US20160244864A1 - Production of chromium iron alloys directly from chromite ore - Google Patents

Production of chromium iron alloys directly from chromite ore Download PDF

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Publication number
US20160244864A1
US20160244864A1 US15/027,479 US201415027479A US2016244864A1 US 20160244864 A1 US20160244864 A1 US 20160244864A1 US 201415027479 A US201415027479 A US 201415027479A US 2016244864 A1 US2016244864 A1 US 2016244864A1
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Prior art keywords
chromite
accelerant
carbon
fines
natural gas
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Abandoned
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US15/027,479
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English (en)
Inventor
Frank Winter
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Kwg Resources inc
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KWG RESOURCES Inc
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Priority to US15/027,479 priority Critical patent/US20160244864A1/en
Assigned to METHAVRIO,LLC reassignment METHAVRIO,LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WINTER, FRANK
Assigned to KWG RESOURCES,INC reassignment KWG RESOURCES,INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: METHAVRIO,LLC
Publication of US20160244864A1 publication Critical patent/US20160244864A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
    • C21B13/0033—In fluidised bed furnaces or apparatus containing a dispersion of the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
    • C21B13/0073—Selection or treatment of the reducing gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
    • C21B13/008—Use of special additives or fluxing agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
    • C21B13/02—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes in shaft furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
    • C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
    • C22B5/10—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by solid carbonaceous reducing agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
    • C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
    • C22B5/12—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/06—Making non-ferrous alloys with the use of special agents for refining or deoxidising

Definitions

  • This invention pertains to the production of chromium iron alloys directly from chromite ore.
  • Chromium is an irreplaceable ingredient in all grades of stainless steels. It is the ingredient that renders steel “stainless”. It is present in alloys in amounts from 12% to about 35% Cr, with generally the more Cr the more corrosion resistant. It is also a key ingredient in the high end “super alloys” used for turbines and jet engines. Chromite ores are the only source of chromium. The majority of chromite ores are processed into an intermediate product called high carbon ferro-chrome, or charge chrome, an alloy containing greater than 50% Cr, about 6-8% C, varying amounts of Fi (0-4%, depending on the process used), with the balance Fe.
  • This material is the feed stock for the Argon Oxygen Decarburiser (AOD) process, which is a modified steel converter and the first step in producing a low carbon melt of Cr and Fe to which other alloying elements such as Ni are added before the liquid steel is cast into plates and then rolled into sheet which is the bulk of the stainless steel market, and the feed for the myriad of stainless products such as pipes, tanks, containers, flanges, valves etc. required for industry and domestic consumers.
  • AOD Argon Oxygen Decarburiser
  • a small amount of metallic Cr is produced by reacting chemical grade chromic oxide with metallic aluminum, analogous to the common thermite reaction between iron oxide and aluminum to produce molten iron.
  • Production of low carbon FeCr alloy by aluminoghermic reduction directly from chromite ores has not generally been practiced because of a generally unfavorable energy requirement, especially with low grade ores.
  • the development of huge deposits of natural shale gas in the USA and Canada has led to a decrease in the long term cost of natural gas and the prospect of stable pricing for many years to come.
  • the present invention exploits the availability of the Ring of Fire chromite and low cost natural gas.
  • DRI Directly Reduced Iron
  • the present invention provides a process for producing chromium iron alloy suitable for steel making directly from chromite ore wherein the fines of chromite ore with additions of carbon finds, an accelerant and a binder are agglomerated and dried, and thereafter the agglomerates are fed into a reaction vessel with natural gas as a reducing agent at elevated temperatures adequate for reduction for thereby producing a chromium iron alloy suitable for steel making.
  • the accelerant is an alkaline in the form of an oxide, hydroxide or carbonate, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
  • Sodium hydroxide has been found during testing to be more effective than other alkaline chemicals in enabling the reactions required to rapidly reduce the chrome and iron oxides from the chromite ore concentrates.
  • the accelerant is included in an amount sufficient for the stoichiometric formation of sodium silicate of silica encapsulating the chromite fines plus an additional amount to enable the combination of sodium with the chrome oxide in the chromite.
  • the accelerant is included in each agglomerate in the approximate range of 2% to 15% by weight. However, the range of accelerant inclusion by weight depends upon a number of variables, one of which is the silica content of the ore concentrate and the second is the chrome oxide content.
  • Carbon is included in the amount sufficient for reduction of the reduceable metal oxides of chromium and iron contained in the agglomerate, for example a carbon inclusion in each agglomerate in the approximate range of 15% to 25% by weight.
  • the agglomerates may be efficiently dried with furnace off gas and then charged to the reaction vessel having a temperature range of between 750° and 1,150° C.
  • the agglomerates are preferably formed as pellets, and in one embodiment, may be swept into the reaction vessel having an elevated temperature in the range of 750° C. to 1,150° C. by reformed natural gas.
  • the fines of chromite ore and carbon for making up the pellet agglomerate are preferably in the range of 50 and 250 microns in size, and the binder is preferably selected as bentonite or an organic alternative such as corn starch, which is included in the amount of 0.5% to 1.5% of the pellet mass.
  • the reaction vessel in one embodiment includes a vertical moving bed process and the natural gas reducing agent is selected as natural gas or reformed natural gas.
  • the reaction vessel includes a static bed patch process or a moving belt process, and the natural gas reducing agent is selected as reformed natural gas.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one type of reaction vessel usable in the process of the present invention in the form of a vertical moving bed reactor;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a second type of reaction vessel which may be utilized in the process of the present invention in the form of a vertical static batch reactor;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a third embodiment of a reaction vessel usable in the process of the present invention in the form of a horizontal muffle conveyor reactor;
  • FIG. 4 is a graphic chart illustrating fossil fuel requirements for existing processes and that projected for the process of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graphic chart showing the carbon dioxide emissions from existing processes and that projected for the process of the present invention.
  • the pellet composition is therefore principally of chromite, carbon fines and an accelerator, typically an alkaline salt, and an addition of a binder, such as bentonite or an organic alternative, completes the pellet composition.
  • the pellets are dried using offgas prior to entering the reduction reactor.
  • the inventive process outlined above has been shown to produce metalization levels of chromium and iron of 80% or more. Higher metalization rates for both chromium and iron can be expected with process development.
  • the resulting pellets of reduced chromite are suitable for stainless and alloy steel making, either as batch or continuously charged components of the steel making charge. Substantial cost advantages are expected when compared to the usage of conventionally produced ferro chrome alloys.
  • the carbon content of the reduced chromite is intended to be considerably lower than the ferro alloys produced in a SAF. This will result in significant process advantages for the steelmaker and therefore lower the cost of production.
  • the reduced chromite pellets can form part of the charge of a conventional SAF furnace producing ferro chrome, with significant cost benefits.
  • DAI Directly Reduced Iron
  • the current invention uses modifications of this basic and well established technology for direct reduction of iron to produce a chromium iron alloy by using reformed natural gas to heat and reduce both oxides of chromium and iron contained within the ROF chromite ore, the morphology of which has been shown in testing to facilitate the progress of the reduction reactions.
  • the reduction of chromium and iron oxides in the chromite ore by carbon monoxide normally requires temperatures in excess of 1,350° Celsius.
  • the present invention utilizes a controlled addition of an accelerant to reduce the temperature required for reduction to occur in the range from 750° to 1,100° Celsius. This lower temperature requirement reduces the energy required for the reduction process to around 1/5th of that needed in the conventional SAF process of the prior art.
  • chromite used for the development work was sourced from the Black Horse deposit located within the Ring of Fire region of Northern Ontario Canada. As received chromite concentrate chemistry is shown Table 1, and the ore chemistry in elemental form is shown in Table 2.
  • the process variations which are available are based on the use of a carbon containing pellet of around 12 mm in diameter produced on a disc pelletizer or a smaller pea sized product made in a standard industrial agglomerator.
  • the feed for these operations is typically comprised of around 80% chromite concentrate, 17% carbon powder as a partial reductant, up to 1.5% of bentonite or other suitable organic binder and accelerant.
  • Full scale plant configurations capable of processing the agglomerates or pellets to the metallized product can utilize reaction vessels of different types to perform the process of the present invention.
  • the following is a description of some, but not an exclusive summary, of the different types of reaction vessels which may be utilized in the process of the present invention.
  • a vertical moving bed reactor as illustrated may be utilized. It is indirectly heated by natural gas. Reformed natural gas is fed into the base of the reactor column and rises through the bed contained within the reactor. The off gasses are composed entirely of water vapor and carbon dioxide. The reduced product is allowed to flow semi-continuously from suitable outlets at the base of the reactor into a sealed atmosphere cooler. There are no slags or other residual waste streams from this process option. It has a very small environmental footprint.
  • a second reaction vessel which may be utilized in the process of the present invention is a high temperature natural gas fired rotary kiln preceded in series by a lower temperature kiln of similar design using the off gasses from the hotter kiln to preheat the pellet feed.
  • FIG. 2 A third type of reaction vessel which may be utilized in the process of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2 as a fixed bed batch reactor. This reactor is indirectly heated by natural gas, containing a quantity of pellets produced according to the recipe hereinbefore outlined. The reduced product is cooled rapidly immediately after discharge.
  • a forth type of reaction vessel which may be utilized in the process of the present invention is a moving metal conveyor belt which passes through a sealed muffle furnace as illustrated in FIG. 3 , which is externally heated by natural gas.
  • the atmosphere within the muffle is comprised of reformed natural gas which maintains a slight positive pressure within the muffle.
  • a fluidized bed reactor may be utilized in the process of the present invention with a feed of small rice sized pellets of the required composition using natural gas as the energy source.
  • the vertical moving bed reactor is flexible and the very latest installations can use either natural gas or reformed natural gas.
  • Natural gas is basically methane, CH4, whereas steam reformed natural gas is primarily H2 plus CO.
  • the static bed batch process and belt options require reformed gas.
  • the reformed gas has free hydrogen plus carbon monoxide and hydrogen is a much more effective reducing gas than is carbon monoxide.
  • the existing or prior art processes used to produce chromium iron alloys from chromite use large quantities of electricity and carbon containing reductants.
  • the Submerged Arc Furnace or SAF is the standard method for producing ferro chrome alloys at this time. This process is energy inefficient and produces large quantities of off gas which need to be captured, cleaned and eventually emitted to the atmosphere. Substantial quantities of carbon dioxide are also discharged. This process produces a liquid metal as the chrome iron alloy and a large quantity of chrome containing slag with no beneficial use. This has to be land filled.
  • the natural gas base solid state process described hereinbefore emits no off gasses to the atmosphere. The water produced is condensed to liquid water with a level of purity close to that of potable water. Carbon dioxide is the only other gas produced as a byproduct of the reduction reactions. This is collected, compressed and sold to industrial users.
  • the overall energy consumption for the gas based process of the present invention is estimated to be approximately 1/3 of the SAF process and this is shown in the equivalent fossil fuel requirements for the existing processes and that projected for the present invention in the chart of FIG. 4 .
  • the process of the present invention is designated as KWG, representing KWG Resources Inc. of Toronto Canada where the laboratory work was carried out at the direction of the present inventor.
  • FIG. 5 shows the carbon dioxide emissions from existing processes and that projected for the process of the present invention.
  • the land footprint is much lower for the gas based process of the present invention than for the SAF process, and no provision is required for the landfill of slag.
  • the reduced chrome iron alloy can easily be separated from the unreduced gangue compounds by established industrial processes using the differences in density or magnetic properties, thus producing a highly desirable metallic component of a steel making charge, particularly to an Argon Oxygen Decarburisation vessel.
  • the unreduced gangue may be used as an inert filler or in the production of building brick or block and as a sand substitute on roofing shingles.
  • An intermediate process which upgrades the ore to a saleable intermediate product is viable.
  • the process of the present invention has lower capital requirements than that of charge chrome smelting.
  • the operating costs for the process of the present invention are significantly lower than those involving smelting as a primary method of upgrading.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
US15/027,479 2013-10-21 2014-09-09 Production of chromium iron alloys directly from chromite ore Abandoned US20160244864A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15/027,479 US20160244864A1 (en) 2013-10-21 2014-09-09 Production of chromium iron alloys directly from chromite ore

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US201361893400P 2013-10-21 2013-10-21
PCT/US2014/054644 WO2015060951A1 (en) 2013-10-21 2014-09-09 Production of chromium iron alloys directly from chromite ore
US15/027,479 US20160244864A1 (en) 2013-10-21 2014-09-09 Production of chromium iron alloys directly from chromite ore

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US (1) US20160244864A1 (ja)
JP (2) JP2016539251A (ja)
KR (1) KR20160073994A (ja)
CN (1) CN105658828A (ja)
CA (1) CA2927984C (ja)
WO (1) WO2015060951A1 (ja)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10358693B2 (en) 2017-10-20 2019-07-23 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Method of direct reduction of chromite with cryolite additive
EP3760748A1 (en) * 2019-07-02 2021-01-06 Brother Group (Hong Kong) Limited Process for preparing optimized calcined, iron- and chrome-containing pellets

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018172284A1 (en) * 2017-03-21 2018-09-27 Lanxess Deutschland Gmbh Process for preparing iron- and chrome-containing particles
US10982300B2 (en) 2017-05-02 2021-04-20 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Carbothermic direct reduction of chromite using a catalyst for the production of ferrochrome alloy
EP3763837A1 (de) * 2019-07-09 2021-01-13 Brother Group (Hong Kong) Limited Formgebung von chromerzprozess-rückständen
BR102019023195B1 (pt) * 2019-11-05 2021-01-19 Vale S.A. processo de produção de aglomerado de finos de minério de ferroe o produto aglomerado
CN113444884B (zh) * 2021-05-17 2022-11-01 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 一种微碳铬铁合金的制备方法
CN114855002B (zh) * 2021-07-06 2023-04-25 丰镇市华兴化工有限公司 一种低钛高碳铬铁及其生产方法

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US3661555A (en) * 1969-06-24 1972-05-09 Showa Denko Kk Pelletized chromium addition agents for ferro alloys production and method therefor
US3997333A (en) * 1975-02-26 1976-12-14 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Process for the reduction of complex metallic ores
DE3713883A1 (de) * 1987-04-25 1988-11-17 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zur herstellung von ferrochrom
US20080142704A1 (en) * 2004-05-21 2008-06-19 Whitehouse Craig M Charged Droplet Spray Probe
US20140251084A1 (en) * 2013-03-06 2014-09-11 Midrex Technologies, Inc. Methods and systems for reducing chromium containing raw material

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Patent Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2990267A (en) * 1959-06-26 1961-06-27 Dow Chemical Co Preparation of metal powders
US3661555A (en) * 1969-06-24 1972-05-09 Showa Denko Kk Pelletized chromium addition agents for ferro alloys production and method therefor
US3997333A (en) * 1975-02-26 1976-12-14 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Process for the reduction of complex metallic ores
DE3713883A1 (de) * 1987-04-25 1988-11-17 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zur herstellung von ferrochrom
US20080142704A1 (en) * 2004-05-21 2008-06-19 Whitehouse Craig M Charged Droplet Spray Probe
US20140251084A1 (en) * 2013-03-06 2014-09-11 Midrex Technologies, Inc. Methods and systems for reducing chromium containing raw material

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10358693B2 (en) 2017-10-20 2019-07-23 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Method of direct reduction of chromite with cryolite additive
EP3760748A1 (en) * 2019-07-02 2021-01-06 Brother Group (Hong Kong) Limited Process for preparing optimized calcined, iron- and chrome-containing pellets

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KR20160073994A (ko) 2016-06-27
WO2015060951A1 (en) 2015-04-30
CA2927984C (en) 2018-03-27
CN105658828A (zh) 2016-06-08
JP2016539251A (ja) 2016-12-15
CA2927984A1 (en) 2015-04-30
JP2019131895A (ja) 2019-08-08

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