JP2015503441A - 炭素オキシカルコゲナイド及び金属塩の熱分解生成物を含むろ過媒体、このろ過媒体を用いたクロラミンの除去方法、並びにこのろ過媒体の製造方法 - Google Patents
炭素オキシカルコゲナイド及び金属塩の熱分解生成物を含むろ過媒体、このろ過媒体を用いたクロラミンの除去方法、並びにこのろ過媒体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2015503441A JP2015503441A JP2014549196A JP2014549196A JP2015503441A JP 2015503441 A JP2015503441 A JP 2015503441A JP 2014549196 A JP2014549196 A JP 2014549196A JP 2014549196 A JP2014549196 A JP 2014549196A JP 2015503441 A JP2015503441 A JP 2015503441A
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- carbon
- substrate
- metal
- metal salt
- sulfur
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 164
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 153
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloramine Chemical compound ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 126
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydrogensulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfamate Chemical compound NS([O-])(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L thiosulfate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]S([S-])(=O)=O DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical class 0.000 description 27
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- -1 Chalcogen Chalcogen Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- NNZNHNMQOYUANB-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;oxalic acid;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Cu].[Cu].OC(=O)C(O)=O.OC(=O)C(O)=O NNZNHNMQOYUANB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 3
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- DXHPZXWIPWDXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monosulfide Chemical compound [S+]#[C-] DXHPZXWIPWDXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyl sulfide Chemical compound O=C=S JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940065287 selenium compound Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000003343 selenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003498 tellurium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 101710178035 Chorismate synthase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710152694 Cysteine synthase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012028 Fenton's reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-L L-tartrate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920001410 Microfiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910019093 NaOCl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium peroxydisulfate Substances [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)OOS([O-])=O VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009838 combustion analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HFDWIMBEIXDNQS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diformate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O HFDWIMBEIXDNQS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QYCVHILLJSYYBD-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;oxalate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O QYCVHILLJSYYBD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940076286 cupric acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004455 differential thermal analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007416 differential thermogravimetric analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010981 drying operation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002413 ferric citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001448 ferrous ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940062993 ferrous oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OWZIYWAUNZMLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O OWZIYWAUNZMLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NPFOYSMITVOQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(III) citrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NPFOYSMITVOQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000019988 mead Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003658 microfiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002077 nanosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000006069 physical mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006557 surface reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/288—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using composite sorbents, e.g. coated, impregnated, multi-layered
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/0203—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04
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Abstract
Description
「a」、「an」、及び「the」は互換可能に使用され、1又はそれよりも多くを意味する。
「及び/又は」は、記載される事例の一方又は両方が起こりうることを示すために使用され、例えば、A及び/又はBは、(A及びB)と(A又はB)とを含む。
炭素は、ダイアモンド、グラファイト、及び非晶質炭素を含む複数の同素体を持つ。一実施形態において、炭素基材はsp2混成炭素を多く含む。すなわち、この炭素基材は、20%以下、15%以下、12%以下、又更には10%以下のsp3混成炭素を含む。sp3混成炭素の含有量が増えるにつれ、sp2混成炭素基材は、次第に、密集した等方性のネットワークを持つ正四面体炭素へと変化する。
カルコゲンは、本明細書で使用する場合、硫黄、セレン、テルル、又はそれらの組み合わせを指す。このようなカルコゲンの供給源について以下に説明する。
本開示の金属塩には、金属塩又は金属合成物が含まれていてもよい。このような塩及び合成物としては、カルボン酸塩、窒素含有オキシアニオン、硫黄含有アニオン、塩化物塩、リン酸塩、及びそれらの組み合わせを挙げてもよい。
一実施形態では、炭素基材の表面には、COxEyが含まれている。ここで、Eは硫黄、セレン、テルル、又はそれらの組み合わせである。一実施形態では、x及びyは0よりも大きい。一実施形態では、xは0である。他の実施形態では、xは少なくとも0.005、0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、又は更に0.05であり、最大で0.07、0.08、0.09、0.1、0.12、0.15、又は更に0.2である。一実施形態において、yは0.001以上、0.005以上、0.01以上、0.02以上、0.03以上、0.04以上、0.05以上、又更には0.06以上であり、0.12以下、0.14以下、0.15以下、0.16以下、0.18以下、0.2以下、0.22以下、0.25以下、0.3以下、0.35以下、又更には0.4以下である。
熱分解は、金属塩の加熱を、金属塩が、金属に結合した水(もしあれば)を失い始める温度以上で、及び化合物の塩部分が分解し始める温度以上で行なうことを伴う。本明細書で使用する場合、「熱分解生成物」は、熱による化合物の解離又は分解によってもたらされる生成物を指す。この熱分解プロセスによって、金属塩の性質は、異なる化学量論及び組成物並びに異なる化学的性質を有する材料に変化すると考えられ、塩の少なくとも一部は、熱的に分解されて、揮発によってガスとして取り除かれる。
一実施形態では、オキシカルコゲナイドの表面を含む炭素基材を用意することを、本明細書で説明する調製に従って行なう。オキシカルコゲナイドの表面を含む炭素基材を次に、金属塩と(例えば、含浸によって)接触させ、加熱して、本明細書で説明するように金属塩を熱分解する。
本開示の組成物には、炭素支持体と、S、Se、及びTeの少なくとも1種から選択されたカルコゲンと、金属塩と、の熱分解生成物が含まれる。少量の他の元素が存在することが、不純物が金属塩、炭素支持体、カルコゲン源中に、及び/又は熱処理の間に用いる雰囲気中に存在するために起きる場合がある。不純物は一般的に、組成物の重量を基準として、特定の不純物原子の5%、2%、1%、0.1%、0.05%、又は更に0.01%未満である。
一実施形態において、本開示の組成物はろ過材として使用されてもよい。本開示の基材はクロラミンを取り除くことができるために、一実施形態では、基材をろ過媒体として用いてもよい。当該技術分野において周知のろ過方法が使用可能である。
(i)炭素基材、(ii)硫黄、セレン、若しくはテルル源、又はそれらの組み合わせ、及び(iii)金属塩を含む、組成物を用意することと、
組成物を加熱することと、を含む方法。
見掛け密度測定
サンプル(本開示による比較例又は実施例に従って調製した)の見掛け密度を、重量を計ったサンプルをメスシリンダー内に軽く叩いて入れることを最密充填が実現されるまで行なうことによって決定した。軽く叩いても炭素基材サンプルの体積がそれ以上減少しなかったときに、もっとも密な充填が成されたとみなした。
水サンプル中の全塩素含有量から、水サンプル中のクロラミン含有量を求めた。全塩素(OCl−及びクロラミン)濃度は、Hach Companyが米国環境保護庁公定法(USEPA方法)330.5に相当すると主張するHach Method 8167及び全塩素分析DPD法(DPD Total Chlorine Method)により測定した。遊離塩素(OCl−)濃度は、Hach Companyが米国環境保護庁公定法330.5に相当すると主張するHach Method 8021及び遊離クロラミン分析DPD法(DPD Free Chloramine Analysis)により定期的に測定した。遊離塩素は無視できる程の低濃度(<0.2ppm)に保たれたため、全塩素分析は、水中のクロラミン濃度の良い推量となると考えられた。すべての試薬及び器具は、Hach Company(Loveland,CO)より入手可能であり、standard Hach Methodに記載されたものであった。
3ppm+/−0.3ppmクロラミンの調製を、適切な量の市販の漂白剤(5.25% NaOCl)を脱イオン水に添加することによって行なった。攪拌しながら、1.5当量の塩化アンモニウム水溶液を漂白剤溶液に加え、1時間攪拌した。pHを、7.6+/−0.2にNaOH又はHCを添加することによって調製し、そしてpHメータ(入手元は、サーモフィッシャ−サイエンティフィック社(Thermo Fisher Scientific,Inc.)、マサチューセッツ州、ウォルサム(Waltham)、商標名「ORION 3−STAR」)を用いて試験した。
クロラミン試験水溶液として、3ppmのNH2Clを、pH 7.6で、27℃において含むものを調製した(前述したように調製)。試験の直前に、クロラミン試験水溶液の初期全塩素含有量を、前述のクロラミン試験で説明したように測定した。連続攪拌によって、0.46gアリコートの炭素基材サンプル(すなわち、本開示による比較例又は実施例に従って調製されたサンプル)。混合の直後に、タイマをスタートさせた。30秒後に、5mLの分量の混合物を取り出し、懸濁した固体を取り除くため、取り出し後5秒以内にその混合物を1μmのシリンジフィルターに通した。5mLの分量を上記のとおり取り出してから30秒以内に、そのろ過した一定分量中のクロラミン含有量を計測した。一定分量を5分間に亘って混合物から定期的に取り出し、その一定分量を上記のとおりクロラミン試験を用いて分析した。クロラミン除去効率を下記数式により求め、%クロラミン減少量として報告した。
炭素基材Aの試験を、更に処理することなく、クロラミン除去試験を用いて行なった。結果を表1に示す。
比較例Bの調製は、シュウ酸第二銅半水和物(0.63g)を炭素基材A(5g)と、75mL水中のスラリーとして混合することによって行なった(目標は4.7%充填)。混合物の撹拌を、5日間、室温で行なった。シュウ酸第二銅半水和物のわずかな溶解性のために、青色粒子が溶液から消えたときに含浸の終了を示していた(この場合は5日後)。粉末をろ過によって分離して、室温で一晩中乾燥させた。サンプルを、炉内で、300℃において、1時間、窒素下で加熱した。炉を窒素でパージすることを、加熱前に行なった。サンプルを次に、室温まで冷却して、クロラミン除去試験を用いて試験した。結果を表1に示す。
10gの炭素基Aを1gの微粉状硫黄と十分に混合して(公称上は、10wt%)、反応器に移した。反応器は、15×1.5インチ(381mm×38.1mm)のガラスチューブを、20mmのソルブシールジョイント(Solv-Seal joint)(アンドリュースガラス社(Andrews Glass Co.)、ニュージャージー州、バインランド(Vineland))を介して、10mmのグリースレス高真空ストップコック及び真空ラインインターフェースに接続したものからなっていた。巻き込まれた固体の損失を防ぐため、コックの手前に、ガラスウールの栓を差し込んだ。脱ガスを30分行なった後、反応器及び内容物を垂直炉内で400℃で1時間加熱した。室温まで冷却した後、反応器を再び、液体窒素冷却されたトラップを通して15分間排気した後、開けて生成物を分離した。生成物をX線光電子分光法(XPS)によって分析して、C(1s)、O(1s)、及びS(2p3/2)ピークを積分して、生成物の表面組成物を測定したところ、92.6原子%のC、3.4原子%のO、及び3.4原子%のSを含んでいた。燃焼分析によって判定された生成物のバルクカルコゲン含有量は、8±1%のSであった。
シュウ酸第二銅半水和物(0.63g)を比較例C(5g)の硫化炭素の一部と、75mL水中のスラリーとして混合した(目標は4.7%充填)。混合物の撹拌を5日間、室温で行なった。シュウ酸第二銅半水和物のわずかな溶解性のために、青色粒子が溶液から消えたときに含浸の終了を示していた(この場合は5日後)。粉末をろ過によって分離して、室温で一晩中乾燥させた。サンプルを次に、前述した硫化炭素を調製するのに用いたのと同じチューブ反応器内で加熱しながら、N2下で、300℃において、1時間封止した。サンプルを次に、室温まで冷却して、クロラミン除去試験を用いて試験した。表1に、表示時間(秒)が経過した後の水サンプルから除去された%クロラミンをまとめる。
炭素基材Bの試験を、更なる処理を行なうことなく、クロラミン除去試験を用いて行なった。結果を表2に示す。
MnSO4・H2Oを脱イオン水に、激しく攪拌しながら添加した。硫酸マンガン水溶液を次に、炭素基材Aに加えた。含浸炭素を次に、窒素パージされたマッフル炉内で、875℃において、15分間加熱した。坩堝を次に、取り出して、窒素パージ下で冷却した。含浸の結果、約6.3%のマンガン(Mnとして)が炭素上に形成された。サンプルをクロラミン除去試験を用いて試験した。結果を表2に示す。
炭素基材Aを180℃まで加熱した。硫黄粉末を、加熱された炭素に加えて、混合物の撹拌を、硫黄が炭素中に溶融されるまで行なった。硫黄含有炭素を次に、550℃に加熱することを、15分間、マッフル炉内で、窒素のパージ下で行なった。サンプルを窒素パージ下で冷却した。
Claims (13)
- 基材を含む流体処理用容器を備えた、ろ過装置であって、前記基材は、(i)COxEyの表面を有する炭素基材であって、EはS、Se、及びTeの少なくとも1種から選択され、x及びyは0よりも大きい、炭素基材と、(ii)金属塩と、の熱分解生成物を含むものである、ろ過装置。
- 前記金属塩には、(i)金属カルボン酸塩、(ii)窒素含有オキシアニオン、(iii)硫黄含有アニオン、(iv)金属塩化物、(v)金属リン酸塩、及び(vi)それらの組み合わせが含まれる、請求項1に記載のろ過装置。
- 前記窒素含有オキシアニオン金属塩には、硝酸塩、亜硝酸塩、及びそれらの組み合わせが含まれる、請求項2に記載のろ過装置。
- 前記硫黄含有アニオン金属塩には、硫酸塩、スルファミン酸塩、亜硫酸塩、重硫酸塩、亜硫酸水素塩、チオ硫酸塩、及びそれらの組み合わせが含まれる、請求項2に記載のろ過装置。
- 前記金属カルボン酸塩には、シュウ酸塩、酢酸塩、クエン酸塩、及びそれらの組み合わせが含まれる、請求項2に記載のろ過装置。
- xが0.1以下であり、yが0.005〜0.3である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のろ過装置。
- xが0.01〜0.1である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のろ過装置。
- Eが硫黄であり、前記硫黄が炭素と化学的に結合している、請求項1又は2に記載のろ過装置。
- 前記ろ過装置が、水ろ過装置である、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載のろ過装置。
- 水溶液からクロラミンを取り除くための方法であって、
クロラミンを含む水溶液を用意することと、
前記水溶液を組成物と接触させることと、
を含み、前記組成物は、COxEyの表面を有する炭素基材であって、EはS、Se、及びTeの少なくとも1種から選択され、x及びyは0よりも大きい、炭素基材と、金属塩と、の熱分解生成物を含むものである、方法。 - 前記金属塩には、(i)金属カルボン酸塩、(ii)窒素含有オキシアニオン金属塩、(iii)硫黄含有アニオン金属塩、(iv)金属塩化物、(v)金属リン酸塩、及び(vi)それらの組み合わせが含まれる、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 基材を製造する方法であって、
(i)炭素基材、(ii)硫黄、セレン、若しくはテルル源、又はそれらの組み合わせ、及び(iii)金属塩、を含む組成物を用意することと、
前記組成物を加熱することと、
を含む方法。 - 炭素基材と、硫黄、セレン、若しくはテルル源、又はそれらの組み合わせとを反応させて、COxEyの表面を有する炭素基材であって、EはS、Se、及びTeの少なくとも1種から選択され、x及びyは0よりも大きい、炭素基材を形成することと、
COxEyの表面を有する前記炭素基材を前記金属塩と接触させることと、
次いで前記組成物を加熱することと、
を更に含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
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