparting agent, a leveling agent, an antifoaming agent, a preservative, or the like.

(Hydrophilic type)
The above-mentioned anti-fog film is a water-absorbing type containing a water-absorbing resin as a main component, but a hydrophilic type can also be adopted. The hydrophilic type is mainly composed of a hydrophilic resin, and a known type, for example, an antifogging film described in JP-A-2011-213555 can be used. Specifically, it is as follows.

  Preferably, a plurality of closed holes are formed inside the anti-fog film. Further, the antifogging film is mainly composed of silicon oxide, and has a double-chain anionic interface having two carbon chains each having 6 or more carbon atoms at a position branched from the hydrophilic group. The silicon oxide preferably contains an activator and a polyol compound, and the silicon oxide preferably contains silicon oxide fine particles and a silicon oxide component generated by a hydrolysis reaction and a polycondensation reaction of a silicon alkoxide. The “closed hole” is a hole that is not opened on the film surface. The “main component” means the component with the highest content, as usual, and specifically refers to the component that accounts for 50% by mass or more. The “polyol compound” is a polyhydric alcohol such as a diol and a triol.

  Further, such a hydrophilic type antifogging film is formed by applying a solution for forming an antifogging film containing silicon alkoxide and silicon oxide fine particles to form a coating film, and drying the coating film to form an antifogging film. By doing so, it can be obtained. The solution for forming the anti-fogging film comprises at least 1) a double-chain anionic surfactant, 2) a polyol compound, 3) fine particles of silicon oxide (fine silica particles), and 4) at least a part thereof is a silicon tetraalkoxide. It can be prepared by mixing silicon alkoxide, 5) water, 6) organic solvent, and 7) hydrolysis catalyst. However, the hydrophilic type antifogging film is not limited to this.

[Thickness]
The thickness of the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film may be appropriately adjusted according to the required anti-fog characteristics and the like. The thickness of the organic-inorganic composite antifogging film is preferably 1 to 20 μm, more preferably 2 to 15 μm, and further preferably 3 to 10 μm.

  The above-described anti-fog film is an example, and an ultraviolet absorber or an infrared absorber is not essential. In addition, other known antifogging films can be used, and various films such as antifogging films described in JP-A-2014-14802 and JP-A-2001-146585 can be used.

<4. Manufacturing method of windshield>
Next, an example of a method for manufacturing a windshield will be described. First, the glass sheet production line will be described.

  As shown in FIG. 11, in this production line, a heating furnace 901 and a molding device 902 are arranged in this order from upstream to downstream. A roller conveyor 903 is arranged from the heating furnace 901 to the forming apparatus 902 and a downstream side thereof, and the glass sheet 10 to be processed is conveyed by the roller conveyor 903. The glass plate 10 is formed in a flat plate shape before being carried into the heating furnace 901. After the mask layer 2 is laminated on the glass plate 10, the glass plate 10 is carried into the heating furnace 901.

  Although various configurations are possible for the heating furnace 901, for example, an electric heating furnace can be used. The heating furnace 901 has a furnace body of a rectangular tubular shape whose upstream and downstream ends are open, and a roller conveyor 903 is disposed inside the heating furnace 901 from upstream to downstream. A heater (not shown) is disposed on each of the upper surface, the lower surface, and a pair of side surfaces of the inner wall surface of the furnace main body, and a temperature at which the glass sheet 10 passing through the heating furnace 901 can be formed, for example, a softening point of glass. Heat to near.

  The forming apparatus 902 is configured to press a glass plate with an upper mold 921 and a lower mold 922 to form the glass plate into a predetermined shape. The upper die 921 has a curved shape that is convex downward so as to cover the entire upper surface of the glass plate 10 and is configured to be vertically movable. The lower mold 922 is formed in a frame shape corresponding to the peripheral edge of the glass plate 10, and the upper surface thereof has a curved surface shape so as to correspond to the upper mold 921. With this configuration, the glass plate 10 is press-formed between the upper die 921 and the lower die 922 to be formed into a final curved surface shape. A roller conveyor 903 is arranged in the frame of the lower mold 922, and the roller conveyor 903 can be moved up and down so as to pass through the frame of the lower mold 922. Although not shown, a slow cooling device (not shown) is disposed downstream of the forming device 902 to cool the formed glass sheet.

  The roller conveyor 903 as described above is a known one, and a plurality of rollers 931 rotatably supported at both ends are arranged at predetermined intervals. There are various methods for driving each roller 931. For example, a sprocket may be attached to an end of each roller 931 and a chain may be wound around each sprocket for driving. By adjusting the rotation speed of each roller 931, the conveyance speed of the glass plate 10 can also be adjusted. Note that the lower mold 922 of the forming device 902 may be configured to be in contact with the entire surface of the glass plate 10. In addition, the form of the upper mold and the lower mold is not particularly limited as long as the forming apparatus 902 is for forming a glass plate.

  When the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 are formed in this manner, subsequently, the intermediate film 13 is sandwiched between the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12, placed in a rubber bag, and suctioned under reduced pressure. Pre-adhesion at about 70-110 ° C. Other methods of pre-adhesion are also possible. For example, the intermediate film 13 is sandwiched between the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 and heated at 45 to 65 ° C. in an oven. Subsequently, the laminated glass is pressed with a roll at 0.45 to 0.55 MPa. Next, the laminated glass is heated again at 80 to 105 ° C. by an oven, and then pressed again by a roll at 0.45 to 0.55 MPa. Thus, the preliminary bonding is completed.

  Next, permanent bonding is performed. The pre-bonded laminated glass is fully bonded by an autoclave, for example, at 8 to 15 atm and at 100 to 150 ° C. Specifically, for example, the actual bonding can be performed under the condition of 14 atm and 145 ° C. Thus, the laminated glass according to the present embodiment is manufactured.

  When one glass sheet is used as the glass plate, one of the above-described glasses may be used. The same applies to a method for manufacturing a glass plate. After a mask layer is formed on the inner surface of the glass plate, heating is performed, and then, the glass plate is formed into a curved surface.

  Subsequently, an antifogging film is formed. The above-mentioned organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film is formed by applying a coating liquid for forming the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film on an article such as a transparent substrate, and drying the applied coating liquid. Can be. Known materials and methods may be used for the solvent used for preparing the coating liquid and the method for applying the coating liquid.

  First, the opening of the mask layer 2 is washed, and thereafter, a coating liquid for the anti-fog film is applied to the opening of the mask layer 2 by screen printing or the like. At this time, it is preferable to maintain the relative humidity of the atmosphere at less than 40%, and more preferably at 30% or less. When the relative humidity is kept low, it is possible to prevent the organic-inorganic composite anti-fog film from excessively absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. If a large amount of moisture is absorbed from the atmosphere, water remaining in the matrix of the organic-inorganic composite anti-fogging film may reduce the strength of the film.

  The drying step of the coating liquid preferably includes an air drying step and a heating drying step involving heating. The air drying step may be performed by exposing the coating liquid to an atmosphere in which the relative humidity is kept at less than 40%, and more preferably at 30% or less. The air drying step can be performed as a non-heating step, in other words, at room temperature. In the case where the coating liquid contains a hydrolyzable silicon compound, in the heating and drying step, a dehydration reaction involving silanol groups contained in the hydrolyzate of the silicon compound and hydroxyl groups present on the article proceeds, and silicon A matrix structure composed of atoms and oxygen atoms (a network of Si—O bonds) develops. The air drying step can be performed, for example, for about 10 minutes.

  In order to avoid decomposition of organic substances such as a water-absorbing resin, the temperature applied in the heating and drying step is preferably not excessively high. An appropriate heating temperature in this case is 300 ° C. or less, for example, 100 to 200 ° C. Specifically, three steps can be performed. For example, baking at a temperature of about 120 ° C. for about 5 minutes, drying at a temperature of about 80 ° C. and a humidity of 90% for about 2 hours, and then baking at a temperature of about 120 ° C. for about 30 minutes. Thus, the formation of the antifogging film is completed.

<5. Measuring unit>
Next, a measurement unit (information acquisition device) will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of the measurement unit 4 attached to a glass plate, and FIG. 13 is a diagram (a) of the bracket viewed from the vehicle outside and a diagram (b) of the bracket viewed from the vehicle inside. As shown in FIG. 12, the measurement unit 4 includes a bracket 41 fixed to the inner surface of the glass plate 1, a sensor 5 supported by the bracket 41, and a cover 42 that covers the bracket 41 and the sensor 5 from the vehicle interior. It consists of.

  As shown in FIG. 13, the bracket 41 is formed in a rectangular shape, and is fixed to the center mask layer 22 formed on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12 as described above with an adhesive 401. The bracket 41 has two openings arranged vertically and divided by a partition 415, that is, a first opening 411 and a second opening 412, and a large first opening 411 formed on the upper side. The sensor 5 is attached to. In this bracket, a trapezoidal concave portion 414 is formed below the second opening 412 when viewed from the outside of the vehicle. The concave portion 414 is inclined such that the upper end is deepest and becomes shallower toward the lower end, and the second opening 412 is formed at the upper end. Further, as shown in FIG. 13B, on both sides of the first opening 411 on the inner surface of the bracket 41, support portions 413 for supporting the sensors 5 are attached. 413 is fixed. An irradiation lens 552 is attached to the fixed end of the sensor 5 (the lower end in FIG. 12) as described later, and the irradiation lens 552 faces the outside via the second opening 412 and the recess 414. It has become. That is, the concave portion 414 forms a gap between the concave portion 414 and the glass plate, and serves as a passage for light emitted from the second opening 412. On the other hand, the light receiving lens 542 faces the outside via the first opening 411.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 13A, the outer surface of the bracket 41 is a surface fixed to the center mask layer 22, and a bead-shaped adhesive 401 is applied. The adhesive 401 is applied to substantially the entire circumference of the bracket 41, and the bracket 41 is fixed to the center mask layer 22 via the adhesive 401. Note that various adhesives can be used, and for example, a urethane resin adhesive, an epoxy resin adhesive, or the like can be used. However, since the epoxy resin adhesive has high viscosity, it does not easily flow, which is advantageous. When the mask layer 2 is not formed on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12, the bracket 41 is directly bonded to the inner glass plate 12. The method of fixing the bracket 41 is not particularly limited. In addition to the adhesive, a double-sided tape can be used, or both the adhesive and the double-sided tape can be used.

  After attaching a harness or the like (not shown) to the bracket 41, a cover 42 is attached from the inside of the vehicle as shown in FIG. As a result, the sensor 5 and the bracket 41 become invisible from the inside of the vehicle. Thus, the sensor 5 is accommodated in the space surrounded by the bracket 41, the cover 42, and the glass plate 1. Since the center mask layer 22 is formed, the measurement unit 4 is not seen from the outside of the vehicle except for the upper opening 231 and the lower opening 232. Further, the upper opening 231 and the lower opening 232 are surrounded by the bracket 41 and are not visible from the inside of the vehicle.

  Next, an outline of the sensor 5 will be described with reference to FIG. As shown in the figure, the sensor 5 includes a casing 51 having a triangular shape in a side view, and the inside of the casing 51 is partitioned into an upper space 501 and a lower space 502. A connector 53 is mounted on the back side of the housing 51 and is used for connection to an external device.

  A first support portion 54 is disposed in the upper space 501, and a first control board 541 and a light receiving lens 542 are disposed on the first support portion 54 from rear to front. In addition, a light receiving element 543 is mounted on the first control board 541, and receives the laser light passing through the light receiving lens 542 and converts the laser light into an electric signal. This electric signal is amplified by the first control board 541 and transmitted to the second control board 56 described later. The light receiving lens 542 is arranged so as to face the outside from the first opening 411 of the bracket 41 via the upper opening 231 of the center mask layer 22 as described above. In particular, the sensor 5 is supported by the bracket 41 so that the passage of the light received by the light receiving element 543 passes near the center X of the upper opening 231 (see FIG. 12). In addition, reflected light from multiple directions reflected from a preceding vehicle or an obstacle passes near the center of the upper opening 231, and the reflected light is received by the light receiving element 543.

  On the other hand, a second support portion 55 is arranged in the lower space 502, and the laser light emitting element 551 and the irradiation lens 552 are supported by the second support portion 55 in this order from rear to front. The laser light emitting element 551 emits laser light of a wavelength of 850 nm to 950 nm in a near-infrared wavelength region such as a laser diode, and the irradiation lens 552 is a lens that shapes the laser light from the laser light emitting element 551 into a predetermined beam shape. It is. As described above, the irradiation lens 552 is arranged so as to face the outside from the housing 51 through the second opening 412 of the bracket 41 and the lower opening 232 of the center mask layer 22. In particular, the position and size of the lower opening 232 and the mounting position of the sensor 5 are adjusted so that the passage of the laser light emitted from the laser light emitting element 551 passes near the center Y of the lower opening 232 (see FIG. 12). ing.

  A second control board 56 is disposed on the upper surface of the second support portion 55, and performs operations such as driving the laser light emitting element 551 and processing an electric signal transmitted from the first control board 541.

  Next, the operation of the measurement unit 4 will be described. First, the first control board 541 emits a pulse of laser light from the laser light emitting element 551. Then, the distance between the host vehicle and the preceding vehicle or obstacle is calculated based on the time until the laser beam is reflected by the preceding vehicle or obstacle and received by the light receiving element 543. The calculated distance is transmitted to an external device via the connector 53, and is used for controlling a brake and the like.

<6. Features>
<6-1>
According to the windshield described above, the following effects can be obtained. First, fogging of the openings 231 and 232 can be prevented by laminating an anti-fog film on the openings 231 and 232 of the mask layer 2. Therefore, when irradiating or receiving light through the openings 231 and 232 by the measurement unit, the fogging of the openings 231 and 232 prevents the passage of light and prevents problems such as inaccurate measurement. can do. For example, FIG. 14 is a photograph of the windshield coated with the organic-inorganic composite antifogging film shown in the above-described embodiment, and it is fogged in the right region of the windshield coated with the antifogging film. It can be seen that the effect of preventing fogging by the anti-fogging film is very large.

  In particular, the upper part of the interior of the vehicle where the openings 231 and 232 of the mask layer 2 are provided is easily cooled even when the heating is turned on, and fogging tends to occur. Therefore, it is advantageous that the anti-fog film is laminated at such a position. The openings 231 and 232 of the mask layer 2 on which the antifogging film is laminated are arranged such that the measurement units are opposed to each other or are surrounded by a bracket 41. Therefore, there is a problem that it is difficult for warm air from the heating or the defroster to reach. Therefore, as described above, providing the anti-fogging film in a region where the warm air is difficult to reach has great significance.

  In addition, there are the following effects. There is a possibility that the plasticizer that has separated from the interior components (for example, a resin molded product) in the vehicle and adhered to the air may adhere to the anti-fog film. When the plasticizer adheres to the anti-fogging film, the anti-fogging function may be reduced. However, as described above, since the measurement unit is disposed at the position facing the anti-fogging film and further surrounded by the bracket 41, it is possible to prevent the plasticizer from adhering to the anti-fogging film. As a result, in the antifogging function, particularly in the water absorbing type antifogging film, it is possible to prevent the water absorbing function from being deteriorated. In the case of the hydrophilic type, since the plasticizer is easily bonded to the hydrophilic group in the anti-fog film, it is preferable that the measurement unit is disposed to face or surrounded by the bracket 41 as described above.

  In addition, if a plasticizer adheres to the surface of the water-absorbing type antifogging film and accumulates for a long period of time, the water absorption will be impaired, and the antifogging performance will be reduced. However, if the plasticizer is wiped off with water wiping or the like, the water absorption performance is restored. On the other hand, if the plasticizer adheres to the surface of the hydrophilic type anti-fogging film, it is strongly bonded to the hydrophilic group, and the hydrophilic performance is reduced. For this reason, there is a possibility that distortion of an image through the anti-fog film or deterioration of anti-fog performance may occur in a short period of time due to a difference in thickness of the formed water film.

  Further, a method of removing fogging by heating the vicinity of the openings 231 and 232 of the mask layer 2 with a heating wire is also conceivable. However, there is a problem that it takes time until the fogging is removed after a current is applied to the heating wire. Consumption of electricity is also a problem. In addition, in order to eliminate the fogging due to the heating wire, the thickness depends on the thickness of the glass plate and the outside air, and it is not uniform. Therefore, an antifogging film which prevents fogging in advance and consumes no electric power is very advantageous.

  Further, the antifogging film generally has poor durability and has a problem that it is easily damaged by external force. However, as described above, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of scratches by disposing the measurement unit facing the anti-fogging film or by surrounding the measurement unit with the bracket 41.

<6-2>
Further, by providing the anti-fogging film, an anti-reflection effect can be obtained. For example, by containing the above-mentioned inorganic oxide fine particles such as colloidal silica, irregularities having a size smaller than the wavelength of light can be formed on the surface of the anti-fog film, thereby forming a so-called “Moth eye” structure. ), And the occurrence of double images due to light reflected on the surface of the antifogging film can be prevented. In order to obtain such an antireflection effect, for example, an antifogging film containing about 1% by weight of colloidal silica having a particle size of about 5 to 15 nm can be used. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and it is sufficient that the particle size and the content are such that irregularities can be formed on the surface of the antifogging film.

Further, as described below, by providing an anti-fogging film having a refractive index lower than that of glass, the following anti-reflection effect can be obtained. FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram illustrating a state where incident light from a glass plate (refractive index n _A ) is refracted at an air interface, and reflected light is generated at the interface. FIG. 15B is a schematic diagram showing a state in which an antifogging film having a refractive index of n _B is laminated on a glass plate. In FIG. 15B, since the thickness of the anti-fog film is much larger than the wavelength of light, it is assumed that interference of reflected light does not occur.

The relationship between the refractive index, the incident angle and the refraction angle is given by n _A sin θ _A = n _B sin θ _B = sin θ
The have a relationship, the reflectivity, for example, the refractive index n _A and n in the boundary surface _B Fresnel reflection formula _{^{Rp = tan 2 (θ A -θ}} B) / tan 2 (θ A + θ B)
Rs = sin ² (θ _A −θ _B ) / sin ² (θ _A + θ _B )
It is represented by Rp and Rs are the reflectances of P-polarized light and S-polarized light, respectively.

By laminating the anti-fog film, the reflection interface increases to two surfaces, but since the difference in the refractive index at the interface becomes smaller, the total reflectance decreases. Here, when the refractive index n _A of the glass plate is 1.52, the refractive angle θ in air is 60 °, and the refractive index n _{B of the} anti-fog film is changed, the reflectance (P FIG. 16 shows the result of calculating (average of polarized light and S-polarized light) based on the above formula.

According to FIG. 16, when the refractive index n _{B of the} anti-fog film is higher than the refractive index of air and lower than the refractive index of glass, the case where there is no anti-fog film (n _B = 1.00 and n _B = 1. 52 (corresponding to 52), it can be seen that the combined reflectance of the two interfaces is lower. From this, by using an anti-fog film having a refractive index higher than the refractive index of air and lower than the refractive index of glass, there is an anti-reflection effect, thereby preventing the occurrence of double images. You can also.

<7. Modification>
As mentioned above, although one Embodiment of this invention was described, this invention is not limited to said Embodiment, A various change is possible unless it deviates from the meaning. The following modifications can be combined as appropriate.

<7-1>
In the above embodiment, the anti-fogging film is formed on the openings 231 and 232 of the mask layer 2. However, the anti-fogging film may be formed on at least the opening, and the mask layer including the opening, the upper part of the glass plate, or An antifogging film may be formed on the entire glass plate.

<7-2>
Further, in the above embodiment, the antifogging film was formed on the glass plate by applying the liquid agent, but the antifogging film having the antifogging function layer formed on the base material layer was used as the antifogging film. The base material layer side can be attached to a glass plate. As such an anti-fogging film, a known film can be used, and for example, various films such as an anti-fogging film described in JP-A-2014-223213 can be used.

  The anti-fogging function layer can have the same composition as the above-described anti-fogging film, and for example, can contain a water absorbing resin as a main component. Alternatively, a hydrophilic type containing a hydrophilic resin as a main component can also be used.

  By using such an antifogging film, the following effects can be obtained. That is, in addition to the problem that the antifogging film has low durability and is easily scratched as described above, there is a possibility that the plasticizer that has separated from the interior parts of the vehicle and has flowed into the air may adhere thereto. There is also a problem that the function is deteriorated. On the other hand, when the anti-fogging film is used, the film can be easily replaced. Therefore, even if the film is scratched or the anti-fogging function is deteriorated, it can be easily replaced.

  Further, similarly to the anti-fogging film, the anti-fogging function layer can also contain inorganic oxide particles for forming irregularities on the surface, so that the anti-reflection effect can be achieved. Similarly, the antireflection effect can be obtained by making the refractive index of the anti-fog function layer larger than the refractive index of air and smaller than the refractive index of the glass plate. The details of such an antireflection effect are as described above for the antifogging film.

<7-3>
The mask layer 2 has a three-layer configuration as described above, but is not limited thereto. That is, in the above-described embodiment, the silver layer 242 is provided to shield the electromagnetic wave. However, a method of providing a single layer in which silver and a ceramic layer are mixed, or another material as long as the electromagnetic wave can be shielded, for example, , Copper or nickel may be laminated. Further, although the silver layer 242 is sandwiched between the ceramic layers so as not to be seen from the outside, members such as the above-described cover can be used instead of being covered with the ceramic layer. Further, the silver layer 242, which is a layer for shielding electromagnetic waves, does not necessarily have to be provided, and it is sufficient if the layer is at least invisible from the outside.

  The mask layer 2 is not limited to black, and is not particularly limited as long as it blocks a field of view from the outside of the vehicle and has a dark color such as brown, gray, or dark blue so that the inside of the vehicle cannot be seen. Further, a part or all of the mask layer may be formed of a shielding film that can be attached to a glass plate, thereby shielding a field of view from outside the vehicle. When the shielding film is attached to the outer surface of the inner glass plate 12, the attachment can be performed before the preliminary bonding or after the final bonding.

  In addition, from the viewpoint of preventing fogging of light passages in the glass plate, a mask layer is not necessarily required, and it is sufficient that an anti-fogging film is formed in a region where light passes (information acquisition region).

<7-4>
In the above embodiment, the sensor 5 that measures the distance between vehicles is used as the information acquisition device of the present invention. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and various information acquisition devices can be used. That is, there is no particular limitation as long as light irradiation and / or light reception is performed in order to acquire information from outside the vehicle. For example, a visible light and / or infrared camera for measuring the distance between vehicles, a light receiving device for receiving a signal from outside the vehicle such as an optical beacon, a camera using visible light and / or infrared light for reading a white line of a road or the like in an image. For example, the present invention can be applied to various devices. Here, in the case of performing only one of light irradiation and light reception, the center mask layer has one opening. Further, a plurality of openings can be provided according to the type of light. Note that the information acquisition device may or may not be in contact with the glass. In any case, an antifogging film is formed on the glass plate in an area where the light of the information acquisition device passes (information acquisition area).

<7-5>
In the above embodiment, the anti-fog film is provided inside the glass plate for the purpose of preventing the information acquisition area from fogging. However, instead of this, a heating wire can be provided as the anti-fog means according to the present invention. When a heating wire is used, the degree of freedom of wiring is high, so that it is possible to flexibly cope with a region to be defogged. The details will be described below.

  In the example described below, a heating wire is arranged on the inner surface of the glass plate, and the information acquisition area is prevented from fogging by heat generated by applying a current. Although there are various wiring methods for the heating wire, it is preferable that the heating wire is arranged so as not to interfere with the mask layer. As an example, a glass plate can be formed of laminated glass, a mask layer can be formed on the inner surface side of the outer glass plate, and a heating wire can be arranged on the inner surface of the inner glass plate. FIG. 17 shows an example of wiring formed on the inner surface of the glass plate, and also illustrates an opening through which light emitted from the information acquisition device passes, which is located on the inner surface side of the outer glass plate. It is formed on the mask layer. Therefore, the heating wire arranged on the inner surface of the inner glass plate does not interfere with the mask layer. Hereinafter, the configuration of the heating wire will be described.

  As shown in the figure, the heating wire 8 is disposed near the upper edge of the glass plate 1 and has a pair of rectangular terminals 81 and 82 to which the positive and negative electrodes of the power supply are connected. Hereinafter, the terminal connected to the positive electrode is referred to as a first terminal 81, and the terminal connected to the negative electrode is referred to as a second terminal 82. A first wiring portion 83 extending downward from the first terminal portion 81 and further extending along one side edge (left side in the drawing) of the opening portion 500 of the mask layer is formed. The first wiring portion 83 extends to near the lower end of the opening 500. On the other hand, a second wiring portion 84 extending downward from the second terminal portion 82 and extending to the vicinity of the upper end of the other side edge (right side in the drawing) of the opening 500 is formed. The width of the first and second wiring portions 83 and 84 is, for example, preferably 3 to 25 mm, and more preferably 5 to 10 mm.

  Then, between the lower end of the first wiring portion 83 and the lower end of the second wiring portion 84, a heating wire portion 85 is arranged. The heating wires 85 are arranged in an S shape, and are arranged so as to cross the opening 500 at three positions. The line width of the heating wire portion 85 is preferably, for example, 0.05 to 0.5 mm, and more preferably 0.1 to 0.3 mm.

  As described above, the heating wire 8 includes the first terminal portion 81, the first wiring portion 83, the heating wire portion 85, the second wiring portion 84, and the second terminal portion which are connected in series to the power supply (the voltage is constant). 82. Then, since heat is generated by the application of the current, fogging can be prevented from occurring in the opening 500, and the generated fogging can be eliminated. In particular, in the heating wire 8 as described above, since the width of the heating wire portion 85 arranged in the opening 500 is narrow, the following effects can be obtained.

  First, since the heating wire 8 is arranged near the upper end of the glass plate 1, it is short. Therefore, for example, if the line width is large, the resistance becomes small, and the current flowing through the heating wire may increase (generally, the voltage is constant at 12 V or the like). As a result, the calorific value becomes excessively large, and there is a possibility of disconnection, or an extra resistor must be arranged to prevent disconnection. On the other hand, when the line width of the heating wire portion 85 is reduced as described above, it is possible to prevent such a problem from occurring. Therefore, an appropriate amount of heat can be obtained, and an appropriate anti-fogging effect can be obtained. Further, when the width of the heating wire portion 85 is reduced, the visibility of the opening portion 500 is hardly obstructed, so that a dense wiring can be provided in the opening portion 500. In the example of FIG. 17, the heating wire portion 85 is arranged so as to cross the opening 500 at three places, but the number may be more than this. As a result, the resistance increases and abnormal heat generation can be prevented. Further, with a dense wiring, a higher antifogging effect can be obtained over a wide range of the opening 500. Although the width of the heating wire portion 85 is small, if the heating wire portion 85 is surrounded by the bracket as described in the above embodiment, the contact from the outside is eliminated, so that disconnection can be prevented.

  The above-described structure of the heating wire 8 is an example, and various wiring shapes can be adopted. For example, it is also possible to dispose the thin heating wire portion 85 directly from the terminal portions 81 and 82 without providing the wiring portions 83 and 84 described above. Further, since the heating wire 8 is formed of one material in series with the power supply, there is an advantage that the amount of generated heat is not excessively increased as compared with the case where the heating wire 8 has a parallel portion.

  The heating wire 8 as described above can be formed of various materials as long as it is a conductive material. For example, silver, copper, tungsten, or the like can be used. In addition to using these materials alone, it is also possible to adopt a laminated structure in which the heating wire 8 is covered with at least one coating material. For example, when the heating wire is formed of silver, a heating layer 8 formed of silver can be formed thereon by disposing a dark ceramic layer similar to the mask layer on a glass plate as a covering material. . In this case, the silver heating wire 8 cannot be seen from outside the vehicle, so that the appearance is improved. In particular, if the ceramic layer and the mask layer have the same color, there is no uncomfortable feeling when viewed from outside the vehicle. Further, the heating wire 8 can be sandwiched between the covering materials. That is, a three-layer structure in which a coating material is disposed on the glass plate 1, a heating wire 8 is disposed thereon, and a coating material is further disposed so as to cover the heating wire 8 can be adopted. This makes the heating wire 8 invisible even from the inside of the vehicle. In particular, it is not preferable that the silver layer is exposed in the opening portion 500 through which light passes, since light may be reflected and the light may be blocked. Therefore, when a dark ceramic layer is formed as a covering material on the silver layer, the silver layer becomes invisible from the inside of the vehicle. Further, since the heating wire 8 is arranged on the inner surface of the glass plate, there is a possibility that a bracket is attached to the heating wire 8 via an adhesive. In this case, the components of the adhesive may corrode silver. Therefore, from this viewpoint, if silver is covered with the ceramic layer, silver can be prevented from being affected by the adhesive.

  Various modes are possible for the layer structure including the heating wire 8. For example, the terminal portions 81 and 82 described above are two layers (a ceramic layer and a silver layer are stacked in this order from the glass plate side), and the wiring portions 83 and 84 are three layers (a ceramic layer, a silver layer, and a ceramic layer from the glass plate side). Are laminated in this order), and the heating wire portion 85 can be formed only of the silver layer. Note that the line width of the covering material is preferably larger than the heating wire. Further, the coating material for coating the silver layer may be other than ceramic.

  When arranging the heating wire 8, as described above, it is possible to prevent interference by arranging the mask layer on different surfaces of the laminated glass, but it is necessary to form the heating wire and the mask layer on the same surface. Can also. In this case, the shape of the mask layer may be determined so that the heating wire does not interfere with the mask layer. For example, a mask layer may not be formed in a portion where a heating wire is arranged. Further, the heating wire 8 and the coating material are formed on the inner surface of the glass plate 1 and, when the glass plate is formed of laminated glass, the inner surface of the outer glass plate, the outer surface of the inner glass plate, or the inner glass plate. It can also be formed on the inner surface. This also contributes to preventing interference with the mask layer.

  The heating wire 8 as described above can be arranged on a glass plate by various methods. For example, after the glass plate is formed, the heating wire can be formed on the glass plate by screen printing or the like and fired in the same manner as the mask layer. When the mask layer is formed on the same surface of the glass plate, printing can be performed together with the mask layer, and firing can be performed at the same time. In addition, it can be formed on a glass plate by transfer. An example will be described below.

  First, as shown in FIG. 18, a transfer sheet is prepared. The transfer sheet has a release film 101, a heating wire 8 formed thereon by screen printing or the like, and an adhesive layer 102 arranged to cover the heating wire 8. The release film 101 is a known one, and the heating wire 8 is as described above. The adhesive layer 102 can be made of a resin such as acrylic, methylcellulose, nitrocellulose, ethyl, cellulose, vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyester, and is an adhesive alone or a mixture thereof. Note that the adhesive layer 102 may be covered with a peelable protective film or the like until the transfer.

  Then, as shown in FIG. 19A, after the adhesive layer 102 of the transfer sheet is attached to the formed glass plate 1, the release film 101 is peeled off. Thus, as shown in FIG. 19B, the adhesive layer 102 and the heating wire 8 are arranged on the glass plate 1 in this order. Thereafter, when the glass plate 1 is fired, as shown in FIG. 19C, the adhesive layer 102 is melted, and the heating wire 8 is baked on the glass plate. For example, when an acrylic adhesive is used as the adhesive layer 102, the heating wire can be transferred to the glass plate by baking at about 400 to 700 ° C. for about 3 minutes. This transfer sheet is an example, and any transfer sheet may be used as long as the heating wire 8 can be transferred onto the glass plate 1. For example, the transfer sheet described in JP-A-2009-23255 can be used. Can be used.

  As described above, forming the heating wire 8 from the transfer sheet has the following advantages. First, it is easier and more flexible to form the heating wire 8 on the release film 101 than directly on the glass plate 1. In addition, if such a transfer film is prepared in a large amount, the productivity when the heating wire 8 is formed on the glass plate 1 is improved.

  The shape of the heating wire may be other than that shown in FIG. 17, and for example, it may be a shape as shown in FIG. In the example of FIG. 20, the mask layer is omitted, and only the opening 500 is described. 17, the heating wire 8 has a first terminal portion 81 arranged near the upper edge of the glass plate 1 and a second terminal portion 82 connected to the negative electrode, as in FIG. I have. Then, a first wiring portion 83 extending downward from the first terminal portion 81 to near the upper edge of the opening 500 is formed. Similarly, a second wiring portion 84 extending downward from the second terminal portion 82 to near the upper edge of the opening 500 is formed. From the lower ends of the first wiring portion 83 and the second wiring portion 84, a third wiring portion 85 extending along the outer periphery of the opening 231 is formed. The third wiring portion 85 is configured by connecting five linearly extending parts, that is, first to fifth parts 85a to 85e, so as to surround the trapezoidal opening. 85e are formed in a waveform.

  By arranging the heating wire 8 around the opening 231 in this manner, heat can be transmitted to the inside of the opening 231 and fogging in the opening 231 can be prevented. The reason why the respective parts 85a to 85e of the heating wire 8 are formed in a waveform is to increase the overall length of the heating wire 8 and increase the resistance. As a result, the current value does not become too large with respect to a constant power supply voltage (generally, the voltage is 12 V or the like), and heat generation can be controlled while preventing the heating wire 8 from being disconnected.

  In addition, the heating wire of FIG. 17 and the heating wire of FIG. 20 can be combined. That is, the periphery of the opening can be surrounded by a heating wire as shown in FIG. 20, and a heating wire as shown in FIG. 17 can be arranged inside the opening. Further, in order to increase the resistance of the heating wire, for example, at least a part of the first wiring portion 83 and the second wiring portion 84 in the heating wire in FIG. 17 can be formed in a waveform. Thus, the shape of the heating wire is not particularly limited. The heating wire 8 can be provided on any of the mask layer, the bracket, and the glass plate.

  Further, the heating wire and the anti-fog film can be combined. For example, the heating wire 85 as shown in FIG. 20 may be arranged on a glass plate, and the above-described anti-fog film may be arranged at least in a region including the opening 500.

  At this time, the antifogging film may be provided directly on the glass plate 1 or as follows. For example, after arranging the anti-fog film on a sheet-shaped substrate, the substrate can be attached to a glass plate with a transparent adhesive. Further, an adhesive, a substrate, and an anti-fogging film can be laminated in this order. The substrate can be formed from a transparent resin sheet such as polyethylene or polyethylene terephthalate.

  The anti-fogging film and the heating wire can also be arranged as follows. First, as shown in FIG. 21A, the base material 502 is formed larger than the opening 500, and is arranged on the glass plate 1 via the adhesive 503 so as to cover the opening 500 and the periphery thereof. Next, a heating wire 85 is formed by printing or the like in a region protruding from the opening 500 on the periphery of the base material 502. Finally, an anti-fog film 501 is formed on substantially the entire surface of the base material 502 so as to cover the heating wire 85. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 21B, after the heating wire 85 is formed on the periphery of the base material 502, the anti-fog film 501 is formed on the base material 502 in a region inside the heating wire 85. That is, the size of the anti-fog film 501 is made substantially the same as the size of the opening 500, and the heating wire 85 is arranged in a region of the base material 502 that protrudes from the opening 500. In FIG. 21 and FIG. 22 described later, the mask layer is omitted.

  With the mode as shown in FIG. 21, the following effects can be obtained. That is, as described above, when a water-absorbing type anti-fog film is used, a predetermined amount of water is absorbed, and when saturated, no more water can be absorbed, and the anti-fog function is reduced. On the other hand, when the heating wire 85 is arranged around the anti-fogging film 501, moisture can be evaporated from the anti-fogging film 501 by the heat of the heating wire 85, so that the anti-fogging film 501 becomes saturated. Can be suppressed. As a result, a decrease in the anti-fog function can be prevented.

  For example, when the heating wire 85 is formed by printing and baked, the temperature becomes high. Therefore, if the anti-fogging film 501 is formed before the heating wire 85, the anti-fogging film 501 may be vaporized. As described above, if the anti-fogging film 501 is formed after the heating wire 85 is formed, the vaporization of the anti-fogging film 501 can be prevented. Note that the base material 502 may be provided only on the glass plate 1 (the entire opening 500 or a part of the opening 500), or a part of the base material 502 may be provided on the mask layer as shown in FIG.

  The following can also be performed. As shown in FIG. 22, after the heating wire 85 is formed on the periphery of the base material 502, a transparent conductive film (for example, ITO) 504 is arranged in a region inside the heating wire 85 on the base material 502, and further, An antifogging film 501 can be disposed thereon. At this time, the base material 502 is formed larger than the opening 500, and the transparent conductive film 504 and the antifogging film 501 are formed in substantially the same shape as the opening 500. Further, wiring is provided on the transparent conductive film 504 so that current can be supplied. With such a configuration, the heating wire 85 and the transparent conductive film 504 generate heat, and moisture can be evaporated from the anti-fogging film 501, so that the anti-fogging film 501 can be prevented from becoming saturated. .

  In the embodiment of FIG. 22, the anti-fogging film 501 can be heated only by the transparent conductive film 504 without disposing the heating wire 85. Further, only the transparent conductive film 504 provided with the wiring can be arranged on the glass plate 1 or on the glass plate 1 via the base material 502 and the adhesive 503. That is, antifogging can be performed only by heat generation of the transparent conductive film 504.

  As described above, as the anti-fogging means, various types can be adopted, and only the anti-fogging film, only the heating wire, only the transparent conductive film, or a combination of any of these means and the anti-fogging means You can also.

<7-6>
A stereo camera can be used as the information acquisition device. A known stereo camera can be used, but a specific example will be described below with reference to FIGS. 23 and 24.

  As shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, the stereo camera has two photographing devices 210A and 210B that are arranged inside a glass plate and are separated from each other so that two images with parallax can be obtained at the same time. are doing. Correspondingly, two photographing windows 113A corresponding to the respective photographing devices 210A and 210B are provided on the center mask layer 22 so that the photographing devices 210A and 210B disposed inside the vehicle can photograph the situation outside the vehicle. , 113B are formed. These two imaging windows 113A and 113B are arranged near the support portion of the room mirror symmetrically with respect to the room mirror as the target axis. Further, on the inner surface of the glass plate, the above-described anti-fog film is provided at a position corresponding to the imaging windows 113A and 113B.

  Further, the stereo camera 20 is connected to the image processing device 30 and constitutes an in-vehicle system capable of analyzing the distance between the subject and the own vehicle by a plurality of images acquired by the stereo camera 20. Hereinafter, each component will be described.

  As each of the photographing devices 210A and 210B of the stereo camera 20, a known device can be used. For example, a lens system having a plurality of lenses and an aperture stop, and an image sensor such as a CCD that captures an image with light passing through the lens system are provided. , Can be provided. An image of a subject is taken by forming an image of the light passing through the lens system on the light receiving plane by the image sensor. The stereo camera 20 can simultaneously acquire a plurality of images in which parallax has occurred by using each of the imaging devices 210A and 210B.

  The image processing device 30 is a device that analyzes a plurality of images acquired by the stereo camera 20 and analyzes the distance between the subject and the vehicle, the moving speed of the subject, the type of the subject, and the like. Can be. Such an image processing apparatus has, as a hardware configuration, general hardware such as a storage unit, a control unit, and an input / output unit connected by a bus.

  In the stereo camera 20 as described above, since two photographing devices 210A and 210B are used, if one of the two photographing windows 113A and 113B becomes cloudy, there is a possibility that correct image analysis cannot be performed. Therefore, it is very advantageous to form the above-described anti-fogging film, anti-fogging film, or heating wire on the imaging windows 113A and 113B.

1 Glass plate 2 Mask layers 231 and 232 Opening (information acquisition area)
113A, 113B imaging window (information acquisition area)

Claims (10)

A windshield in which an information acquisition device that acquires information from outside the vehicle by performing light irradiation and / or light reception can be arranged,
A glass plate,
At least one anti-fog means provided on the glass plate;
With
The glass plate has at least one information acquisition region in which the light passes in opposition to the information acquisition device,
One of the anti-fog means is a windshield including at least a transparent conductive film for anti-fog the information acquisition area.   The windshield according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of said anti-fog means.   The windshield according to claim 1, wherein the transparent conductive film is disposed on the glass plate.   One of the anti-fog means includes a base material, the transparent conductive film disposed on the base material, and an adhesive, and the transparent conductive film is provided through the base material and the adhesive material. The windshield according to claim 1, wherein the windshield is disposed on the glass plate.   The windshield according to claim 4, wherein one of the anti-fog means includes a heating wire.   The windshield according to claim 5, wherein the heating wire is disposed on the base material. Further comprising a mask layer laminated on the glass plate and having an opening in a portion corresponding to the information acquisition region,
The base material is larger than the opening,
The heating wire is arranged on the periphery of the base material,
The windshield according to claim 6, wherein the transparent conductive film is disposed inside the heating wire.   The windshield according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein one of the anti-fog means includes an anti-fog film.   3. The windshield according to claim 2, wherein one of the anti-fog means includes an anti-fog film.   The windshield according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the information acquisition area is covered by a bracket.