JP2016539251A - クロム鉄鉱石からのクロム鉄合金の直接的な製造 - Google Patents
クロム鉄鉱石からのクロム鉄合金の直接的な製造 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016539251A JP2016539251A JP2016549010A JP2016549010A JP2016539251A JP 2016539251 A JP2016539251 A JP 2016539251A JP 2016549010 A JP2016549010 A JP 2016549010A JP 2016549010 A JP2016549010 A JP 2016549010A JP 2016539251 A JP2016539251 A JP 2016539251A
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- chromium
- chromite
- natural gas
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- aggregate
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- UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe] UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 38
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical group O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 12
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910001021 Ferroalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VVTSZOCINPYFDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Ar] Chemical compound [O].[Ar] VVTSZOCINPYFDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011469 building brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003832 thermite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/0033—In fluidised bed furnaces or apparatus containing a dispersion of the material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/0073—Selection or treatment of the reducing gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/008—Use of special additives or fluxing agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/02—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes in shaft furnaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
- C22B5/10—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by solid carbonaceous reducing agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
- C22B5/12—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/06—Making non-ferrous alloys with the use of special agents for refining or deoxidising
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
1.鉱石の粒径
2.還元剤の粒径
3.固体還元剤の反応性
4.温度
5.促進剤の存在
1.大きな資本を必要とする製錬工程の導入の必要がない。
2.鉱石を販売可能な中間生成物へとアップグレードする中間プロセスを実施することができる。
3.本発明の方法は、チャージクロム製錬よりも資本要求が低い。
4.本発明の方法は、エネルギーとして、天然ガスの実質的コスト及び環境的利点を効果的に利用する。
5.助成金対象の電気エネルギーを必要としない。
6.本発明の方法の操作コストは、アップグレードの主な方法として製錬を含むプロセスに比べ、かなり低い。
7.汚染が大きく低減する。
本願は、2013年10月21日付けで出願された、クロム鉄鉱石からのクロム鉄合金の直接的な製造に対する米国仮特許出願第61/893,400号の利点を主張するものであり、この出願は、その全体が、引用することにより本明細書の一部をなす。
Claims (17)
- 製鋼に好適なクロム鉄合金をクロム鉄鉱石から直接製造する方法であって、
炭素微粒子、促進剤及びバインダーを添加して、クロム鉄鉱石の微粒子を凝集させ、凝集体を乾燥することと、
還元に適した高温下で、還元剤としての天然ガスと共に前記凝集体を反応容器に供給し、これにより製鋼に好適なクロム鉄合金を製造することと、
を含む、方法。 - 前記促進剤が、酸化物、水酸化物又は炭酸塩の形態のアルカリである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記促進剤が水酸化ナトリウムである、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記促進剤が、クロム鉄鉱微粒子を封入するシリカからケイ酸ナトリウムを化学量論的に生成し、クロム鉄鉱中に存在する酸化クロムと反応するのに十分な量含まれている、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記促進剤が、各凝集体に約2重量%〜約15重量%の範囲で含まれている、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 炭素が、凝集体に含まれるクロム及び鉄の還元可能な金属酸化物の還元に十分な量含まれている、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 炭素が、各凝集体に約15重量%〜約25重量%の範囲で含まれている、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記凝集体を炉からの排ガスで乾燥する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記反応容器内の高温が約750℃〜約1150℃の範囲である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記凝集体をペレットとして形成する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記還元剤が改質天然ガスである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記高温が800℃〜1150℃の範囲であり、改質天然ガスによって前記凝集体をさっと前記反応容器に通過させる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記クロム鉄鉱石の微粒子及び炭素微粒子が、50ミクロン〜250ミクロンのサイズを有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記バインダーが、ベントナイト又は有機代替物から選ばれ、前記凝集体の質量の0.5%〜1.5%の量で含まれている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記クロム鉄鉱石がROF由来である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記反応容器が、垂直移動床反応器、ロータリーガスキルン、固定床バッチ反応器又は移動コンベヤベルト封止マッフル炉である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法によって製造されるクロム鉄合金。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201361893400P | 2013-10-21 | 2013-10-21 | |
US61/893,400 | 2013-10-21 | ||
PCT/US2014/054644 WO2015060951A1 (en) | 2013-10-21 | 2014-09-09 | Production of chromium iron alloys directly from chromite ore |
Related Child Applications (1)
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JP2019094969A Division JP2019131895A (ja) | 2013-10-21 | 2019-05-21 | クロム鉄鉱石からのクロム鉄合金の直接的な製造 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2016539251A true JP2016539251A (ja) | 2016-12-15 |
JP2016539251A5 JP2016539251A5 (ja) | 2017-01-26 |
Family
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JP2016549010A Pending JP2016539251A (ja) | 2013-10-21 | 2014-09-09 | クロム鉄鉱石からのクロム鉄合金の直接的な製造 |
JP2019094969A Pending JP2019131895A (ja) | 2013-10-21 | 2019-05-21 | クロム鉄鉱石からのクロム鉄合金の直接的な製造 |
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JP2019094969A Pending JP2019131895A (ja) | 2013-10-21 | 2019-05-21 | クロム鉄鉱石からのクロム鉄合金の直接的な製造 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20160244864A1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP2016539251A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20160073994A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN105658828A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2927984C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2015060951A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EA201992240A1 (ru) * | 2017-03-21 | 2020-03-23 | Ланксесс Дойчланд Гмбх | Способ получения железо- и хромсодержащих частиц |
EP3619331B1 (en) | 2017-05-02 | 2024-10-02 | Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources | Carbothermic direct reduction of chromite using a catalyst for the production of ferrochrome alloy |
US10358693B2 (en) | 2017-10-20 | 2019-07-23 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources | Method of direct reduction of chromite with cryolite additive |
EP3760748B1 (en) * | 2019-07-02 | 2023-09-20 | Brother Group (Hong Kong) Limited | Process for preparing optimized calcined, iron- and chrome-containing pellets |
EP3763837A1 (de) * | 2019-07-09 | 2021-01-13 | Brother Group (Hong Kong) Limited | Formgebung von chromerzprozess-rückständen |
BR102019023195B1 (pt) * | 2019-11-05 | 2021-01-19 | Vale S.A. | processo de produção de aglomerado de finos de minério de ferroe o produto aglomerado |
CN113444884B (zh) * | 2021-05-17 | 2022-11-01 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | 一种微碳铬铁合金的制备方法 |
CN114855002B (zh) * | 2021-07-06 | 2023-04-25 | 丰镇市华兴化工有限公司 | 一种低钛高碳铬铁及其生产方法 |
Citations (2)
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JPS5114969B1 (ja) * | 1970-10-31 | 1976-05-13 | ||
JPS58199834A (ja) * | 1982-05-15 | 1983-11-21 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | クロム鉱石の予備還元法 |
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US2990267A (en) * | 1959-06-26 | 1961-06-27 | Dow Chemical Co | Preparation of metal powders |
US3235371A (en) * | 1962-09-10 | 1966-02-15 | Control Of Michigan College Of | Agglomerated mineral products and method of making same |
US3661555A (en) * | 1969-06-24 | 1972-05-09 | Showa Denko Kk | Pelletized chromium addition agents for ferro alloys production and method therefor |
US3894865A (en) * | 1970-07-10 | 1975-07-15 | Wienert Fritz Otto | Production of metallurgical pellets in rotary kilns |
US3997333A (en) * | 1975-02-26 | 1976-12-14 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Process for the reduction of complex metallic ores |
US4298581A (en) * | 1980-04-15 | 1981-11-03 | Cabot Corporation | Process for recovering chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten values from a feed material |
DE3713883A1 (de) * | 1987-04-25 | 1988-11-17 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von ferrochrom |
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2014
- 2014-09-09 KR KR1020167013029A patent/KR20160073994A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2014-09-09 US US15/027,479 patent/US20160244864A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-09-09 CA CA2927984A patent/CA2927984C/en active Active
- 2014-09-09 JP JP2016549010A patent/JP2016539251A/ja active Pending
- 2014-09-09 WO PCT/US2014/054644 patent/WO2015060951A1/en active Application Filing
- 2014-09-09 CN CN201480057652.7A patent/CN105658828A/zh active Pending
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2019
- 2019-05-21 JP JP2019094969A patent/JP2019131895A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5114969B1 (ja) * | 1970-10-31 | 1976-05-13 | ||
JPS58199834A (ja) * | 1982-05-15 | 1983-11-21 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | クロム鉱石の予備還元法 |
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CN105658828A (zh) | 2016-06-08 |
WO2015060951A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
JP2019131895A (ja) | 2019-08-08 |
KR20160073994A (ko) | 2016-06-27 |
CA2927984A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
US20160244864A1 (en) | 2016-08-25 |
CA2927984C (en) | 2018-03-27 |
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