JP2017516457A - Flattop(Fltp)はβ細胞成熟についての新規のバイオマーカーである - Google Patents
Flattop(Fltp)はβ細胞成熟についての新規のバイオマーカーである Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
(a) 成熟β細胞を含む前記細胞集団の一部を、試験化合物の存在下で培養する工程、ここで該細胞は、前記細胞の脱分化を誘導する条件下で培養される;ならびに
(b) 成熟β細胞を含む前記細胞集団の第2の部分を、試験化合物の非存在下で培養する工程、ここで該細胞は、前記細胞の脱分化を誘導する条件下で培養される;ならびに
(b) 続いて、
(i) (a)で培養された細胞、および
(ii) (b)で培養された細胞
において、バイオマーカーFlattop(Fltp)の発現レベルを決定する工程、
を含み、
ここで、工程(b)で培養した細胞におけるFltpの発現レベルと比較して、工程(a)で培養した細胞におけるFltpの増加した発現レベルは、成熟β細胞の脱分化を防ぐのに適した化合物を示す。
動物試験
12h明周期において、マウスを最適の条件下で動物施設に維持した。食物および水は制約なしに与えた。動物実験は、ドイツ動物管理倫理法(German animal care and ethics legislation)に従って行い、地方自治体当局により承認された。
エキソン6中の翻訳停止コドンを除去し、Venus蛍光タンパク質をFlattopのオープンリーディングフレームに直接融合させて、マウス胚性幹(ES)細胞中で相同組み換えによりFlattop-Venus融合タンパク質を作製した。これらのES細胞から、標的化ES細胞の生殖細胞株伝達(germ lime transmission)によりノックインマウスを作製した。これらのマウスは、Flattopが発現する全ての組織において、野生型Flattopタンパク質と同等の量のFlattop-Venus融合タンパク質を発現する。このFlattop-Venus融合レポーターは、生理学的量で発現し、正常なタンパク質代謝回転を示し、かつ正常な細胞内局在を示すという利点を有する。
Fltpタンパク質をより詳細に分析し得るように、中心およびC末端エピトープ(図11)に対して2種類の異なるポリクローナルウサギ抗体を惹起した(図11)。溶解物およびFltp遺伝子が過剰発現またはノックアウトしたかのいずれかの細胞に対して、ウエスタンブロット分析および免疫細胞化学においてこれらの抗体の特異性を確認した(図11)。ヒトFLTPタンパク質をより詳細に分析し得るように、中心およびC末端エピトープに対して3種類の異なるモノクローナルラット抗体を惹起した(図12)。溶解物およびSterp-Flagタグ付加ヒトFLTP cDNAが過剰発現した細胞に対して、ウエスタンブロット分析および免疫細胞化学においてこれらの抗体の特異性を確認した(図12)。これらの抗体は、西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ、アルカリホスファターゼまたは蛍光色素のいずれかにコンジュゲートされた二次抗体を使用して、組織または細胞培養物におけるタンパク質を検出するための一次抗体として使用し得る。
12hの絶食後、動物を安楽死させ、膵臓を迅速に取り出した。膵臓を70%エタノール中5mlの0.2M HClに入れ、均質化して、-20℃で一晩インキュベートした。続いて、均質化した膵臓を、再度70%エタノール中0.2M HClと混合して、-20℃で一晩インキュベートした。1000gで15分間の遠心分離後、上清を1M Tris pH7.5で希釈して(1:2)、次いで分析した。製造業者の指示書に従って超高感度マウスインスリンELISAキット(Chrystal Chem, USA)を使用して、インスリン検出を行った。Bradfordアッセイ(Harlow and Lane 2006)により全膵臓タンパク質含有量を推定した。全膵臓インスリン含有量は、インスリン(ng)/全膵臓タンパク質(μg)として述べられる。
ホールマウント臓器染色を以前に記載されるとおりに行った(Huber, Kania et al. 2005)。画像化について、ホールマウントBABB(1部のベンジルアルコール、2部の安息香酸ベンジル)を使用して胚をきれいに(clear)した。免疫組織化学染色について、膵臓試料を4%ホルマリン中で固定して、スクロース勾配中それぞれ1時間(5%、15%、30%)インキュベートにより凍結保護し、Optimum Cutting Temperature (OCT)に包埋した。スライドガラス上で分類した細胞を2% PFAで固定した。
コラゲナーゼP(Roche, Germany)消化およびOptiprep密度勾配(Sigma)を使用した遠心分離により島単離を行った。単離した島を顕微鏡下で2回手動で選抜した。1〜3時間の培養後、島をPBSで洗浄し、0.25% トリプシン-EDTA (Invitrogen)と共にインキュベートして、単一細胞懸濁物を得た。FACS-Aria III (BD Bioscience)を使用して、単一細胞を選別した。Flow Joソフトウェアを使用して結果を解析した。miRNeasyマイクロキット(Qiagen, Germany)を使用して全RNAを抽出し、Encore Biotin Module (Nugen, USA)と組み合わせてOvation PicoSL WTA System V2により増幅した。増幅したcDNAを、約28,000のプローブセットを含むAffymetrix Mouse Gene ST 1.0アレイ上にハイブリダイズさせた。Encore Biotionプロトコルに提案されるようなわずかな変更を加えた、Affymetrix発現プロトコルに従って染色(Fluidics script FS450_0007)およびスキャニングを行った。品質管理のために発現コンソール(v.1.3.0.187, Affymetrix)を使用して、注釈標準化(annotated normalized)RNA遺伝子レベルデータ(中位研磨およびスケッチ分位標準化(median polish and sketch-quantile normalization)を含む標準設定)を得た。CARMAwebで実行される統計プログラミング環境R(R Development Core Team)を利用して、統計解析を行った。(対応(paired)) limma t-検定およびBenjamini-Hochberg多重検定補正(multiple testing correction) (FDR < 10%)を使用して、差異的発現のためのGenewise試験を行った。CARMAwebおよびRスクリプトhclustを有するクラスターデンドログラムによりヒートマップを作成した。Genomatix Software Suite v3.1 (Genomatix, Munich, Germany)中でGePSモジュールを使用して、1.5x規則化(regulated)遺伝子およびP値<0.005についてGO期および経路富化を行った。
免疫蛍光に使用する一次抗体:ヤギ抗Nkx6.1 (R&D system, Germany, AF5857 1:200);ニワトリ抗GFP (Aves Labs, USA, GFP-1020 1:800);モルモット抗グルカゴン(Millipore, 4031-01F, 1:500);ヤギ抗ソマトスタチン(Santa Cruz, USA, sc-7819, 1:300);ウサギ抗インスリン(Thermo Scientific, USA, PA-18001, 1:300);モルモット抗インスリン(Thermo Scientific, USA, PA-26938, 1:300);ヤギ抗膵臓ポリペプチド(PP) (Abcam, USA, ab77192, 1:300);ウサギ抗Ki-67 (Abcam, ab15580, 1:200);ウサギ抗Urocortin 3 (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, USA, H-019-29, 1:300);Alexa Fluor 546ファロイジン (Invitrogen,Germany, A22283, 1:200)。
統計解析は、GraphPad Prism 6 ソフトウェア(GraphPad Software, USA)を使用して行った。2群間の直接比較のためにスチューデントのt-検定を使用した。<0.05のp値は、統計的に有意とみなされた。データは平均±SEM/SDで表す。
臓器形成および機能のために3次元(3D)および自己組織化(self-organized)組織構造が必要である(Eiraku, Takata et al. 2011, Sasai 2013)。島新生の間の組織極性の獲得が、β細胞の機能および成熟に影響を及ぼすかどうかを決定するために、Fltp::H2B-Venusレポーターマウスを使用して、分子レベルで組織極性確立を分析した。
さらなる試験のために、β細胞についてのPCP関連不均一性の生物学的関連性に焦点を当てた。そのため、ホメオスタシスの間、ならびに妊娠誘導性および生後のβ細胞拡張の期間のFltpレポーター陰性β細胞およびFltpレポーター発現β細胞の最初の増殖率を比較した。著しいことに、P1、P3およびP11のFltpレポーター陰性Nkx6.1+β細胞は、膵臓凍結切片におけるKi67免疫反応性により測定した場合、Fltpレポーター発現Nkx6.1+β細胞と比較すると、4倍まで高い複製速度を示した(図2E)。これら2つのβ細胞亜集団の増殖率の同様の4倍までの差は、妊娠の間にも観察された(図2Aおよび2E)。Fltpレポーター陽性細胞の80%から70%への同時発生的かつ有意な減少(図2F)は、主に、妊娠中に、Fltpレポーター陰性細胞が増殖してβ細胞拡張に寄与することを示す。β細胞がホメオスタシスにあり、増殖に抵抗性である生理学的な状態である、随意に食餌を行う成体マウスにおいても、Fltpレポーター陰性β細胞は依然、増加した複製能力を示した(図2C)。これらの増殖試験は、β細胞ホメオスタシスおよび拡張の間に、EdUパルス標識により確認された(図2C)。したがって、これらのデータはまとめて、β細胞の2つの亜集団は、環境条件および細胞極性状態に応じて著しく異なった増殖能力を示すことを示す。
β細胞を機能的に連結することおよびインスリン分泌はアクチンおよびMT細胞骨格に依存することが良く確立されている(Kalwat and Thurmond 2013)。PCPエフェクタータンパク質Fltpが成体β細胞機能に必要であるかどうかを分析するために、食餌を与えた成体オスにおける腹腔内グルコース刺激(ipGTT)を使用して耐糖能試験を行った(図3A)。Fltp+/+同腹子と比較して、わずかではあるが有意ではないグルコースクリアランスにおける遅延が、FltpZV/ZVおよびFltpZV/+マウスにおいて観察された。また、全膵臓インスリン含有量においては、Fltp+/+、FltpZV/+およびFltpZV/ZVマウスの間で有意な差は観察されなかった(図3B)。興味深いことに、Fltp+/+同腹子と比較すると、ホモ接合子変異体において、第2段階インスリン分泌(図3D)ではなく第1段階インスリン分泌(図3C)が遅延されると思われ、これは、PCP活性およびFltp機能が、β細胞のグルコース誘導インスリン分泌に必要であることを示唆する。
被験体。該試験集団は、2型糖尿病についての進行中のTuebingen Family試験から募集した、2型糖尿病のリスク(2型糖尿病の家族性病歴、ボディーマス指数(BMI)≧27kg/m2、空腹時血糖異常上昇、および/または以前の妊娠糖尿病)を有する2,228名の白人からなった(1)。全ての参加者は、病歴、喫煙状態およびアルコール消費習慣の評価を受けており、該被験体はさらに、身体検査、日常的な血液検査および経口耐糖能試験(OGTT)を受けることに同意した。完全な表現型的および遺伝子型的データセットを有し、グルコース耐性、インスリン感受性またはインスリン分泌に影響を及ぼすことが知られている医薬の非存在が文書で証明されている個体のみを含んだ。全ての試験参加者は、ヘルシンキ宣言を遵守した試験について文書化されたインフォームドコンセントを提出した。
β細胞生存および再生に関してPCPおよびFltpの必要性をさらに試験するために、複数の低用量ストレプトゾトシン(STZ)モデルを使用した(Kolb 1987)。ストレプトゾトシンは、β細胞に対して特に毒性のある天然に存在する化学物質である。この目的のために、FltpZV/+およびFltpZV/ZVコホートにおいてSTZを連続して5日間注射し、その後血糖調節を2日毎に測定した(図5C)。これにより、Fltp用量依存的な様式で、最初の注射後16日目まで血糖調節およびβ細胞機能は徐々に低下したことが明らかになった。最初のSTZ注射の16日後に行ったipGTTにより、FltpZV/+同腹子と比較して、FltpZV/ZVマウスは、有意によりグルコース耐性であることが明らかになった(図5B)。ビヒクルおよびSTZ処理動物由来の膵臓切片上の免疫組織化学により、β細胞の段階的な消失が確認され(図5A)、分析した段階では、β細胞再生の徴候を何ら示さなかった。したがって、β細胞内のFltpおよび平面内極性化の消失は、STZに対する影響の受けやすさを高める。
これまでに示されたデータにより、Fltp媒介平面内極性化は、β細胞を増殖性β細胞およびより成熟したβ細胞に細別することが明らかに示された。分子レベルでのこれらのPCPが媒介する差をよりよく理解するために、Fltp::H2B-Venusレポーターを使用した。成体の島を生理学的ホメオスタシス条件下で動物から精製し、Fltpレポーター陰性およびFltpレポーター発現内分泌亜集団を、蛍光細胞分析分離(FACS;図6AおよびB)を使用して単離した。Fltpレポーター陰性およびFltpレポーター発現内分泌細胞集団の純度をサイトスピン(cytospin)により調整し、Venus蛍光マーカーについてほぼ100%に達し、両方の集団の約80%がβ細胞になった(Nkx6.1によりマークした)(図6C)。
Fltpレポーター陰性β細胞がFltpレポーター発現β細胞の前駆体であるかどうかを直接試験するために、Creリコンビナーゼ/loxP媒介遺伝的系譜追跡アプローチを使用した。このために、以前に確立されたFltp-T2A-iCreマウス系統(Lange, Gegg et al. 2012)を、mTmGレポーターマウス系統(Muzumdar, Tasic et al. 2007)と交配した。Fltpプロモーター駆動Cre発現の際に、膜Tomato (mT)蛍光レポーター遺伝子は、膜GFP (mG)に切り替わり、これは不可逆的であるために、細胞運命分析が可能になる。
E18.5でホールマウント染色されBABB清掃化(clear)された膵臓におけるNkx6.1発現β細胞の分析は、コード様構造を示す。生後の成熟期間に、細胞は、ぎっしり詰まった3D構造になる。Fltpレポーターは、島と比較して、コード様構造中に位置するb細胞中には非存在である。成熟中のFltpレポーター発現の増加(図1B)およびコード様構造の島への形態の変化と一緒にすると、Fltp発現は島形成に関連することが示される。
インビボにおけるFltp発現および機能を調べるために、完全なORFがマルチシストロニックなlacZ-Venusレポーターカセットで置換されたFltpZVノックイン/ノックアウト対立遺伝子を作製した。これは、核局在化シグナル(NLS)タグ付加β-ガラクトシダーゼ(lacZ)レポーター遺伝子、その後に共翻訳切断のための間にあるウイルス性Thosea Asigma 2Aペプチド(T2A)および非常に明るいヒストン2B(H2B)-Venus蛍光レポーター遺伝子を含んだ。サザンおよびウエスタンブロット分析により、標的化相同組み換えおよびヌル対立遺伝子の作製を確認した。
図10に示すようにノックイン構築物を設計した。Fltp回復ベクターを実施例9に記載されるように作製した。
以前に記載されたように(Lange, Gegg et al. 2012)、Fltp抗体を作製した。Fltpタンパク質を生化学的および細胞生物学的に分析するために、ウサギにおいて、ペプチド配列:FltpについてDNPDEPQSSHPSAGHTおよびFltp116-1についてKPFDPDSQTKQKKSVTKTVQ(Pineda, Berlin, Germany)を使用して、マウスFltpに対する、2つの親和性精製ポリクローナル抗体(Fltp1、Fltp116-1)を惹起した。Fltp1エピトープは、Fltpタンパク質のあまりよく保存されていないC末端部分のPRR内にある(図11B)。それにもかかわらず、ヒトおよびマウスの配列はほとんど完全に同様である。Fltp116-1エピトープは、Fltp1エピトープに対してN末端にあり、ヒトにおいてはあまり保存されていない。
フォワード(NotI) 5'-GCGGCCGCGCCACCATGGCCACTAACTACAGTGCCAAC-3'
リバース(Eco-RI) 5'-NNNNGAATTCTAAGGATTTGGCTGGTCTTTGGGGACC-3'
を使用した。
NotIおよびEco-RI制限酵素を使用して、ヒトFLTPコーディング配列をpCAG Strep Flag-タグプラスミドにクローニングし、FLTP Strep Flag-タグ付加プラスミドを得た。HEK 293TにFLTP Strep Flag-タグ付加プラスミドを、ポリエチレンイミン(PEI)を使用して一過的にトランスフェクトした。
3Dおよび2D条件下で培養したヒトβ細胞中のFLTP mRNA発現レベルを調べるために、EndoC-β H1ヒトβ細胞を、マトリゲル(3D)中で培養して、2D条件と比較した。EndoC-β H1ヒトβ細胞株を、以前に記載されたように(Ravassard et al. 2011)、付着させて培養した(2D培養)。3Dマトリゲル系の培養について、EndoC-β H1を、それぞれの培地中に1:2に希釈したMatrigel Matrix Growth Factor Reduced (BD Bioscience, Germany)中で培養した。
FLTPがβ細胞についての新規の成熟マーカーであることを確認するために、FLTP発現と、別の成熟マーカー、すなわちEndoC-β H1細胞中の成熟マーカーNKX6.1(例えば、Ravassard et al. 2011に記載される)、および再凝集した生後の島におけるもの(Ucn3)の発現を相関させた。
Claims (15)
- 成熟β細胞と未成熟前駆β細胞を区別するためのバイオマーカーFlattop(Fltp)の使用。
- 成熟β細胞と未成熟前駆β細胞を区別するための方法であって、該方法は、β細胞中のバイオマーカーFlattop(Fltp)の存在または非存在を決定する工程を含み、ここで該細胞中のFltpの存在は、該細胞が成熟β細胞であることを示し、該細胞中のFltpの非存在は、該細胞が未成熟前駆β細胞であることを示す、方法。
- Fltpの存在または非存在が、(i)核酸レベル、(ii)アミノ酸レベル、または(iii)それらの組合せで決定される、請求項2記載の方法。
- Fltpの存在または非存在が、免疫組織化学、生細胞画像化、ウエスタンブロット、ノーザンブロット、PCR、RNAインサイチュハイブリダイゼーションまたはそれらの組合せにより決定される、請求項2または3記載の方法。
- 未成熟前駆β細胞を成熟β細胞に分化させるのに適した化合物を同定する方法であって、該方法が、
(a) 未成熟前駆β細胞を含む細胞集団と試験化合物を接触させる工程、および
(b) 続いて該細胞集団内に含まれるβ細胞中のバイオマーカーFlattop(Fltp)の存在または発現レベルを決定する工程
を含み、
ここで試験化合物との接触後の該細胞集団に含まれるβ細胞中のFltpの存在またはFltpの発現レベルの増加は、未成熟前駆β細胞を成熟β細胞に分化させるのに適した化合物を示す、方法。 - 成熟β細胞の脱分化を防ぐのに適した化合物を同定する方法であって、該方法は、
(a) 試験化合物の存在下で、成熟β細胞を含む細胞集団を培養する工程、ここで該細胞は、前記成熟β細胞の脱分化を誘導する条件下で培養される、および
(b) 続いて、工程(a)で培養されたβ細胞中のバイオマーカーFlattop(Fltp)の発現レベルを決定する工程
を含み、
工程(b)で決定されたFltpの発現レベルが、工程(a)での培養前の成熟β細胞を含む細胞集団中のFltpの発現レベルと実質的に同じであることは、成熟β細胞の脱分化を防ぐのに適した化合物を示す、方法。 - 該試験化合物が、平面内細胞極性(planar cell polarity)(PCP)を活性化する化合物である、請求項5または6記載の方法。
- 平面内細胞極性(PCP)を活性化する化合物が、非古典的(non-canonical)Wnt/PCP経路のアクチベーターである、請求項7記載の方法。
- 未成熟前駆β細胞を成熟β細胞に分化させる方法であって、該方法が、未成熟前駆β細胞を含む細胞集団中のFltpの発現を誘導する工程を含む、方法。
- 細胞中のFltpの発現が、該細胞を、Wnt5a、Wnt11、Wnt3a;共受容体ROR1、2、RYK、MUSK、PTK7、シンデカン(Syndecan)および/またはグリピカン(Glypican)の少なくとも1つのアクチベーター;あるいは請求項5、7もしくは8記載の方法により同定される化合物から選択される化合物の存在下で培養することにより誘導される、請求項9記載の方法。
- 成熟β細胞の脱分化を防ぐ方法であって、該方法が、成熟β細胞中のFltpの発現を誘導または維持する工程を含む、方法。
- 細胞中のFltpの発現が、該細胞を、Wnt5a、Wnt11、Wnt3a;共受容体ROR1、2、RYK、MUSK、PTK7、シンデカンおよび/またはグリピカンの少なくとも1つのアクチベーター;あるい請求項6〜8いずれか記載の方法により同定される化合物から選択される化合物の存在下で培養することにより誘導または維持される、請求項11記載の方法。
- 成熟β細胞と未成熟前駆β細胞を区別するためのキットであって、該キットが、
(a) バイオマーカーFlattop(Fltp)の存在または非存在を決定するための手段、および
(b) キットをどのように使用するかの指示書
を含む、キット。 - 糖尿病の治療または予防における使用のための医薬組成物であって、Fltp発現のアクチベーター(1つまたは複数)を含む、医薬組成物。
- Fltp発現のアクチベーターが、Wnt5a、Wnt11、Wnt3a;共受容体ROR1、2、RYK、MUSK、PTK7、シンデカンおよび/またはグリピカンの少なくとも1つのアクチベーター;および/または請求項5、7もしくは8に記載の方法により同定される化合物からなる群より選択される、請求項14記載の医薬組成物。
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EP3123169A1 (en) | 2017-02-01 |
JP6825910B2 (ja) | 2021-02-03 |
WO2015144861A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
US11733236B2 (en) | 2023-08-22 |
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US20200141922A1 (en) | 2020-05-07 |
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