JP2017523200A - 肺動脈性肺高血圧症の処置に関する方法および組成物 - Google Patents
肺動脈性肺高血圧症の処置に関する方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、35 U.S.C. §119(e)の下で、2014年8月1日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/031,924号の恩典を主張するものであり、その内容は全体として参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
本発明は、米国立衛生研究所により付与された助成金第5 K08 HL079943 05号の下で、政府の支援を受けてなされたものである。米国政府は、本発明において一定の権利を有する。
本明細書において記載される技術は、線維症および/または高血圧症、例えば肺動脈性肺高血圧症の処置に関する。
肺動脈性肺高血圧症を処置するためにTGF-βシグナル伝達阻害が試みられてきたが、既存の戦略(例えば、アクチビン/TGF-β I型キナーゼ受容体ALK4/ALK5/ALK7の阻害、または全TGFβリガンドの非選択的中和)は、出血性弁壊死、もしくは骨の石灰化および成熟の異常などの重篤な副作用、または皮膚の発疹および損傷、鼻出血、もしくは歯肉出血などの著しい副作用を誘発する。このシグナル伝達カスケードを調節するためのより特異的なアプローチは、高血圧症の有効でかつ安全な処置を可能にし得る。
本明細書において記載されるように、本発明者らは、リガンドTGF-β1;TGF-β3、および/またはGDF15の集中的な阻害によるTGFβシグナル伝達の阻害が、アクチビン/TGF-βリガンドシグナル伝達受容体-リガンド相互作用の広範な阻害によって引き起こされる副作用を誘発することなく、肺動脈性肺高血圧症を処置し得ることを見出した。
本明細書において記載されるように、本発明者らは、組換えリガンドトラップ、TGFBRII-FcによるTGFβ1、TGFβ3、および/またはGDF15の阻害が、TGF-βシグナル伝達を減少させ、肺動脈性肺高血圧症 (PAH) を改善することを発見した。受容体のリガンドを標的にするこのアプローチは、すべてのアクチビンおよびTGF-β受容体(すなわち、ALK4、ALK5、およびALK7)ならびに/または受容体のリガンドのすべてを標的にするよりも、受ける副作用および毒性が少ない。
1. 高血圧症または線維症の処置を必要とする対象においてそれを処置する方法であって、GDF-15;TGFβ1;および/またはTGFβ3の阻害剤を対象に投与する段階を含む、方法。
2. 高血圧症が肺動脈性肺高血圧症 (PAH) である、項目1の方法。
3. 対象が、肺動脈性肺高血圧症 (PAH) を有するか、または有すると診断された対象である、項目1〜2のいずれかの方法。
4. 線維症が、
肺気腫;COPD;間質性肺疾患および肺線維症;特発性肺線維症;強皮症肺疾患;間質性血管疾患または肺血管疾患;ブレオマイシン誘発性肺損傷;化学療法薬(メトトレキサート、シクロホスファミド)または他の毒素への曝露に起因する肺線維症;未熟児と関連した慢性肺疾患、別名気管支肺異形成症;抗不整脈薬(例えば、アミオダロン)への曝露と関連した肺線維症または間質性肺疾患;ならびにアスベスト、シリカ、または粒子への曝露と関連した間質性肺疾患
からなる群より選択される疾患または状態と関連した線維症である、項目1の方法。
5. 対象が、
肺気腫;COPD;間質性肺疾患および肺線維症;特発性肺線維症;強皮症肺疾患;間質性血管疾患または肺血管疾患;ブレオマイシン誘発性肺損傷;化学療法薬(メトトレキサート、シクロホスファミド)または他の毒素への曝露に起因する肺線維症;未熟児と関連した慢性肺疾患、別名気管支肺異形成症;抗不整脈薬(例えば、アミオダロン)への曝露と関連した肺線維症または間質性肺疾患;ならびにアスベスト、シリカ、または粒子への曝露と関連した間質性肺疾患
からなる群より選択される疾患または状態を有するか、または有すると診断された対象である、項目1または3の方法。
6. 阻害剤がTGFβ1を阻害する、項目1〜5のいずれかの方法。
7. 阻害剤がTGFβ3を阻害する、項目1〜5のいずれかの方法。
8. 阻害剤がTGFβ1およびTGFβ3を阻害する、項目1〜7のいずれかの方法。
9. 阻害剤がGDF15を阻害する、項目1〜8のいずれかの方法。
10. 阻害剤がTGFβ1および/またはTGFβ3をさらに阻害する、項目9の方法。
11. 阻害剤がGDF15に特異的である、項目1〜5のいずれかの方法。
12. 阻害剤がTGFβ1に特異的である、項目1〜5のいずれかの方法。
13. 阻害剤がTGFβ3に特異的である、項目1〜5のいずれかの方法。
14. 阻害剤が抗体試薬またはリガンドトラップである、項目1〜13のいずれかの方法。
15. リガンドトラップがTGFβ-1/3 GDF-15リガンドトラップである、項目14の方法。
16. リガンドトラップがTGFBRII-Fcである、項目15の方法。
17. 対象が、強皮症、またはPAHに付随する結合組織病 (APAH-CTD) を有する、項目1〜16のいずれかの方法。
18. 対象が、対照と比べてGDF-15、TGFβ1、および/またはTGFβ3のレベルが上昇していると判定されている、項目1〜17のいずれかの方法。
19. 対象が、PAHを有するが強皮症またはAPAH-CTDの症状を示していない対象におけるGDF-15、TGFβ1、および/またはTGFβ3の平均レベルと比べて、GDF-15、TGFβ1、および/またはTGFβ3のレベルが上昇していると判定されている、項目18の方法。
ラットをモノクロタリン (MCT) で処置することにより、肺高血圧症を誘発した。MCT (40 mg/kg SC) によるSprague Dawleyラットの処置後に、右室収縮期圧(RVSP、図1A)および右室肥大(RVH、図1B)の変化を様々な間隔で測定した。RVSPは右室カテーテル検査によって測定し、RVHは、左室および中隔(LV+S)壁の合計に対する右室 (RV) 自由壁の重量比によって判定した(1時点につきn=3)。MGT処置ラットの肺の定量的RT-PCRにより、PAI-1(図1C)およびTGFb1(図1D)転写活性の上昇によって反映される、TGF-βシグナル伝達の増加が明らかになった。ld1(図1E)およびBMPR2(図1F)mRNAレベルの低下により、BMPシグナル伝達活性の障害が示された。TGFb3の発現は、MGT処置ラットの肺において影響を受けないままであった(図1G)。GDF15レベルは、MGT処置ラットの肺において上昇した(図1H)。対照ラットと比較して*p<0.05および**p<0.01。
様々な用量のTGFBRII-Fc(15 mg/kg、1週間に2回)を伴うまたは伴わないMCTによる処置の3週間後に、ラットをペントバルビタールによる麻酔下でのカテーテル検査および気管内挿管によって盲検様式で解析して、RVSP(図4A)を判定し、安楽死させた。Fulton比(RV/(LV+S)、図4B)の測定に基づき、RVHの程度を盲検様式で評価した。値は平均値±SEMとして表してある、n=6〜8、対照ラットと比較して**p<0.01および***p<0.001。tgfb1(図4C)、pai1(図4D)、およびil6(図4E)のmRNAレベルを決定した。値は平均値±SEMとして表してある、n=3〜5、対照と比較して*p<0.05および**p<0.01。肺組織切片をα平滑筋アクチンおよびフォン・ヴィレブランド因子で染色して、それぞれ血管平滑筋血管および内皮を同定した(データは示さず)。遠位細葉内血管(直径10〜50 (.lm)の筋性化を定量し、非筋性の、部分的に筋性化した、および完全に(周囲に)筋性化した血管の割合を算出した(図4F)。TGFBRII-Fc処置(15 mg/kg、1週間に2回)は、完全に筋性化した血管の割合を有意に減少させ、かつ中膜肥厚指数の減少傾向を引き起こした。値は平均値±SEMとして表してある、それぞれ6〜8匹のラットによる1処置群につきn=89〜127本の血管、表示通りのp値。PHの確立後のTGFBRII-Fcによる処置は、PHおよび死亡率の部分的救済と関連している。MCT (40 mg/kg SC) による処置後、PHの確立後の17日目に開始する遅延様式で、ラットをTGFBRII-Fc(15 mg/kg、1週間に3回)で処置した。カプラン・マイヤー解析(図4G)により、媒体で処置したラットと比較して、TGFBRII-Fc処置群における生存率の改善が明らかになった(1群につきn=18)。35日目における生存動物の中で、TGFBRII-Fcで処置した動物の間にRVSPの有意な低下があったが(図4H)、RVHの有意な差異はなかった U)。示した値は平均値±SEMである、1群につきn=8〜11、対照と比較して**p<0.01。TGFBRII-Fc処置は、確立された表現型を有するラットにおいて肺血管リモデリングを軽減した。
マウスをVEGFR遮断薬 (SUGEN) で処置し、3週間にわたり低酸素に曝露した。TGFBRII-Fc処置(15 mg/kg、1週間に3回)は、RVSPを低下させ、かつ右室肥大を防いだ(図5A〜5B)。
GDF15ノックアウトマウスは、SUGEN/低酸素誘発性のPAHから保護される(図6A〜6D)。表示の通り**p<0.01および***p<0.001。
トランスフォーミング増殖因子-β (TGF-β) リガンドは、発生および組織恒常性、転写プログラムを調節するためのI型およびII型セリン・スレオニンキナーゼ受容体を介したシグナル伝達の重要な調節因子として働く。過剰なTGF-βシグナル伝達ならびに関連する転写およびリモデリング活性は、免疫組織学的研究および遺伝子発現研究、ならびにTGF-β I型受容体 (ALK5) 阻害剤が実験的PAHを軽減する能力に基づき、肺動脈性肺高血圧症 (PAH) の病因と関係づけられている。しかしながら、TGF-βリガンドの広範な阻害と関連した心血管および全身の毒性により、治療可能性は制限されている。本研究において、本発明者らは、選択的TGF-β1/3リガンドトラップ、TGFBRII-Fcが、実験的PAHおよび肺血管リモデリングに影響を及ぼし得るかどうかを調べた。TGFBRII-Fcによる処置は、モノクロタリン処置ラットおよびSUGEN-低酸素処置マウスにおいて、SMAD2リン酸化を軽減し、TGF-β転写標的PAI-1の発現を正常化し、かつPAHおよび肺血管リモデリングを軽減した。確立されたPAHを有するモノクロタリン処置ラットへのTGFBRII-Fcの投与は、肺動脈圧、生存率、およびリモデリングを改善した。重要なことには、TGFBRII-Fc処置に付随して、心構造の異常も弁の異常も認められなかった。まとめると、本発明者らのデータは、選択的TGF-βリガンドトラップが、TGFβ媒介性の肺血管リモデリングおよびPHを是正するための有効でかつ許容可能な戦略であり得ることを示している。
細胞培養
ヒト肺動脈平滑筋細胞 (HPASMC) はLonza (CC-2581) から購入し、市販の増殖因子 (CC-3182) を補充したSmGM-2培地中で維持した。CAGA-Luc細胞およびBRE-Luc細胞は、10% FBSを補充したDMEM中で維持した。細胞は、実験刺激の前に静止状態を達成するため、増殖補助剤なしで0.5% FBSと共にインキュベートした。注記がある場合には、静止細胞を、実験刺激の前にTGFBRII-Fc (2000 ng/ml) で30分間処理した。
成体雄Sprague-Dawleyラット(150〜170 g)および雄C57BL/6Jマウス(20〜25 g)は、Charles River Laboratoryから購入した。すべての実験および外科的プロトコールは、Harvard動物実験委員会 (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) によって承認された。動物は、12時間の明暗サイクルで24℃にて収容した。食糧および水は自由に利用できた。PAHを誘発するために、ラットにモノクロタリン(MCT、40 mg/kg、Oakwood)の単回皮下注射を行った。マウスには、3週間にわたり、N2ガスの注入による制御チャンバー(FIO2=10%、BioSpherics)内で常圧低酸素に曝露させながら、VEGF受容体遮断薬(SU5416、20 mg/kg)の週に1度の皮下注射を3回連続して行った。
MCTの投与後24時間の時点で、ラットをTGFBRII-Fc(5または15 mg/kg、1週間に2回)または媒体を投与する群に無作為に分けた。ラットを21日間処置した。14日目に、心室機能およびRVリモデリングを心エコー図検査によって調べた。21日目に、ラットを侵襲的血行動態およびRVH測定に供した。
確立されたPAHを逆行させるTGFBRII-Fcの能力を試験するために、ラットを、MCT曝露後の18日目に開始して無作為に選択して、TGFBRII-Fc(15mg/kg、1週間に3回)または媒体を投与した。35日目に血行動態およびRVHを調べた。
PAHの誘発後24時間の時点で、マウスを無作為に分け、TGFBRII-Fc(15 mg/kg、1週間に3回)を投与した。21日目に、マウスを血行動態およびRVH測定に供した。
MCTの投与後14日目に、ラットを1.5%イソフルランで麻酔し、仰臥位に保った。VisualSonics小動物用高周波数超音波プローブを用いて、肺血流加速、右室の機能および肥大、ならびに左室機能を検出した。僧帽弁および三尖弁を横断するドップラーを行って、TGFBRII-Fc処置が弁逆流または弁の構造異常を引き起こすかどうかを判定した。
特定の時点において、ラットをペントバルビタール (50μg/kg i.p.) で麻酔し、気管内に挿管した。以前に記載されているように19、齧歯類用人工呼吸器(TV=8 ml/kg、f=80/分)を用いてラットを機械的に換気し、RV尖部を通した液体充填カテーテルを用いて圧の侵襲的動態測定を行った。肺にPBSを灌流し、RNAおよびタンパク質の抽出用に、1つの右葉を切除し瞬間凍結した。肺動脈内へ、その後気管内へ、1分間にわたり肺に1%パラホルムアルデヒド (PFA) をさらに灌流した。左葉をパラフィンに包埋した。RVHの程度を評価するために、心臓を摘出し、RV自由壁を左室+中隔(LV+S)から解離し、別々に計量した。RVHの程度を、RV/(LV+S) 比から判定した。LVおよび中隔壁の残りの部分をOCTに包埋し、切片を作製した。H&E染色を行って、僧帽弁の構造を調べた。
肺血管リモデリングの程度を判定するために、肺組織切片を平滑筋α-アクチンおよびフォン・ヴィレブランド因子で染色した。遠位細葉内血管(直径10〜50μm)の筋性化を、非筋性、部分的に筋性化している、および完全に筋性化しているとして盲検様式でスコア化し、全血管に対する割合として表した。完全に筋性化した細葉内血管に関して、式:中膜肥厚‐(外径−内径)/外径×100に基づいて、中膜肥厚を算出した。凍結切片化した肺組織 (10μm) におけるSmad2タンパク質のリン酸化は、免疫蛍光染色によって調べた。
凍結した肺試料をホモジナイズし、TRIZOL試薬を用いて全RNAを抽出した。記載されているように、逆転写および定量的PCRを行った。関心対象の各遺伝子の発現の相対レベルは、Ct法により決定し、β-アクチンの発現に対する比率として表した。
組換えTGFBRIIは、CHO細胞においてIgG Fcドメインとの融合タンパク質 (TGFBRII-Fc) として発現させ、以前に記載されているように精製した。リン酸化 (p-) Smad3 (p-Smad3)、p-Smad1/5、p-Smad2、および全Smad3に対する一次抗体は、 Cell Signalingから購入した。平滑筋α-アクチンおよびフォン・ヴィレブランド因子に対する一次抗体は、それぞれSigmaおよびDakoから購入した。組換えTGFβ-1、TGFβ-2、TGFβ-3、およびBMP4は、R&Dから購入した。
侵襲的血行動態圧測定ならびにRVHおよび肺血管リモデリングの評価の定量的解析は、一貫して処置群に関して盲検様式で行い、すべての動物および組織試料の正体は、データ収集に関与しない人によってマスクされた。データは平均値±測定の標準誤差 (SEM) として提示し、スチューデントt検定を多重検定のためのボンフェローニ補正と共に、またはANOVAを用いて、群間で比較した。P<0.05を統計的に有意であると見なした。
TGFBRII-Fcは、TGFβ II型受容体のリガンド結合ドメインからなる組換え融合タンパク質である。TGFBRII-Fcは、CAGA-Lucレポーター細胞株によって測定されるTGF-β転写活性を誘導する上で、TGFβ1および3の活性を選択的に阻害したが、TGF-β2の活性は抑制することができないか、または中程度に増強した(図13A)。対照的に、TGFBRII-Fcによる処理は、BRE-Lucレポーター株においてBMP媒介性の転写活性を阻害せず、実際にこのアッセイにおいていくつかのリガンドの活性を増強した(図13B)。これらの結果は、TGF-βリガンドのサブセットに対するこのリガンドトラップの選択的活性と一致し、TGF-βシグナル伝達の抑制がBMPおよびTGF-β2シグナル伝達の増強をもたらし得るフィードバック機構を示唆した。一貫して、TGFBRII-Fcは、培養ヒト肺動脈平滑筋細胞 (HPASMC) において、TGFβ2誘導性のシグナル伝達に影響を及ぼすことなく、TGFβ1誘導性およびTGFβ3誘導性のSmad 2/3リン酸化を妨げた(図13C)。一貫して、TGFBRII-Fcは、HPASMCにおいてTGFβ1誘導性のシグナル伝達を妨げた。HPASMCをTGF-β1で刺激した場合、qRT-PCRによって測定される、カルデスモン、スムーセリン、および特にカルポニンなどの平滑筋収縮表現型遺伝子の発現が増強され、これらのすべてがTGFBRII-Fcによる細胞の同時処理によって強く阻害された(図14)。まとめると、TGFBRII-Fcは、TGF-β1およびβ3の強力なアンタゴニストであり、インビトロにおいて血管平滑筋細胞に対するそれらの作用を無効にすることができると考えられた。
肺血管の機能および疾患におけるTGFβシグナル伝達の公知の重要性、ならびにこれらのリガンドの構造的および機能的多様性に基づいて、本発明者らは、TGFβシグナル伝達の選択的阻害が、実験的肺高血圧症および肺血管リモデリングを軽減し得るかどうかを判定しようとした。本発明者らは、組換えTGFBRII-Fc融合タンパク質を、内皮間葉転換、細胞外基質リモデリング、および心臓弁形成の重要な調節因子であるTGFβ2のシグナル伝達に影響を及ぼさない、TGFβ1およびTGFβ3リガンドシグナル伝達の強力な阻害剤として特徴づけた25, 27。この活性と一致して、TGFBRII-Fcは、TGFβ1およびTGFβ3を介する標準的なSMAD2/3シグナル伝達を遮断し、インビトロにおいて肺動脈平滑筋細胞の合成表現型から収縮表現型へのTGFβ1媒介性転換を妨げた31, 32。本発明者らは、TGFβ1/3が、PAHで見られる肺血管リモデリングを媒介する主な原因であると仮定し、PAHの2つの異なるモデルにおいて、TGFBRII-Fc処置が過剰なTGFβシグナル伝達活性を是正し、肺血管リモデリング、肺高血圧症、および右室肥大を軽減することを見出した。重要なことには、TGFBRII-Fcは、モノクロタリンで以前に処置されたラットにおいて、確立されたPAHおよびRVHの進行を妨げるばかりでなく、ラットの生存度も同様に改善した。これらの目下のデータは、TGFβリガンドのサブセットの選択的阻害がPAHを軽減し、それもPAHの機構的に異なるモデルにおいて軽減するという、非選択的アプローチよりも許容可能である可能性が高い戦略を用いての最初の実証である。
Claims (19)
- 高血圧症または線維症の処置を必要とする対象においてそれを処置する方法であって、GDF-15;TGFβ1;および/またはTGFβ3の阻害剤を対象に投与する段階を含む、方法。
- 高血圧症が肺動脈性肺高血圧症 (PAH) である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、肺動脈性肺高血圧症 (PAH) を有するか、または有すると診断された対象である、請求項1〜2のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 線維症が、
肺気腫;COPD;間質性肺疾患および肺線維症;特発性肺線維症;強皮症肺疾患;間質性血管疾患または肺血管疾患;ブレオマイシン誘発性肺損傷;化学療法薬(メトトレキサート、シクロホスファミド)または他の毒素への曝露に起因する肺線維症;未熟児と関連した慢性肺疾患、別名気管支肺異形成症;抗不整脈薬(例えば、アミオダロン)への曝露と関連した肺線維症または間質性肺疾患;ならびにアスベスト、シリカ、または粒子への曝露と関連した間質性肺疾患
からなる群より選択される疾患または状態と関連した線維症である、請求項1記載の方法。 - 前記対象が、
肺気腫;COPD;間質性肺疾患および肺線維症;特発性肺線維症;強皮症肺疾患;間質性血管疾患または肺血管疾患;ブレオマイシン誘発性肺損傷;化学療法薬(メトトレキサート、シクロホスファミド)または他の毒素への曝露に起因する肺線維症;未熟児と関連した慢性肺疾患、別名気管支肺異形成症;抗不整脈薬(例えば、アミオダロン)への曝露と関連した肺線維症または間質性肺疾患;ならびにアスベスト、シリカ、または粒子への曝露と関連した間質性肺疾患
からなる群より選択される疾患または状態を有するか、または有すると診断された対象である、請求項1または3記載の方法。 - 阻害剤がTGFβ1を阻害する、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 阻害剤がTGFβ3を阻害する、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 阻害剤がTGFβ1およびTGFβ3を阻害する、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 阻害剤がGDF15を阻害する、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 阻害剤がTGFβ1および/またはTGFβ3をさらに阻害する、請求項9記載の方法。
- 阻害剤がGDF15に特異的である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 阻害剤がTGFβ1に特異的である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 阻害剤がTGFβ3に特異的である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 阻害剤が抗体試薬またはリガンドトラップである、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- リガンドトラップがTGFβ-1/3 GDF-15リガンドトラップである、請求項14記載の方法。
- リガンドトラップがTGFBRII-Fcである、請求項15記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、強皮症、またはPAHに付随する結合組織病 (APAH-CTD) を有する、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、対照と比べてGDF-15、TGFβ1、および/またはTGFβ3のレベルが上昇していると判定されている、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、PAHを有するが強皮症またはAPAH-CTDの症状を示していない対象におけるGDF-15、TGFβ1、および/またはTGFβ3の平均レベルと比べて、GDF-15、TGFβ1、および/またはTGFβ3のレベルが上昇していると判定されている、請求項18記載の方法。
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US20170137505A1 (en) * | 2014-06-20 | 2017-05-18 | Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treatment of congestive heart failure and other cardiac dysfunction using a gdf15 modulator |
EP3693004A1 (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2020-08-12 | The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. | An inhibitor of gdf-15 for use in treating fibrosis |
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EP3174550A4 (en) | 2018-06-20 |
EP3174550A1 (en) | 2017-06-07 |
AU2015296037A1 (en) | 2017-02-16 |
US11027014B2 (en) | 2021-06-08 |
US20170202918A1 (en) | 2017-07-20 |
CN114470207B (zh) | 2023-09-19 |
CN106794233B (zh) | 2021-11-12 |
US20210322548A1 (en) | 2021-10-21 |
JP6955443B2 (ja) | 2021-10-27 |
AU2015296037B2 (en) | 2021-04-29 |
AU2024220131A1 (en) | 2024-10-24 |
EP3693004A1 (en) | 2020-08-12 |
AU2021203515A1 (en) | 2021-07-08 |
US20190365857A1 (en) | 2019-12-05 |
CN106794233A (zh) | 2017-05-31 |
WO2016019368A1 (en) | 2016-02-04 |
CN114470207A (zh) | 2022-05-13 |
JP2020125353A (ja) | 2020-08-20 |
CA2956256A1 (en) | 2016-02-04 |
EP3174550B1 (en) | 2020-01-29 |
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