JP2015212654A - Ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method and ultrasonic flaw detection inspection device - Google Patents
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- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
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- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 35
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、被検体の内部における欠陥の有無を判定するのに用いられる超音波探傷検査方法及び超音波探傷検査装置に関するものである。 The present invention relates to an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method and an ultrasonic flaw inspection apparatus used for determining the presence or absence of a defect in a subject.
非破壊検査の１つとして、超音波を用いた探傷検査が従来から行われている。この超音波探傷検査の１つにパルス反射法がある。このパルス反射法とは、送信用探触子から発した超音波が被検体に入射してこの被検体に内在するきず等の欠陥や被検体の底面で反射して戻る反射波を受信用探触子で受信して、欠陥の位置や大きさ等の欠陥の性状を調べる検査手法である。このような検査手法は、ボイラや原子力プラント等の構造物の検査に広く利用されている（特許文献１参照）。 As one of the nondestructive inspections, a flaw detection inspection using ultrasonic waves has been conventionally performed. One of the ultrasonic inspections is a pulse reflection method. In this pulse reflection method, the ultrasonic wave emitted from the transmitting probe is incident on the subject, and defects such as flaws existing in the subject and the reflected wave reflected on the bottom surface of the subject are returned to the receiving probe. This is an inspection method in which the property of a defect such as the position and size of the defect is received by receiving with a toucher. Such inspection methods are widely used for inspection of structures such as boilers and nuclear power plants (see Patent Document 1).
ところで、上述した特許文献１のように、被検体に内在する欠陥を間にして送信用探触子と受信用探触子とを並べて配置して超音波探傷検査を行う場合において、受信用探触子は、被検体の底面で反射して戻る反射波に加えて欠陥の先端部で回折した回折波を受信する。この際、受信した反射波の信号波形と回折波の信号波形とが重ならないようにするために、被検体に入射する超音波の周波数をある程度高い周波数に設定する必要がある。 By the way, in the case of performing ultrasonic flaw detection by arranging a transmitting probe and a receiving probe side by side with a defect inherent in a subject as in Patent Document 1 described above, a receiving probe is used. The touch element receives the diffracted wave diffracted at the tip of the defect in addition to the reflected wave reflected and returned from the bottom surface of the subject. At this time, in order to prevent the received reflected wave signal waveform and the diffracted wave signal waveform from overlapping, it is necessary to set the frequency of the ultrasonic wave incident on the subject to a certain high frequency.
しかしながら、検査対象の被検体が高減衰材である場合には、被検体に入射する超音波の周波数を高い周波数に設定すると、高減衰材である被検体内で超音波が減衰し易くなる分だけ透過性が悪くなり、これに対処するべく受信感度を上げてしまうと、ノイズの影響が大きくなって欠陥の性状の検出が困難になるので、好ましくない。 However, when the subject to be examined is a high attenuation material, if the frequency of the ultrasonic wave incident on the subject is set to a high frequency, the ultrasonic wave is easily attenuated in the high attenuation material. However, if the reception sensitivity is increased to cope with this, the influence of noise is increased and it becomes difficult to detect the property of the defect.
一方、被検体に入射する超音波の周波数を低い周波数に設定すると、高減衰材である被検体内で減衰し難くなるものの、上記したように、受信した反射波の信号波形と回折波の信号波形とが互いに重なり合ってしまい、欠陥の性状の検出が難しくなってしまうという問題があり、これを解決することが従来の課題となっていた。 On the other hand, if the frequency of the ultrasonic wave incident on the subject is set to a low frequency, the signal waveform of the received reflected wave and the signal of the diffracted wave are difficult to attenuate within the subject, which is a high attenuation material, as described above. There is a problem that the waveform overlaps each other and it becomes difficult to detect the property of the defect, and it has been a conventional problem to solve this.
本発明は、上述した課題に着目してなされたものであり、低い周波数の超音波を用いた探傷検査を行うことができ、被検体が高減衰材であったとしても、被検体に内在する欠陥の性状を精度よく検出することが可能な超音波探傷検査方法及び超音波探傷検査装置を提供することを目的としている。 The present invention has been made by paying attention to the above-described problems, and can perform flaw detection inspection using ultrasonic waves of a low frequency, and is inherent to the subject even if the subject is a high attenuation material. An object of the present invention is to provide an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method and an ultrasonic flaw inspection apparatus capable of accurately detecting the nature of a defect.
上記の目的を達成するべく、本発明の第１の態様は、超音波が減衰する減衰材からなる被検体の内部における欠陥の有無を超音波を用いて判定する超音波探傷検査方法であって、前記被検体と同一性状の健全なデータ採取用被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に送信用探触子を配置して、該送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記健全なデータ採取用被検体における欠陥のない部分を透過する透過波を前記健全なデータ採取用被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で欠陥無信号波として予め受信した後、前記被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に送信用探触子を配置して、前記送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記被検体を透過する透過波を前記被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で本信号波として受信し、前記健全なデータ採取用被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した前記欠陥無信号波、及び、前記被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した前記本信号波の双方を開口合成して、それぞれの可視化画像を取得するのに続いて、前記欠陥無信号波及び前記本信号波の各可視化画像同士を比較して、該欠陥無信号波及び前記本信号波の各可視化画像間に相違点がある場合には、該相違点が前記被検体の欠陥で発生する回折波によるものとして、前記被検体内に欠陥有りと判定する構成としている。 In order to achieve the above object, a first aspect of the present invention is an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method that uses ultrasonic waves to determine the presence or absence of defects in a subject made of an attenuation material that attenuates ultrasonic waves. The transmission probe is arranged on one of the front and back surfaces of a healthy data collection subject having the same property as the subject, and the sound of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe is placed. After receiving in advance a transmitted wave that passes through a defect-free portion in a specimen for data collection, as a defect-free signal wave at multiple locations on the other side of the front and back surfaces of the specimen for data collection, A transmission probe is arranged on one of the front and back surfaces of the subject, and a transmitted wave of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe that passes through the subject is transmitted to the front and back surfaces of the subject. Received as a signal wave at a plurality of locations on the other side of the Aperture synthesis of both the defect-free signal wave acquired by transmitting ultrasonic waves to the subject for data collection and the main signal wave acquired by transmitting ultrasonic waves to the subject, Then, the respective visualized images of the defect-free signal wave and the main signal wave are compared with each other, and there is a difference between the visualized images of the defect-free signal wave and the main signal wave. In some cases, the difference is caused by a diffracted wave generated by the defect of the subject, and it is determined that there is a defect in the subject.
本発明の第２の態様は、超音波が減衰する減衰材からなる被検体の内部における欠陥の有無を超音波を用いて判定する超音波探傷検査方法であって、前記被検体と同一性状の健全なデータ採取用被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に送信用探触子を配置して、該送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記健全なデータ採取用被検体における欠陥のない部分を透過する透過波を前記健全なデータ採取用被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で欠陥無信号波として予め受信した後、前記被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に送信用探触子を配置して、前記送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記被検体を透過する透過波を前記被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で本信号波として受信し、前記健全なデータ採取用被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した前記欠陥無信号波と、前記被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した前記本信号波とを比較して、前記欠陥無信号波及び本信号波に振幅の差が生じている部分がある場合には、該振幅の差が前記被検体の欠陥で発生する回折波によるものとして前記振幅の差分を開口合成し、該振幅の差分を開口合成して得られる可視化画像に基づいて前記被検体内に欠陥有りと判定する構成としている。 According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an ultrasonic flaw detection method for determining the presence / absence of a defect in an object made of an attenuating material that attenuates an ultrasonic wave, using the ultrasonic wave, and having the same property as the object. A defect in the sound data collection subject of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe by disposing a transmission probe on one of the front and back surfaces of the sound data collection subject. After receiving in advance a transmitted wave that passes through the part without any defect as a no-signal wave at a plurality of locations on the other side of the front and back surfaces of the subject for data collection, A transmission probe is arranged on one surface, and transmitted waves of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe are transmitted through the subject on the other surface side of the front and back surfaces of the subject. This signal wave is received at multiple locations, and ultrasonic waves are applied to the healthy data collection subject. The defect no-signal wave acquired by transmitting and the main signal wave acquired by transmitting the ultrasonic wave to the subject are compared, and there is a difference in amplitude between the defect no-signal wave and the main signal wave. If there is a generated part, the difference in the amplitude is caused by a diffracted wave generated by the defect of the subject, and the difference in the amplitude is aperture-synthesized, and the visualization image obtained by aperture-synthesizing the difference in amplitude Based on the above, it is determined that there is a defect in the subject.
本発明の第３の態様は、前記被検体に検査領域を設定すると共に該検査領域をブロック状に分割して複数の検査小領域を設定し、前記検査領域をブロック状に分割することで設定された複数の前記ブロック毎で得られる前記回折波の信号強度をそれぞれ演算して合成し、この合成で取得した前記信号強度に基づいて、前記被検体内に有りと判定した前記欠陥の位置を特定する構成としている。 According to a third aspect of the present invention, an examination area is set on the subject, the examination area is divided into blocks, a plurality of examination small areas are set, and the examination area is divided into blocks. And calculating and synthesizing the signal intensity of the diffracted wave obtained for each of the plurality of blocks, and determining the position of the defect determined to be present in the subject based on the signal intensity obtained by the synthesis. It has a specific configuration.
本発明の第４の態様は、前記被検体と同一性状で且つ複数の欠陥が形成された変換曲線作成用被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に前記送信用探触子を配置して、該送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記変換曲線作成用被検体を透過する透過波を前記変換曲線作成用被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で受信した後、前記健全なデータ採取用被検体から取得した透過波の信号波形の最大振幅強度と、前記変換曲線作成用被検体から取得した複数箇所における透過波の信号波形の最大振幅強度との差分を演算して前記回折波の振幅強度を求め、前記回折波の信号波形の振幅強度と前記複数の欠陥の位置との関係を表す変換曲線を作成し、取得した前記回折波の信号波形の振幅強度に基づいて、前記変換曲線から前記欠陥の位置及び大きさ等の性状を推定ないし特定する構成としている。 According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, the transmission probe is arranged on one of the front and back surfaces of the conversion curve creation subject having the same property as the subject and having a plurality of defects formed thereon. The transmission wave of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe transmitted through the subject for creating the conversion curve is received at a plurality of locations on the other side of the front and back surfaces of the subject for creating the conversion curve. Thereafter, the difference between the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave signal waveform acquired from the healthy data collection subject and the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave signal waveform at a plurality of locations acquired from the conversion curve generating object is calculated. An amplitude intensity of the diffracted wave is obtained by calculation to create a conversion curve representing a relationship between the amplitude intensity of the signal waveform of the diffracted wave and the positions of the plurality of defects, and the amplitude intensity of the acquired signal waveform of the diffracted wave The position of the defect from the transformation curve and The properties of the feeder and the like are estimated to particular composing.
本発明の第５の態様は、前記健全なデータ採取用被検体，前記変換曲線作成用被検体及び前記被検体の各他方の面側における透過波の受信を複数箇所に並べて配置した受信用探触子で行う構成とし、本発明の第６の態様は、前記健全なデータ採取用被検体，前記変換曲線作成用被検体及び前記被検体の各他方の面側における透過波の受信を一つの受信用探触子を走査させて行う構成としている。 According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a receiving probe in which the sound data collection subject, the conversion curve creation subject, and reception of transmitted waves on the other surface side of the subject are arranged in a plurality of places. In the sixth aspect of the present invention, reception of transmitted waves on the other surface side of the healthy data collection subject, the conversion curve creation subject, and the other surface side of the subject is a single aspect. The receiving probe is scanned for scanning.
一方、本発明に係る超音波探傷検査装置の第１の態様は、超音波が減衰する減衰材からなる被検体の内部における欠陥の有無を超音波を用いて判定する超音波探傷検査装置であって、被検体に超音波を入射する送信用探触子と、前記被検体を介して前記送信用探触子と対向して配置され、前記被検体内を伝搬する超音波を受信する受信用探触子と、前記被検体と同一性状の健全なデータ採取用被検体における欠陥のない部分に超音波を透過させることで取得した欠陥無信号波、及び、前記被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した本信号波の双方を開口合成して、それぞれの可視化画像を取得する手段と、取得した前記欠陥無信号波及び前記本信号波の各可視化画像同士を比較して、該欠陥無信号波及び前記本信号波の各可視化画像間に相違点がある場合には、該相違点が前記被検体の欠陥で発生する回折波によるものとして、前記被検体内に欠陥有りと判定する手段を備える構成としている。 On the other hand, the first aspect of the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus according to the present invention is an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus that uses ultrasonic waves to determine the presence or absence of defects in a subject made of an attenuation material that attenuates ultrasonic waves. A transmitting probe that makes ultrasonic waves incident on the subject, and a receiving probe that is disposed to face the transmitting probe via the subject and receives ultrasonic waves that propagate through the subject. A defect-free signal wave acquired by transmitting ultrasonic waves to a probe and a portion having no defect in a healthy data collection sample having the same characteristics as the sample, and transmitting ultrasonic waves to the sample A means for obtaining both visualized images by performing aperture synthesis on both of the signal waves obtained in this way and the obtained visualized images of the defect-free signal wave and the signal wave are compared with each other. There is a phase between the signal wave and each visualized image of the signal wave. If there is a point, as by the diffraction wave the differences occurs in defect of the subject, the is configured to include means for determining that there is a defect in the subject.
本発明に係る超音波探傷検査方法及び超音波探傷検査装置によれば、被検体が高減衰材である場合でも、被検体に内在する欠陥の検査精度を向上させることができる。 According to the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method and the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection apparatus according to the present invention, it is possible to improve the inspection accuracy of defects inherent in a subject even when the subject is a high attenuation material.
以下、本発明に係る超音波探傷検査方法及び超音波探傷検査装置を図面に基づいて説明する。
図１〜図９は、本発明に係る超音波探傷検査装置の一実施形態を示しており、この実施形態では、被検体が円筒形状を成すロケットの固体推進薬（高減衰材）である場合を例に挙げて説明する。
Hereinafter, an ultrasonic inspection method and an ultrasonic inspection device according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIGS. 1 to 9 show an embodiment of an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus according to the present invention. In this embodiment, the subject is a solid propellant (high attenuation material) of a rocket having a cylindrical shape. Will be described as an example.
図１に示すように、この超音波探傷検査装置１は、パルス発生器１０と、送信用探触子１２と、受信用探触子１４と、パルスレシーバ１６と、アナログ／デジタル変換器（以下、Ａ／Ｄ変換器という）１８と、演算装置２０と、モニタ２８を備えている。 As shown in FIG. 1, this ultrasonic flaw detection inspection apparatus 1 includes a pulse generator 10, a transmission probe 12, a reception probe 14, a pulse receiver 16, and an analog / digital converter (hereinafter referred to as "analog / digital converter"). , 18), an arithmetic unit 20, and a monitor 28.
送信用探触子１２は、円筒形状を成す被検体２の内周面（表裏面のうちの一方の面）２ａに接触状態で配置されており、パルス発生器１０で発生させた所定周波数の超音波を被検体２に入射させる。この際、被検体２が高減衰材から成るロケットの固体推進薬であることから、周波数は、被検体２の内部で減衰しにくい低い周波数、例えば、数百ｋＨｚとするのが好ましく、このように、低い周波数の超音波を被検体２に入射させることで、後述する透過波や回折波を受信用探触子１４で良好に受信し得る。 The transmission probe 12 is arranged in contact with the inner peripheral surface (one of the front and back surfaces) 2a of the subject 2 having a cylindrical shape, and has a predetermined frequency generated by the pulse generator 10. Ultrasound is incident on the subject 2. At this time, since the subject 2 is a solid propellant of a rocket made of a high attenuation material, the frequency is preferably set to a low frequency that is difficult to attenuate inside the subject 2, for example, several hundred kHz. In addition, by allowing a low-frequency ultrasonic wave to enter the subject 2, a transmission wave or a diffracted wave, which will be described later, can be received well by the receiving probe 14.
一方、受信用探触子１４は、円筒形状を成す被検体２の外周面（表裏面のうちの他方の面）２ｂに送信用探触子１２と対向して配置され、被検体２の内部を伝搬する透過波や回折波を受信する。この場合、受信用探触子１４は、図２にも示すように、合計ｍ×ｎ個のアレイ探触子１４ａを、縦にｍ個（ｍ＝１以上の整数）、横にｎ個（ｎ＝１以上の整数）マトリックス状に配置して成るマトリックスアレイであり、この受信用探触子１４は、中央ないしその近傍にあるアレイ探触子１４ａが送信用探触子１２と対向するようにして配置される。 On the other hand, the receiving probe 14 is disposed on the outer peripheral surface (the other of the front and back surfaces) 2b of the subject 2 having a cylindrical shape so as to face the transmitting probe 12, and the inside of the subject 2 A transmitted wave and a diffracted wave propagating through are received. In this case, as shown in FIG. 2, the receiving probe 14 includes a total of m × n array probes 14 a, where m (m is an integer greater than or equal to 1) and n ( (n = 1 or larger integer) is a matrix array arranged in a matrix form. The receiving probe 14 is arranged such that the array probe 14a in the center or the vicinity thereof faces the transmitting probe 12. Arranged.
アレイ探触子１４ａの少なくとも被検体２との接触面はゴムなどの弾性材料で形成されており、被検体２の外周面２ｂのように設置部位が曲面であったとしても、受信用探触子１４を被検体２の外周面２ｂに設置する際に、各アレイ探触子１４ａと被検体２の外周面２ｂとの間に隙間が生じることがないようにしている。なお、受信用探触子１４として、環状アレイを用いてもよい。 At least the contact surface of the array probe 14a with the subject 2 is formed of an elastic material such as rubber. Even if the installation site is a curved surface like the outer peripheral surface 2b of the subject 2, the probe for reception is used. When the child 14 is placed on the outer peripheral surface 2 b of the subject 2, no gap is generated between each array probe 14 a and the outer peripheral surface 2 b of the subject 2. Note that an annular array may be used as the receiving probe 14.
受信用探触子１４が受信した透過波や回折波は、パルスレシーバ１６で電気信号に変換され、電気信号に変換された透過波や回折波は、Ａ／Ｄ変換器１８でデジタル信号に変換されて、演算装置２０で信号処理される。 The transmitted wave or diffracted wave received by the receiving probe 14 is converted into an electric signal by the pulse receiver 16, and the transmitted wave or diffracted wave converted into the electric signal is converted into a digital signal by the A / D converter 18. Then, signal processing is performed by the arithmetic unit 20.
演算装置２０は、中央演算処理装置（以下、ＣＰＵという）やＲＯＭ、ＲＡＭ等のメモリ（図示せず）から構成されている。このメモリにはプログラムが格納されており、演算装置２０がこれらのプログラムを実行することによって、回折波抽出部２２，開口合成部２４及び欠陥性状推定部２６の各機能が発揮される。なお、演算装置２０は、回折波抽出部２２，開口合成部２４及び欠陥性状推定部２６以外の機能も有しているが、本実施形態では説明を省略する。 The arithmetic unit 20 includes a central processing unit (hereinafter referred to as a CPU) and a memory (not shown) such as a ROM and a RAM. Programs are stored in this memory. When the arithmetic unit 20 executes these programs, the functions of the diffracted wave extraction unit 22, the aperture synthesis unit 24, and the defect property estimation unit 26 are exhibited. The arithmetic unit 20 also has functions other than the diffracted wave extraction unit 22, the aperture synthesis unit 24, and the defect property estimation unit 26, but description thereof is omitted in this embodiment.
回折波抽出部２２は、受信用探触子１４のアレイ探触子１４ａのそれぞれが受信した透過波の信号波形を処理して回折波を抽出する。開口合成部２４は、抽出された回折波を後述するようにして開口合成する。欠陥性状推定部２６は、合成した回折波の信号強度に基づいて被検体２に内在する欠陥４の位置を特定すると共に、大きさ等の性状を推定する。 The diffracted wave extracting unit 22 extracts the diffracted wave by processing the signal waveform of the transmitted wave received by each of the array probes 14 a of the receiving probe 14. The aperture synthesizer 24 synthesizes the extracted diffracted wave as described later. The defect property estimation unit 26 specifies the position of the defect 4 inherent in the subject 2 based on the signal intensity of the synthesized diffracted wave, and estimates the property such as the size.
演算装置２０には出力装置としてモニタ２８が接続されており、演算装置２０で信号波形を処理して抽出される回折波を開口合成することで得られる可視化画像を表示して、被検体２内の欠陥４の有無や、被検体２に欠陥４が内在している場合の欠陥４の位置等の欠陥情報を表示するようにしている。なお、図示はしないが、演算装置２０はキーボード等の入力装置を備えていてもよい。 A monitor 28 is connected to the computing device 20 as an output device, and a visualization image obtained by aperture synthesis of the diffracted wave extracted by processing the signal waveform in the computing device 20 is displayed, and the inside of the subject 2 is displayed. The defect information such as the presence / absence of the defect 4 and the position of the defect 4 when the defect 4 is present in the subject 2 is displayed. Although not shown, the arithmetic device 20 may include an input device such as a keyboard.
次に、上記した超音波探傷検査装置１を用いた本発明の一実施形態に係る超音波探傷検査方法の実施要領を説明する。図３は、超音波探傷検査の工程を示すフローチャート、図４は、被検体２と同一性状のデータ採取用被検体２Ａ、すなわち、欠陥が内在しない健全な被検体２Ａに対して超音波探傷検査を実施する場合の概略図、図５は、欠陥が内在する被検体２に対して超音波探傷検査を実施する場合の概略図である。なお、図３に示すフローチャートにおけるステップＳ３以降の各ステップの処理は、演算装置２０のメモリに格納されたプログラムをＣＰＵで実行することによって行われる。 Next, the point of implementation of the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to one embodiment of the present invention using the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 1 described above will be described. FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a process of ultrasonic flaw detection, and FIG. 4 is an ultrasonic flaw inspection for a data collection subject 2A having the same properties as the subject 2, that is, a healthy subject 2A having no defect. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram when an ultrasonic flaw inspection is performed on the subject 2 in which a defect is present. In addition, the process of each step after step S3 in the flowchart shown in FIG. 3 is performed by running the program stored in the memory of the arithmetic unit 20 with CPU.
まず、ステップＳ１において、検査対象の被検体２と同一性状であり、欠陥４が形成されていない健全なデータ採取用被検体２Ａに対して超音波探傷検査を実施する。このように、欠陥４が形成されていないデータ採取用被検体２Ａの場合には、図４に示すように、送信用探触子１２からデータ採取用被検体２Ａに入射した超音波は、データ採取用被検体２Ａの内部を透過して受信用探触子１４において透過波ＷT（欠陥無信号波）として受信される。 First, in step S1, an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection is performed on a healthy data collection subject 2A that has the same property as the subject 2 to be examined and in which no defect 4 is formed. As described above, in the case of the data collection subject 2A in which the defect 4 is not formed, as shown in FIG. 4, the ultrasonic wave incident on the data collection subject 2A from the transmission probe 12 is the data The light is transmitted through the collection subject 2A and received by the reception probe 14 as a transmitted wave WT (defect-free signal wave).
ここで、受信用探触子１４のアレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnのうちの略中央にあるアレイ探触子をアレイ探触子１４ａijとすると共に、アレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnのうちの送信用探触子１２からの距離が最も短い列をｊ番目（ｊ＝１以上の整数）として、ｊ番目の列のアレイ探触子１４ａ1j〜１４ａmjについて説明する。 Here, the array probe at the approximate center of the array probes 14a 11 to 14a mn of the receiving probe 14 is referred to as an array probe 14a ij and the array probes 14a 11 to 14a mn. as the shortest string distance from the transmitting transducer 12 of the j-th (j = 1 or more integer), it will be described j-th column of the array probe 14a 1j ~14a mj.
受信用探触子１４のアレイ探触子１４ａ1j〜１４ａmjのそれぞれが透過波ＷTを受信する時間は、送信用探触子１２に最も近いアレイ探触子１４ａijが最も早くなり、送信用探触子１２から離れていくにつれて、透過波ＷTを受信する時間が遅くなる。そして、アレイ探触子１４ａijから最も離れているアレイ探触子１４ａ1j，１４ａmjが透過波ＷTを受信する時間が最も遅くなる。このように、各アレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnが透過波ＷTを受信する時間には、それぞれずれが生じる。 The time each array probe 14a 1j to 14A mj of the receiving transducer 14 receives the transmitted wave WT is closest array probe 14a ij to probe 12 probe transmission is earliest, for transmission As the distance from the probe 12 increases, the time for receiving the transmitted wave WT is delayed. Then, the array probes 14a 1j and 14amj that are farthest from the array probe 14a ij receive the transmitted wave WT most slowly. Thus, there is a difference in the time during which each of the array probes 14a 11 to 14a mn receives the transmitted wave WT.
次いで、ステップＳ２において、検査対象の被検体２に対して超音波探傷検査を実施する。検査対象の被検体２に欠陥４が内在する場合には、図５に示すように、送信用探触子１２から送信された超音波は、欠陥４で回折して回折波ＷD（本信号波の一部）を生じ、欠陥４で生じた回折波ＷDは被検体２内を伝搬して受信用探触子１４で受信される。 Next, in step S2, an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection is performed on the subject 2 to be inspected. When the defect 4 is inherent in the subject 2 to be inspected, as shown in FIG. 5, the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe 12 is diffracted by the defect 4 and diffracted wave WD (main signal wave). And the diffracted wave WD generated by the defect 4 propagates through the subject 2 and is received by the receiving probe 14.
図５では、判り易くするためにアレイ探触子１４ａ1j，１４ａmjだけが透過波ＷTを受信する状況を示しているが、被検体２内を透過した透過波は他の各アレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnでも受信される。 FIG. 5 shows a situation in which only the array probes 14a 1j and 14a mj receive the transmitted wave WT for the sake of easy understanding. However, the transmitted wave transmitted through the subject 2 is transmitted to each of the other array probes. 14a 11 to 14a mn are also received.
このステップＳ２でも、各アレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnが回折波ＷD及び透過波ＷTを受信する時間には互にずれが生じる。また、欠陥４がある位置に応じて回折波ＷDを最も早く受信するアレイ探触子１４ａも変わる。さらに、被検体２内を伝搬する超音波において、まず透過波ＷTが各アレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnに受信され、その後遅れて回折波ＷDが各アレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnに受信される。 In this step S2, mutually displacement occurs in the time that each array probe 14a 11 to 14A mn receives diffracted wave WD and transmitted wave WT. Further, the array probe 14a that receives the diffracted wave WD earliest also changes depending on the position where the defect 4 is present. Further, the ultrasonic wave propagating inside the subject 2 is first transmitted wave WT are received on each array probe 14a 11 to 14A mn, subsequently delayed diffracted wave WD each array probe 14a 11 to 14A mn Received.
上述したように、ステップＳ２において検査対象の被検体２に対して超音波探傷検査を実施して得られた本信号波には、透過波ＷTと回折波ＷDとが含まれている。一方、ステップＳ１において健全なデータ採取用被検体２Ａに対して超音波探傷検査を実施して得られた欠陥無信号波には、透過波ＷTのみが含まれている。 As described above, the main signal wave obtained by performing the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection on the subject 2 to be inspected in step S2 includes the transmitted wave WT and the diffracted wave WD. On the other hand, only the transmitted wave WT is included in the defect-free signal wave obtained by performing the ultrasonic flaw inspection on the healthy data collection subject 2A in step S1.
そこで、ステップＳ３では、ステップＳ１で得た透過波ＷT（欠陥無信号波）、及び、ステップＳ２で得た透過波ＷTと回折波ＷDとの合成波（本信号波）の双方をそれぞれ開口合成する。開口合成とは、各アレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnが受信した信号波の時間のずれを合わせ込んで信号波を合成する処理のことである。詳しくは、図６〜図８に基づいて以下に説明する。 Therefore, in step S3, both the transmitted wave WT (defect-free signal wave) obtained in step S1 and the synthesized wave (main signal wave) of the transmitted wave WT and diffracted wave WD obtained in step S2 are aperture synthesized. To do. Aperture synthesis is a process of synthesizing signal waves by combining the time lags of the signal waves received by the array probes 14a 11 to 14a mn . Details will be described below with reference to FIGS.
図６は、被検体２内の仮想領域Ｖを示す概略図、図７（Ａ）は、被検体２に内在する欠陥４に最も近いアレイ探触子１４ａが受信した回折波ＷDの信号波形の一例、図７（Ｂ）は、図７（Ａ）に示す信号波形の回折波を受信したアレイ探触子１４ａの隣に配置されているアレイ探触子１４ａで受信した回折波ＷDの信号波形の一例、図７（Ｃ）は、被検体２に内在する欠陥４から最も離れているアレイ探触子１４ａが受信した回折波ＷDの信号波形の一例、図８は、図７に示した信号波形の回折波を開口合成した合成波の信号波形の一例である。 6 is a schematic diagram showing a virtual region V in the subject 2, and FIG. 7A is a signal waveform of the diffracted wave WD received by the array probe 14 a closest to the defect 4 inherent in the subject 2. For example, FIG. 7B shows the signal waveform of the diffracted wave WD received by the array probe 14a arranged next to the array probe 14a that has received the diffracted wave of the signal waveform shown in FIG. 7A. 7C shows an example of the signal waveform of the diffracted wave WD received by the array probe 14a farthest from the defect 4 inherent in the subject 2, and FIG. 8 shows the signal shown in FIG. It is an example of the signal waveform of the synthetic wave which carried out aperture synthesis of the diffraction wave of a waveform.
図６に示すように、回折波ＷDを開口合成するために、受信用探触子１４が配置されている側の被検体２内の所定の大きさの領域を仮想領域Ｖとして設定する。仮想領域Ｖは、超音波探傷検査を行った領域のうち、欠陥４を評価する領域として設定する。仮想領域Ｖは、所定の大きさの複数のブロック（直方体形状の塊）Ｖgに分割されており、これらのブロックＶgに対して開口合成を行って、各ブロックＶgの信号強度を求める。 As shown in FIG. 6, a region of a predetermined size in the subject 2 on the side where the receiving probe 14 is arranged is set as a virtual region V in order to perform aperture synthesis of the diffracted wave WD. The virtual region V is set as a region for evaluating the defect 4 among the regions subjected to the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection. The virtual region V is divided into a plurality of blocks (cuboids) Vg having a predetermined size, and aperture synthesis is performed on these blocks Vg to obtain the signal intensity of each block Vg.
仮想領域ＶにおけるブロックＶg1の開口合成を例として以下に説明する。
複数のアレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnでそれぞれ受信されるブロックＶg1で発生した回折波ＷDには、受信時間のずれが生じている。
An example of aperture synthesis of the block Vg1 in the virtual region V will be described below.
The diffracted wave WD generated in block Vg1 received respectively by the plurality of array probe 14a 11 ~14a mn, deviation of reception time occurs.
詳しくは、ステップＳ２で得た本信号波である合成波から抽出される回折波ＷDの信号波形は、図７（Ａ）〜図７（Ｃ）に示すように、ブロックＶg1に最も近いアレイ探触子１４ａijにおいて最も速い時間ｔiで受信され、アレイ探触子１４ａijの隣にあるアレイ探触子１４ａ(i+1)jでは、時間ｔiよりも遅い時間ｔi+1で受信され、ブロックＶg1から最も離れているアレイ探触子１４ａmjにおいて最も遅い時間ｔmで受信される。複数のアレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnがそれぞれ受信した回折波ＷDを各々の信号波形の時間差を合わせ込んで合成すると、例えば、図８に示すように、信号強度Ｓの信号波形となる。仮想領域Ｖにおける複数のブロックＶg毎に開口合成を行い、これらのブロックＶgにおける各信号強度を求める。 Specifically, the signal waveform of the diffracted wave WD extracted from the synthesized wave, which is the main signal wave obtained in step S2, is the array search closest to the block Vg1, as shown in FIGS. 7 (A) to 7 (C). received at the fastest time ti in probe 14a ij, the array probe 14a ij of next array probe 14a (i + 1) j, is received at a later time ti + 1 than the time ti, block It is received at the latest time tm at the array probe 14a mj furthest from Vg1. When the diffracted waves WD received by the plurality of array probes 14a 11 to 14a mn are combined by combining the time differences of the respective signal waveforms, for example, as shown in FIG. Aperture synthesis is performed for each of the plurality of blocks Vg in the virtual region V, and the signal strengths in these blocks Vg are obtained.
そして、ステップＳ３では、ステップＳ１で得た透過波ＷT（欠陥無信号波）、及び、ステップＳ２で得た透過波ＷTと回折波ＷDとの合成波（本信号波）の双方を上述のようにそれぞれ開口合成して、複数のブロックＶgにおける各信号強度を求めて、図９（Ａ），（Ｂ）に示すように、透過波ＷTの可視化画像、及び、透過波ＷTと回折波ＷDとの合成波の可視化画像をモニタ２８上に表示する。 In step S3, both the transmitted wave WT (defect-free signal wave) obtained in step S1 and the combined wave (main signal wave) of the transmitted wave WT and diffracted wave WD obtained in step S2 are as described above. 9A and 9B, the respective signal intensities in the plurality of blocks Vg are obtained, and as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the visualized image of the transmitted wave WT, the transmitted wave WT, and the diffracted wave WD A visualized image of the synthesized wave is displayed on the monitor 28.
続いて、ステップＳ４において、ステップＳ３で得た２つの可視化画像同士を比較して、両可視化画像間に存在する相違点が被検体２の欠陥４で発生する回折波ＷDによるものとして、被検体２内に欠陥４有りと判定する。 Subsequently, in step S4, the two visualized images obtained in step S3 are compared with each other, and it is assumed that the difference existing between the two visualized images is due to the diffracted wave WD generated in the defect 4 of the subject 2. 2 is determined to have a defect 4.
ステップＳ５において、ステップＳ４で被検体２内に欠陥４有りと判定した場合には、ステップＳ３で開口合成した複数のブロックＶgにおける各信号強度に基づいて、欠陥４の位置や、大きさ等の欠陥４の性状の推定を行う。具体的には、ステップＳ３で行った開口合成により、欠陥４が存在するブロックＶgの信号強度Ｓは、他のブロックＶgの信号強度Ｓよりも大きくなるので、この信号強度Ｓに基づいて、欠陥４の大きさを推定することができる。また、複数のブロックＶgにおける各信号強度Ｓを求めることによって、欠陥４の位置を推定することができる。 If it is determined in step S5 that the defect 4 is present in the subject 2 in step S4, the position and size of the defect 4 are determined based on the signal intensities in the plurality of blocks Vg obtained by aperture synthesis in step S3. The property of the defect 4 is estimated. Specifically, since the signal intensity S of the block Vg in which the defect 4 exists is larger than the signal intensity S of the other block Vg by the aperture synthesis performed in step S3, the defect intensity is determined based on the signal intensity S. The size of 4 can be estimated. Further, the position of the defect 4 can be estimated by obtaining each signal intensity S in the plurality of blocks Vg.
このように、本実施形態では、検査対象の被検体２、及び、この被検体２と同じ性状の健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａのそれぞれに超音波探傷検査を実施して、健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａから得た可視化画像と、検査対象の被検体２から得た可視化画像とを比較し、両可視化画像に相違点が生じている場合には、この相違点が被検体２の欠陥４で発生する回折波ＷDによるものとして、被検体２内に欠陥４有りと判定し、この回折波ＷDの信号波形（信号強度）に基づいて欠陥４の位置や、大きさ等の性状を推定ないし特定する。 As described above, in the present embodiment, an ultrasonic flaw detection test is performed on each of the subject 2 to be examined and the healthy data acquisition subject 2A having the same properties as the subject 2 to obtain healthy data acquisition. When the visualized image obtained from the subject 2A is compared with the visualized image obtained from the subject 2 to be inspected, and there is a difference between the two visualized images, this difference is a defect of the subject 2 As a result of the diffracted wave WD generated at 4, it is determined that there is a defect 4 in the subject 2, and the properties such as the position and size of the defect 4 are estimated based on the signal waveform (signal intensity) of the diffracted wave WD. Or specify.
これにより、欠陥４で発生する回折波ＷDの信号波形の信号強度は送信された超音波の信号強度より弱いので、被検体２が高減衰材である場合でも回折波の減衰が抑制され、検査対象の被検体２に内在する欠陥４の位置や、大きさ等の性状を精度よく特定することができる。
また、透過法を用いて超音波探傷検査を行うので、被検体２の外周面２ｂからの反射波の影響を受けることなく、被検体２の検査精度を向上させることができる。
Thereby, since the signal intensity of the signal waveform of the diffracted wave WD generated in the defect 4 is weaker than the signal intensity of the transmitted ultrasonic wave, the attenuation of the diffracted wave is suppressed even when the subject 2 is a high attenuation material. Properties such as the position and size of the defect 4 existing in the subject 2 can be accurately identified.
Further, since the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection is performed using the transmission method, the inspection accuracy of the subject 2 can be improved without being affected by the reflected wave from the outer peripheral surface 2b of the subject 2.
さらに、超音波探傷検査を行った領域のうち、評価する領域を仮想領域Ｖとして複数のブロック状に区分けし、複数のブロックＶg毎に回折波ＷDの信号波形を開口合成してブロックＶgにおける各信号強度Ｓに基づいて欠陥４の性状を推定するので、欠陥４の性状を精度よく推定することができる。 Further, among the areas subjected to the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection, the area to be evaluated is divided into a plurality of blocks as a virtual area V, and the signal waveform of the diffracted wave WD is aperture-synthesized for each of the plurality of blocks Vg to generate each block Vg. Since the property of the defect 4 is estimated based on the signal intensity S, the property of the defect 4 can be estimated with high accuracy.
さらにまた、検査対象となる被検体２の大きさに応じて受信用探触子１４のアレイ探触子１４ａの数を増加させることで、例えば大型の被検体２であったとしても、受信用探触子１４を走査させる必要がなく、受信用探触子１４を走査させる場合と比較して、被検体２を傷つけることなくより短時間で超音波探傷検査を実施し得る。 Furthermore, by increasing the number of array probes 14a of the receiving probe 14 according to the size of the subject 2 to be examined, for example, even if the subject 2 is a large subject, the receiving probe 14 There is no need to scan the probe 14, and the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection can be performed in a shorter time without damaging the subject 2 as compared with the case of scanning the receiving probe 14.
次に、上記した超音波探傷検査装置１を用いた本発明の他の実施形態に係る超音波探傷検査方法の実施要領を説明する。図１０は、超音波探傷検査の工程を示すフローチャートである。なお、図１０に示すフローチャートにおけるステップＳ３以降の各ステップの処理も、演算装置２０のメモリに格納されたプログラムをＣＰＵで実行することによって行われる。 Next, an execution procedure of an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method according to another embodiment of the present invention using the above-described ultrasonic flaw detection inspection apparatus 1 will be described. FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the ultrasonic flaw detection process. In addition, the process of each step after step S3 in the flowchart shown in FIG. 10 is also performed by executing the program stored in the memory of the arithmetic unit 20 by the CPU.
この実施形態に係る超音波探傷検査方法の実施要領が、先の実施形態に係る超音波探傷検査方法の実施要領と相違するところは、ステップＳＳ３おいて、ステップＳ１及びステップＳ２でそれぞれ取得した透過波ＷTを比較して、両者の差分をアレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmn毎に求め、各アレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmnのそれぞれについて回折波ＷDを取得し、すなわち、健全なデータ採取用被検体２Ａに対して超音波探傷検査を実施して得られた信号波の振幅と、検査対象の被検体２に対して超音波探傷検査を実施して得られた信号波の振幅との差分を求めて、欠陥４により発生する回折波ＷDを抽出する点と、ステップＳＳ４において、ステップＳＳ３で抽出した回折波ＷDの回折波形を開口合成して図１１に示す可視化画像を取得した後、ステップＳＳ５において、この可視化画像に基づいて被検体２内に欠陥４有りと判定する点にある。 The point of execution of the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method according to this embodiment is different from the point of execution of the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method according to the previous embodiment. In step SS3, the transmission obtained in step S1 and step S2, respectively. compared waves WT, obtains a difference between the two for each array probe 14a 11 to 14A mn, acquires the diffracted wave WD for each of the array probe 14a 11 to 14A mn, i.e., sound data acquisition Between the amplitude of the signal wave obtained by performing the ultrasonic flaw detection test on the subject 2A and the amplitude of the signal wave obtained by performing the ultrasonic flaw detection test on the subject 2 to be examined The difference is obtained to extract the diffracted wave WD generated by the defect 4, and in step SS4, the diffraction waveform of the diffracted wave WD extracted in step SS3 is aperture synthesized to obtain the visualized image shown in FIG. In step SS5, lies in determining a defect 4 there into the subject 2 based on the visible image.
そして、ステップＳＳ６において、先の実施形態に係る超音波探傷検査方法の実施要領と同様に、ステップＳＳ５で被検体２内に欠陥４有りと判定した場合には、ステップＳＳ４で開口合成した複数のブロックＶgにおける各信号強度に基づいて、欠陥４の位置や、大きさ等の欠陥４の性状の推定を行う。 Then, in step SS6, as in the implementation procedure of the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the previous embodiment, when it is determined in step SS5 that there is a defect 4 in the subject 2, a plurality of apertures synthesized in step SS4 are combined. Based on each signal intensity in the block Vg, the position of the defect 4 and the property of the defect 4 such as the size are estimated.
このように、本実施形態では、検査対象の被検体２、及び、この被検体２と同じ性状の健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａのそれぞれに超音波探傷検査を実施して、健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａから受信した信号波と検査対象の被検体２から受信した信号波とを比較し、両波の各振幅に差が生じている場合には、この振幅の差が被検体２の欠陥４で発生する回折波ＷDによるものとして、その差分をアレイ探触子１４ａ11〜１４ａmn毎に求めて回折波ＷDを抽出し、この回折波ＷDの信号強度に基づいて欠陥４の位置や、大きさ等の性状を推定ないし特定する。 As described above, in the present embodiment, an ultrasonic flaw detection test is performed on each of the subject 2 to be examined and the healthy data acquisition subject 2A having the same properties as the subject 2 to obtain healthy data acquisition. When the signal wave received from the subject 2A is compared with the signal wave received from the subject 2 to be examined, and there is a difference between the amplitudes of both waves, the difference in amplitude is as by the diffraction wave WD generated by the defect 4, the differences obtained for each array probe 14a 11 to 14A mn extracts diffracted wave WD, the position of the defect 4 Ya based on the signal intensity of the diffracted wave WD Estimate or specify properties such as size.
これにより、欠陥４で発生する回折波ＷDの信号強度は送信された超音波の信号強度よりも弱いので、被検体２が高減衰材である場合でも回折波の減衰が抑制され、検査対象の被検体２に内在する欠陥４の位置や、大きさ等の性状を精度よく特定することができる。
また、透過法を用いて超音波探傷検査を行うので、被検体２の底面からの反射波の影響を受けることなく、被検体２の検査精度を向上させることができる。
Thereby, since the signal intensity of the diffracted wave WD generated at the defect 4 is weaker than the signal intensity of the transmitted ultrasonic wave, the attenuation of the diffracted wave is suppressed even when the subject 2 is a high attenuation material, and the inspection object The position and size of the defect 4 existing in the subject 2 can be accurately identified.
In addition, since the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection is performed using the transmission method, the inspection accuracy of the subject 2 can be improved without being affected by the reflected wave from the bottom surface of the subject 2.
さらに、超音波探傷検査を行った領域のうち、評価する領域を仮想領域Ｖとして複数のブロック状に区分けし、複数のブロックＶg毎に回折波ＷDの信号波形を開口合成してブロックＶgにおける各信号強度Ｓに基づいて欠陥４の性状を推定するので、欠陥４の性状を精度よく推定することができ、加えて、図１１に模式的に示す１つの可視化画像だけで、欠陥４の有無の判定を行い得る。 Further, among the areas subjected to the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection, the area to be evaluated is divided into a plurality of blocks as a virtual area V, and the signal waveform of the diffracted wave WD is aperture-synthesized for each of the plurality of blocks Vg to generate each block Vg. Since the property of the defect 4 is estimated based on the signal intensity S, the property of the defect 4 can be accurately estimated. In addition, the presence / absence of the defect 4 can be determined with only one visualized image schematically shown in FIG. A determination can be made.
次に、本発明に係る超音波探傷検査装置のさらに他の実施形態について説明する。本実施形態は、上記実施形態に対して、回折波の信号強度と受信用探触子１４から欠陥４までの距離との関係を変換曲線として予め作成し、その変換曲線に基づいて欠陥４の性状を推定する点が異なっており、その他の構成については共通している。したがって、共通点については説明を省略する。 Next, still another embodiment of the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection apparatus according to the present invention will be described. In the present embodiment, the relationship between the signal intensity of the diffracted wave and the distance from the receiving probe 14 to the defect 4 is created in advance as a conversion curve, and the defect 4 The point of property estimation is different, and other configurations are common. Therefore, description of common points is omitted.
図１２は、本実施形態に係る超音波探傷検査装置１Ａの概略図である。図１２に示すように、この超音波探傷検査装置１Ａの演算装置２００は、ＣＰＵやＲＯＭ、ＲＡＭ等のメモリ（図示せず）から構成されている。当該メモリにはプログラムが格納されており、演算装置２００がこれらのプログラムを実行することによって、回折波抽出部２０１、回折強度演算部２０２、欠陥性状推定部２０３の各機能が発揮される。また、当該メモリには、後述する変換曲線が格納されている。なお、演算装置２００は、回折波抽出部２０１、回折強度演算部２０２、欠陥性状推定部２０３以外の機能も有しているが、本変形例では説明を省略する。 FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection apparatus 1A according to the present embodiment. As shown in FIG. 12, the arithmetic unit 200 of the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection apparatus 1A is composed of a memory (not shown) such as a CPU, a ROM, and a RAM. Programs are stored in the memory, and when the arithmetic device 200 executes these programs, the functions of the diffraction wave extraction unit 201, the diffraction intensity calculation unit 202, and the defect property estimation unit 203 are exhibited. In addition, a conversion curve described later is stored in the memory. The arithmetic device 200 also has functions other than the diffracted wave extraction unit 201, the diffraction intensity calculation unit 202, and the defect property estimation unit 203, but description thereof is omitted in this modification.
回折波抽出部２０１は、受信用探触子１４のアレイ探触子１４ａのそれぞれが受信した透過波を処理して、回折波の成分を抽出する。回折強度演算部２０２は、抽出された回折波の信号強度を演算する。欠陥性状推定部２０３は、演算された回折波の信号波形に基づいて被検体２に内在する欠陥４の位置を特定すると共に、大きさ等の性状を推定する。 The diffracted wave extraction unit 201 processes the transmitted wave received by each of the array probes 14 a of the receiving probe 14 and extracts a diffracted wave component. The diffraction intensity calculation unit 202 calculates the signal intensity of the extracted diffracted wave. The defect property estimation unit 203 identifies the position of the defect 4 existing in the subject 2 based on the calculated signal waveform of the diffracted wave, and estimates the property such as the size.
次に、本実施形態に係る超音波探傷検査装置１Ａを用いた本発明の他の実施形態に係る超音波探傷検査方法の実施要領を説明する。図１３は、超音波探傷検査の工程を示すフローチャート、図１４は、被検体２と同一性状であり且つ複数の欠陥４が形成された変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの概略図、図１５は、送信用探触子１２から見て０degの位置にある受信用探触子１４が受信した透過波及び回折波を含む合成波の各信号波形、図１６は、透過波及び合成波の最大振幅強度を示すグラフ、図１７は、図１６の合成波の信号波形における回折波形の最大振幅強度を示すグラフ、図１８は、受信用探触子１４から欠陥４までの距離と、回折の強度との関係を表す変換曲線をそれぞれ示している。 Next, the point of implementation of an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method according to another embodiment of the present invention using the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection apparatus 1A according to the present embodiment will be described. FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing an ultrasonic flaw detection process, FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a subject 2B for creating a conversion curve having the same properties as the subject 2 and a plurality of defects 4 formed thereon, and FIG. Each signal waveform of the synthesized wave including the transmitted wave and the diffracted wave received by the receiving probe 14 at the position of 0 deg when viewed from the transmitting probe 12, FIG. 16 shows the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave and the synthesized wave. FIG. 17 is a graph showing the maximum amplitude intensity of the diffraction waveform in the signal waveform of the composite wave of FIG. 16, and FIG. 18 is a graph showing the distance from the receiving probe 14 to the defect 4 and the diffraction intensity. The conversion curves representing the relationship are shown respectively.
まず、検査対象の被検体２と同一性状の被検体を２体準備し、一方を上述の欠陥４のない健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａとし、他方を複数の欠陥４が形成された変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂとし、詳しくは、図１４に示すように、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂは、複数の欠陥４ａ〜４ｄが内在するものとする。一例として、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの中心からの距離をＲ１〜Ｒ６で示し、この変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂに形成された欠陥４ａ〜４ｄは、送信用探触子１２から見て略直線上、即ち０degの位置に内在している。欠陥４の数は、本実施形態において欠陥４ａ〜４ｄの４個としているが、欠陥４の数は後述する変換曲線を作成するために十分な数であればこれに限られない。また、領域Ｐは、送信用探触子１２から送信された超音波が変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂ内を伝搬する領域を示している。受信用探触子１４は、この領域Ｐの範囲を走査させればよい。 First, two specimens having the same properties as the subject 2 to be inspected are prepared, one of which is a healthy data acquisition subject 2A without the above-described defect 4, and the other is a conversion curve in which a plurality of defects 4 are formed. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 14, the transformation curve creation subject 2B includes a plurality of defects 4a to 4d. As an example, the distances from the center of the transformation curve creation subject 2B are indicated by R1 to R6, and the defects 4a to 4d formed in the transformation curve creation subject 2B are substantially omitted when viewed from the transmission probe 12. It resides on a straight line, that is, at a position of 0 deg. In the present embodiment, the number of the defects 4 is four, that is, the defects 4a to 4d. However, the number of the defects 4 is not limited to this as long as the number is sufficient to create a conversion curve described later. A region P indicates a region in which the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe 12 propagates in the conversion curve creation subject 2B. The reception probe 14 may scan the range of the region P.
送信用探触子１２から見た受信用探触子１４の位置が０degとなる位置を基準とし、図１４において０degから上方向を正の位置、下方向を負の位置とする。図１４では、例として変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの中心から送信用探触子１２までの距離Ｒ１＝２００mm、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの中心から欠陥４ａまでの距離Ｒ２＝３００mm、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの中心から欠陥４ｂまでの距離Ｒ３＝５００mm、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの中心から欠陥４ｃまでの距離Ｒ４＝７００mm、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの中心から欠陥４ｄまでの距離Ｒ５＝９００mm、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの中心から受信用探触子１４までの距離Ｒ６＝１０００mmとしている。送信用探触子１２から送信された超音波が伝搬する範囲Ｐを受信用探触子１４で走査し、それぞれの位置で透過波ＷT及び回折波ＷDの信号波形を取得する。なお、図１４では、１つの受信用探触子１４を走査させているが、複数のアレイ探触子１４ａを用いてもよい。 With reference to the position where the position of the receiving probe 14 viewed from the transmitting probe 12 is 0 deg, the upward direction from 0 deg in FIG. 14 is the positive position and the downward direction is the negative position. In FIG. 14, as an example, the distance R1 = 200 mm from the center of the conversion curve creation subject 2B to the transmission probe 12, the distance R2 = 300 mm from the center of the transformation curve creation subject 2B to the defect 4a, the conversion curve. Distance R3 = 500 mm from the center of the specimen 2B for creation to the defect 4b, distance R4 = 700 mm from the center of the specimen 2B for creation of the conversion curve to the defect 4c, and from the center of the specimen 2B for creation of the conversion curve to the defect 4d The distance R5 = 900 mm, and the distance R6 = 1000 mm from the center of the conversion curve creation subject 2B to the receiving probe 14. A range P in which the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe 12 propagates is scanned by the reception probe 14, and signal waveforms of the transmitted wave WT and the diffracted wave WD are obtained at the respective positions. In FIG. 14, one receiving probe 14 is scanned, but a plurality of array probes 14a may be used.
そして、ステップＳ１１において、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂに対して超音波探傷検査を実施して透過波ＷT及び回折波ＷDを取得するのに続いて、ステップＳ１２において、健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａに対して超音波探傷検査を実施して、透過波ＷTを取得する。 Then, in step S11, after performing ultrasonic flaw detection on the conversion curve creation subject 2B and acquiring the transmitted wave WT and the diffracted wave WD, in step S12, a healthy data acquisition subject. An ultrasonic flaw inspection is performed on 2A to obtain a transmitted wave WT.
次いで、ステップＳ１３において、ステップＳ１１で取得した透過波ＷT及び回折波ＷDと、ステップＳ１２で取得した透過波ＷTとに基づいて、変換曲線を作成する。 Next, in step S13, a conversion curve is created based on the transmitted wave WT and the diffracted wave WD acquired in step S11 and the transmitted wave WT acquired in step S12.
詳しくは、図１５に示すように、健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａに超音波探傷検査を実施して取得した透過波ＷTの最大振幅に対して、変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂに超音波探傷検査を実施して取得した距離Ｒ５の位置にある欠陥４ｄからの透過波ＷTの最大振幅が若干小さくなるので、受信用探触子１４を変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの外周上で走査して、この欠陥４ｄにおける最大振幅を変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂの外周の各位置で取得してプロットすることで変換曲線を作成する。 Specifically, as shown in FIG. 15, the ultrasonic inspection is performed on the conversion curve creating subject 2B with respect to the maximum amplitude of the transmitted wave WT obtained by performing the ultrasonic inspection on the healthy data acquisition subject 2A. Since the maximum amplitude of the transmitted wave WT from the defect 4d at the position of the distance R5 obtained by performing the inspection is slightly reduced, the receiving probe 14 is scanned on the outer circumference of the subject 2B for creating the conversion curve. The conversion curve is created by acquiring and plotting the maximum amplitude of the defect 4d at each position on the outer circumference of the subject 2B for creating the conversion curve.
一例として、図１６に簡略的に示すように、送信用探触子１２からの距離が近い欠陥４ａほど、つまり受信用探触子１４から距離の遠い欠陥４ａほど、透過波ＷTの最大振幅強度が弱くなる傾向にある。また、健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａから取得した透過波ＷTの最大振幅強度に対して、欠陥４ａ（欠陥４ｂ〜４ｄの波形は省略）から取得した最大振幅強度は、複数のピークに分かれている。このようにして取得した透過波ＷTの最大振幅強度について、健全なデータ取得用被検体２Ａから取得した透過波ＷTの最大振幅強度と、欠陥４ａから取得した透過波ＷTの最大振幅強度との差分を演算したものを図１７に示す。 As an example, as schematically shown in FIG. 16, the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave WT increases as the defect 4 a is closer to the transmission probe 12, that is, the defect 4 a is farther from the reception probe 14. Tend to be weak. In addition, the maximum amplitude intensity acquired from the defect 4a (the waveforms of the defects 4b to 4d are omitted) with respect to the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave WT acquired from the healthy data acquisition subject 2A is divided into a plurality of peaks. Yes. Regarding the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave WT acquired in this way, the difference between the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave WT acquired from the healthy data acquisition subject 2A and the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave WT acquired from the defect 4a. FIG. 17 shows a result obtained by calculating the above.
図１７に簡略的に示すように、健全な被データ取得用被検体２Ａから取得した透過波ＷTを基準とした透過波ＷTの最大振幅強度、即ち回折波ＷDの最大振幅強度のグラフは、ピークが２つに割れた形状として現れる。ここで、２つのピークは略等しい大きさであることから、このピークから２つのピークの間にある谷までの長さ、即ち振幅強度を回折の強度ＳDとする。 As simply shown in FIG. 17, the graph of the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave WT based on the transmitted wave WT acquired from the healthy data acquisition subject 2A, that is, the maximum amplitude intensity of the diffracted wave WD is a peak. Appears as a shape broken into two. Here, since the two peaks have substantially the same size, the length from this peak to the valley between the two peaks, that is, the amplitude intensity is defined as the diffraction intensity SD.
一例として、図１７には欠陥４ａにおける最大振幅強度のグラフにおける振幅強度ＳD2を示している。このように回折の強度ＳDを欠陥４ａ〜４ｄのそれぞれのグラフから求め、回折の強度ＳDと受信用探触子１４から欠陥４ａ〜４ｄまでの距離をプロットし、得られた曲線を変換曲線とする。この変換曲線の例を図１８に示す。図１８に示すように、各点を曲線で近似した変換曲線を作成することによって、この変換曲線を用いて、回折の強度ＳDに基づいて欠陥４ａ〜４ｄの位置を特定することができる。 As an example, FIG. 17 shows the amplitude intensity SD2 in the graph of the maximum amplitude intensity in the defect 4a. Thus, the diffraction intensity SD is obtained from the respective graphs of the defects 4a to 4d, the diffraction intensity SD and the distance from the receiving probe 14 to the defects 4a to 4d are plotted, and the obtained curve is converted into a conversion curve. To do. An example of this conversion curve is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 18, by creating a conversion curve in which each point is approximated by a curve, the positions of the defects 4a to 4d can be specified based on the diffraction intensity SD using this conversion curve.
次に、ステップＳ１４において、検査対象の被検体２に対して超音波探傷検査を実施して、透過波ＷT及び回折波ＷDを取得する。 Next, in step S14, an ultrasonic flaw detection inspection is performed on the subject 2 to be inspected to obtain a transmitted wave WT and a diffracted wave WD.
そして、ステップＳ１５において、ステップＳ１１で取得した透過波ＷT及び回折波ＷDと、ステップＳ１２で取得した透過波ＷTとの差分を演算する。詳しくは、ステップＳ１１で取得した透過波ＷT及び回折波ＷDの最大振幅強度と、ステップＳ１２で取得した透過波ＷTの最大振幅強度との差分を演算する。この差分の振幅強度は、回折波ＷDの振幅強度、即ち回折の強度ＳDとなる。 In step S15, the difference between the transmitted wave WT and diffracted wave WD acquired in step S11 and the transmitted wave WT acquired in step S12 is calculated. Specifically, the difference between the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave WT and the diffracted wave WD acquired in step S11 and the maximum amplitude intensity of the transmitted wave WT acquired in step S12 is calculated. The amplitude intensity of this difference becomes the amplitude intensity of the diffracted wave WD, that is, the diffraction intensity SD.
続いて、ステップＳ１６において、ステップＳ１５で求めた回折の強度ＳDから、ステップＳ１３で作成した変換曲線に基づいて、検査対象の被検体２に内在する欠陥４の位置を推定する。例えば、ステップＳ１５で求めた回折の強度ＳDが１．０４×１０-3であった場合には、受信用探触子１４から欠陥４までの距離は約４００mmとなる。 Subsequently, in step S16, the position of the defect 4 existing in the subject 2 to be inspected is estimated from the diffraction intensity SD obtained in step S15, based on the conversion curve created in step S13. For example, when the diffraction intensity SD obtained in step S15 is 1.04 × 10 −3 , the distance from the receiving probe 14 to the defect 4 is about 400 mm.
このように、本実施形態において、予め欠陥４の距離が測定された変換曲線作成用被検体２Ｂを用いて変換曲線を作成し、その変換曲線に基づいて検査対象の被検体２に内在する欠陥４の性状を推定する。これにより、検査対象の被検体２の検査精度をより向上させることができる。 As described above, in the present embodiment, a conversion curve is created using the transformation curve creation subject 2B in which the distance of the defect 4 is measured in advance, and the defect inherent in the subject 2 to be inspected based on the transformation curve. 4 properties are estimated. Thereby, the inspection accuracy of the subject 2 to be inspected can be further improved.
以上で実施形態の説明を終えるが、本発明は上述した実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨を逸脱しない範囲で種々の変更が可能である。
例えば、上記実施形態では、本発明に係る超音波探傷検査方法及び超音波探傷検査装置をロケットの高減衰材である固体推進薬の欠陥検出に用いた場合を示したが、例えば、ゴム等の弾性体やプラント等の大型構造物の欠陥検出に用いてもよい。
Although the description of the embodiment has been completed above, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the present invention.
For example, in the above-described embodiment, the case where the ultrasonic inspection method and the ultrasonic inspection device according to the present invention are used for detecting a defect of a solid propellant that is a high-damping material of a rocket is shown. You may use for the defect detection of large structures, such as an elastic body and a plant.
また、上記実施形態では、受信用探触子１４としてマトリックスアレイを用いているが、１つの受信用探触子１４を走査して透過波ＷT及び回折波ＷDの信号波形を取得してもよい。 In the above-described embodiment, a matrix array is used as the receiving probe 14. However, the signal waveform of the transmitted wave WT and the diffracted wave WD may be acquired by scanning one receiving probe 14. .
１，１Ａ 超音波探傷検査装置
２ 被検体
２Ａ 健全なデータ採取用被検体
２ａ 被検体の内周面（表裏面のうちの一方の面）
２ｂ 被検体の外周面（表裏面のうちの他方の面）
４ 欠陥
１２ 送信用探触子
１４ 受信用探触子
２０ 演算装置（可視化画像を取得する手段）
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1,1A Ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 2 Subject 2A Healthy data collection subject 2a Inner peripheral surface (one surface of front and back surfaces) of subject
2b The outer peripheral surface of the subject (the other surface of the front and back surfaces)
4 Defect 12 Transmitting probe 14 Receiving probe 20 Arithmetic unit (means for acquiring a visualized image)
Claims (7)
前記被検体と同一性状の健全なデータ採取用被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に送信用探触子を配置して、該送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記健全なデータ採取用被検体における欠陥のない部分を透過する透過波を前記健全なデータ採取用被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で欠陥無信号波として予め受信した後、
前記被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に送信用探触子を配置して、前記送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記被検体を透過する透過波を前記被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で本信号波として受信し、
前記健全なデータ採取用被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した前記欠陥無信号波、及び、前記被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した前記本信号波の双方を開口合成して、それぞれの可視化画像を取得するのに続いて、前記欠陥無信号波及び前記本信号波の各可視化画像同士を比較して、該欠陥無信号波及び前記本信号波の各可視化画像間に相違点がある場合には、該相違点が前記被検体の欠陥で発生する回折波によるものとして、前記被検体内に欠陥有りと判定する超音波探傷検査方法。 An ultrasonic flaw detection method that uses ultrasonic waves to determine the presence or absence of defects inside an object made of an attenuation material that attenuates ultrasonic waves,
A transmitting probe is arranged on one of the front and back surfaces of a healthy data collection subject having the same property as the subject, and the sound transmitted from the transmitting probe is sound. After receiving a transmitted wave that passes through a defect-free portion in the data collection subject in advance as a defect-free signal wave at a plurality of locations on the other side of the front and back surfaces of the healthy data collection subject,
A transmission probe is arranged on one of the front and back surfaces of the subject, and a transmitted wave of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe and transmitted through the subject is displayed on the surface of the subject. Received as this signal wave at multiple locations on the other side of the back side,
Aperture synthesis of both the defect-free signal wave acquired by transmitting ultrasonic waves to the healthy data collection subject and the main signal wave acquired by transmitting ultrasonic waves to the subject Then, after obtaining the respective visualized images, the respective visualized images of the defect no-signal wave and the main signal wave are compared with each other, and the difference between the visualized images of the defect no-signal wave and the main signal wave is determined. When there is a point, the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method that determines that the difference exists in the subject as a difference due to the diffracted wave generated by the defect of the subject.
前記被検体と同一性状の健全なデータ採取用被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に送信用探触子を配置して、該送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記健全なデータ採取用被検体における欠陥のない部分を透過する透過波を前記健全なデータ採取用被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で欠陥無信号波として予め受信した後、
前記被検体の表裏面のうちの一方の面に送信用探触子を配置して、前記送信用探触子から発信された超音波の前記被検体を透過する透過波を前記被検体の表裏面のうちの他方の面側の複数箇所で本信号波として受信し、
前記健全なデータ採取用被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した前記欠陥無信号波と、前記被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した前記本信号波とを比較して、前記欠陥無信号波及び本信号波に振幅の差が生じている部分がある場合には、該振幅の差が前記被検体の欠陥で発生する回折波によるものとして前記振幅の差分を開口合成し、該振幅の差分を開口合成して得られる可視化画像に基づいて前記被検体内に欠陥有りと判定する超音波探傷検査方法。 An ultrasonic flaw detection method that uses ultrasonic waves to determine the presence or absence of defects inside an object made of an attenuation material that attenuates ultrasonic waves,
A transmitting probe is arranged on one of the front and back surfaces of a healthy data collection subject having the same property as the subject, and the sound transmitted from the transmitting probe is sound. After receiving a transmitted wave that passes through a defect-free portion in the data collection subject in advance as a defect-free signal wave at a plurality of locations on the other side of the front and back surfaces of the healthy data collection subject,
A transmission probe is arranged on one of the front and back surfaces of the subject, and a transmitted wave of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission probe and transmitted through the subject is displayed on the surface of the subject. Received as this signal wave at multiple locations on the other side of the back side,
The defect no-signal wave acquired by transmitting the ultrasonic wave to the healthy data collection subject and the main signal wave acquired by transmitting the ultrasonic wave to the subject are compared, and the defect If there is a portion where there is a difference in amplitude between the non-signal wave and the main signal wave, the difference in amplitude is aperture-synthesized assuming that the difference in amplitude is caused by a diffracted wave generated in the defect of the subject, An ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method for determining that a defect exists in the subject based on a visualized image obtained by aperture synthesis of amplitude differences.
前記検査領域をブロック状に分割することで設定された複数の前記ブロック毎で得られる前記回折波の信号強度をそれぞれ演算して合成し、
この合成で取得した前記信号強度に基づいて、前記被検体内に有りと判定した前記欠陥の位置を特定する請求項１又は２に記載の超音波探傷検査方法。 Setting an examination area on the subject and dividing the examination area into blocks to set a plurality of examination small areas,
Calculate and synthesize the signal intensity of the diffracted wave obtained for each of the plurality of blocks set by dividing the inspection region into blocks,
The ultrasonic flaw detection inspection method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the position of the defect determined to be present in the subject is specified based on the signal intensity acquired by the synthesis.
前記健全なデータ採取用被検体から取得した透過波の信号波形の最大振幅強度と、前記変換曲線作成用被検体から取得した複数箇所における透過波の信号波形の最大振幅強度との差分を演算して前記回折波の振幅強度を求め、前記回折波の信号波形の振幅強度と前記複数の欠陥の位置との関係を表す変換曲線を作成し、
取得した前記回折波の信号波形の振幅強度に基づいて、前記変換曲線から前記欠陥の位置及び大きさ等の性状を推定ないし特定する請求項１又は２に記載の超音波探傷検査方法。 The transmission probe is arranged on one of the front and back surfaces of the subject for creating a conversion curve, which has the same property as the subject and a plurality of defects are formed, and is transmitted from the transmission probe. After receiving the transmitted wave of the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the subject for creating the conversion curve at a plurality of locations on the other side of the front and back surfaces of the subject for creating the conversion curve,
Calculate the difference between the maximum amplitude intensity of the signal waveform of the transmitted wave acquired from the healthy data collection subject and the maximum amplitude intensity of the signal waveform of the transmitted wave obtained from the subject for generating the conversion curve. Obtaining the amplitude intensity of the diffracted wave, and creating a conversion curve representing the relationship between the amplitude intensity of the signal waveform of the diffracted wave and the positions of the plurality of defects,
The ultrasonic flaw detection method according to claim 1, wherein properties such as a position and a size of the defect are estimated or specified from the conversion curve based on the acquired amplitude intensity of the signal waveform of the diffracted wave.
被検体に超音波を入射する送信用探触子と、
前記被検体を介して前記送信用探触子と対向して配置され、前記被検体内を伝搬する超音波を受信する受信用探触子と、
前記被検体と同一性状の健全なデータ採取用被検体における欠陥のない部分に超音波を透過させることで取得した欠陥無信号波、及び、前記被検体に超音波を透過させることで取得した本信号波の双方を開口合成して、それぞれの可視化画像を取得する手段と、
取得した前記欠陥無信号波及び前記本信号波の各可視化画像同士を比較して、該欠陥無信号波及び前記本信号波の各可視化画像間に相違点がある場合には、該相違点が前記被検体の欠陥で発生する回折波によるものとして、前記被検体内に欠陥有りと判定する手段を備える超音波探傷検査装置。 An ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus that uses ultrasonic waves to determine the presence or absence of defects inside a subject made of an attenuation material that attenuates ultrasonic waves,
A transmission probe for injecting ultrasonic waves into the subject;
A receiving probe that is disposed opposite to the transmitting probe via the subject and receives ultrasonic waves propagating in the subject;
A defect-free signal wave obtained by transmitting ultrasonic waves to a defect-free portion in a healthy data collection subject having the same property as the subject, and a book obtained by transmitting ultrasonic waves to the subject Means for aperture synthesis of both of the signal waves to obtain respective visualization images;
When the visualized images of the defect-free signal wave and the main signal wave obtained are compared with each other, and there is a difference between the visualized images of the defect-free signal wave and the main signal wave, the difference is An ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus comprising means for determining that there is a defect in the subject as a result of a diffracted wave generated by a defect of the subject.
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