JP2013536248A - 多発性嚢胞腎を処置するためのレセプタータイプキナーゼの調節因子の使用 - Google Patents
多発性嚢胞腎を処置するためのレセプタータイプキナーゼの調節因子の使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2010年8月26日に出願された米国仮出願第61/377,211号の優先権の利益を主張し、上記米国仮出願の内容は、その全容が参考として本明細書に援用される。
(発明の分野)
本発明は、細胞活動(例えば、増殖、分化およびプログラムされた細胞死)に影響を及ぼすための複数のプロテインキナーゼ酵素の活性を調節するための化合物に関する。具体的には、本発明は、上記で言及されるとおりの細胞活動における変化に関連するキナーゼ酵素のセットおよびレセプターシグナル伝達経路を阻害、調整および/もしくは調節するキナゾリン、これら化合物を含む組成物、ならびにこれら化合物を使用して、キナーゼ依存性疾患および状態を処置するための方法に関する。さらにより具体的には、本発明は、多発性嚢胞腎(PKD)の進行において活性なキナーゼの特有の群をダウンレギュレートするキナーゼインヒビター化合物の使用、およびPKDを処置するための方法に関する。
標的化治療の開発は、初期には、がんにおける細胞増殖に必須の選択されたキナーゼ酵素を特異的に標的とし得る薬物の検索に焦点を当てていた。選択性についての検索をする目的は、毒性を試験して制限することであった。このアプローチは、一般に、失敗に終わった。なぜなら、既知の540ものキナーゼの活性キナーゼドメインの「重なり」および相同性に起因して、単一のキナーゼ標的阻害を達成することが困難であったからである。第2に、集中した標的化は、経路における任意の単一の点での阻害を回避し得る細胞の選択を生じることが、次第に明らかになってきた。現在の考え方は、単一もしくは複数の経路において複数の部位を標的とすることに傾いている。この見解は、腫瘍学における経験から学んだものであり、他の疾患にも適用され得る(以下に概説されるとおり)。
多くのストラテジーが、PKDを処置することについて提唱されてきたが、ほとんど適用されていない。本発明者らは、本明細書において、少なくとも4種のキナーゼ(3種のレセプターチロシンキナーゼ(HER1、HER2、およびVEGFR)および1種の細胞質チロシンキナーゼ(SRC))を阻害することに基づく処置モダリティーを提唱する。本発明者らの提唱は、PKDの進行の有効な阻害を達成するために、4種全てのキナーゼを標的とする必要性を強調する。
本発明者らは、XL−647(PRIM−001およびKD019としても公知)および関連化合物(これらは、米国特許第7,576,074号(その全体において本明細書に参考として援用される)に記載される)は、以下で記載されるように、PKDに影響を及ぼすEGFRシグナル伝達カスケードの重要なエレメント、およびVEGF−Rを標的とすることにおいて特有であると認識した。従って、本発明者らは、このような化合物は、単一の化合物においてPKDの処置のために必要な阻害全てを提供すると認識した。各標的に対するXL−647活性の有効性は、例えば、腫瘍学臨床研究において使用されるものより低い用量を予測することによる。XL−647は、上記単一の標的化薬剤単独の各々より毒性が低く、組み合わせにおいて使用されるそれら薬剤より明らかに毒性が低い。従って、PKDにおけるXL−647の使用は、重要な標的に対して広い範囲の活性を提供し、腎臓における低下したVEGF−R活性および潜在的に改善された安全性プロフィールの利益を付加する。
R1は、1〜3個のR50置換基で必要に応じて置換されたC1−C3アルキルであり;
R2は、−H、ハロゲン、トリハロメチル、−CN、−NH2、−NO2、−OR3、−N(R3)R4、−S(O)0−2R4、−SO2N(R3)R4、−CO2R3、−C(=O)N(R3)R4、−N(R3)SO2R4、−N(R3)C(=O)R3、−N(R3)CO2R4、−C(=O)R3、必要に応じて置換された低級アルキル、必要に応じて置換された低級アルケニル、および必要に応じて置換された低級アルキニルから選択され;
R3は、−HもしくはR4であり;
R4は、必要に応じて置換された低級アルキル、必要に応じて置換されたアリール、必要に応じて置換された低級アリールアルキル、必要に応じて置換されたヘテロシクリル、および必要に応じて置換された低級ヘテロシクリルアルキルから選択されるか;または
R3およびR4は、これらが結合される共通する窒素と一緒になった場合、必要に応じて置換された5〜7員のヘテロシクリルを形成し、上記必要に応じて置換された5〜7員のヘテロシクリルは、必要に応じて、N、O、S、およびPから選択される少なくとも1個のさらなるヘテロ原子を含み;
qは、0〜5であり;
Zは、−OCH2−、−O−、−S(O)0−2−、−N(R5)CH2−、および−NR5−から選択され;
R5は、−Hもしくは必要に応じて置換された低級アルキルであり;
M1は、−H、R50によって必要に応じて置換されたC1−C8アルキル−L2−L1−、G(CH2)0−3−、またはR53(R54)N(CH2)0−3−であり;ここでGは、1個もしくは2個の環構成ヘテロ原子を含み、かつ1〜3個のR50置換基で必要に応じて置換された、飽和5〜7員のヘテロシクリルであり;L1は、−C=O−もしくは−SO2−であり;L2は、直接結合、−O−、もしくは−NH−であり;そしてR53およびR54は、独立して、1〜3個のR50置換基で必要に応じて置換されたC1−C3アルキルであり;
M2は、環1個あたり1個、2個もしくは3個の環構成ヘテロ原子を必要に応じて含み、かつ0〜4個のR50置換基で必要に応じて置換された、飽和または一不飽和もしくは多不飽和のC3−C14単環式もしくは縮合した多環式ヒドロカルビルであり;そして
M3は、−NR9−、−O−であるか、もしくは存在せず;
M4は、−CH2−、−CH2CH2−、−CH2CH2CH2−であるか、もしくは存在せず;
R9は、−Hもしくは必要に応じて置換された低級アルキルであり;
R50は、−H、ハロ、トリハロメチル、−OR3、−N(R3)R4、−S(O)0−2R4、−SO2N(R3)R4、−CO2R3、−C(=O)N(R3)R4、−C(=NR25)N(R3)R4、−C(=NR25)R4、−N(R3)SO2R4、−N(R3)C(O)R3、−NCO2R3、−C(=O)R3、必要に応じて置換されたアルコキシ、必要に応じて置換された低級アルキル、必要に応じて置換されたアリール、必要に応じて置換された低級アリールアルキル、必要に応じて置換されたヘテロシクリル、および必要に応じて置換された低級ヘテロシクリルアルキルであり;あるいは
R50のうちの2個は、同じ炭素原子上で一緒になった場合、オキソであり;あるいは
R50のうちの2個は、これらが結合される共通する炭素と一緒になった場合、必要に応じて置換された3〜7員のスピロシクリルを形成し、上記必要に応じて置換された3〜7員のスピロシクリルは、N、O、S、およびPから選択される少なくとも1個のさらなるヘテロ原子を必要に応じて含み;そして
R25は、−H、−CN、−NO2、−OR3、−S(O)0−2R4、−CO2R3、必要に応じて置換された低級アルキル、必要に応じて置換された低級アルケニル、および必要に応じて置換された低級アルキニルから選択され、
そして米国特許第7,576,074号に開示される亜属および種を含む。
インビトロアッセイに関して、XL−647の10mmol/L ストック溶液を、DMSO中に調製し、最適なアッセイ緩衝液もしくは培養培地で希釈した。最終DMSOアッセイ濃度は、0.3%(v/v)を超えないようにした。インビボ研究に関しては、XL−647を、乾燥粉末(HCl塩もしくはトシレート塩のいずれか)を滅菌濾過した(0.45μm;Nalge Nunc International)食塩水(0.9% USP, Baxter Corp.)中もしくは滅菌水(Baxter)中に溶解することによって、経口投与用に処方した。全ての化合物をボルテックスすることによって混合し、ウォーターバス中で超音波処理して、大きな粒子を壊した。全ての投与溶液/懸濁物を、毎日用事調製した。
ARPKDを処置することにおけるXL−647の効力を、ARPKDのBPKモデルを使用して試験した。bpkマウスは、BALB/cバックグラウンドを有し、マウスおよびヒトのADPKDにおいて認められるEGFR遺伝子において同じ変異を含む。これら動物は、Medical College of Wisconsinの飼育施設において飼育した。全ての動物実験を、実験動物の管理および使用に関するNIH指針ならびにMedical College of Wisconsinの動物実験委員会(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)の方針に従って行った。
XL−647を、PCKラットモデル(ARPKDのオルソログモデル)において使用して、ErbB2を阻害することにおけるその効力を決定した。上記PCKラットの表現型は、よりゆっくりとした疾患進行およびよりゆっくりとした腎機能低下を有するという点で、ヒトの表現型とは異なる。上記PCKラットは、藤田保健衛生大学のSprague−Dawleyラットの変異コロニーに由来したものであり、Medical College of Wisconsinにおいて飼育した。全ての動物実験を、実験動物の管理および使用に関するNIH指針ならびにMedical College of Wisconsinの動物実験委員会の方針に従って行った。
いくつかのキナーゼ(EGFR、ErbB2/HER2、およびKDR/VEGFR2を含む)の活性に対する上記XL−647化合物の効果を、3つアッセイ形式のうちの1つを使用して測定した。用量応答実験を、384ウェルマイクロタイタープレート中で10の異なるインヒビター濃度を使用して行った。各アッセイについて使用したATP濃度は、各キナーゼについてのKmに等価であった。IC50値を、4変数の方程式を使用して、非線形回帰分析によって計算した:Y=最小+(最大−最小)/[1+([I]/IC50)N](ここでYは、観察されたシグナルであり、[I]は、インヒビター濃度であり、最小は、酵素の非存在下(0%酵素活性)でのバックグラウンドシグナルであり、最大は、インヒビターの非存在下(100%酵素活性)でのシグナルであり、IC50は、50%酵素阻害において必要とされるインヒビター濃度であり、Nは、協同性の尺度としての経験的なヒルの傾き(empirical Hill slope)を表す。結果を、表5にまとめる。
XL−647の特異性を、薬理学的標的のパネル(レセプター、トランスポーター、および酵素を含む)に対して評価した(NovaScreen,Hanover,MD)。10μMの単一のインビトロ濃度において、XL−647は、上記薬理学的標的のうちのわずかと相互作用することを示した(表7)。ヒトセロトニントランスポーターのみが、IC50<1μM(IC50=188nM)で阻害された。ムスカリン性レセプター、α2−アドレナリン作動性レセプターおよびドパミントランスポーターにおいても効果が観察され、これらは、1〜2.7μMのIC50値を示した。
XL−647によるEGFRの阻害を、A431ヒト類表皮がん(American Type Culture Collection)、MDA−MB−231ヒト腺がん(Georgetown University)、H1975 NSCLC腺がん(American Type Culture Collection)、およびLx−1扁平上皮がん(Department of Oncology Drug Discovery, Bristol−Myers Squibb)の細胞を使用して、インビボで確認した。A431は、過剰発現されるwtヒトEGFRを含む。H1975は、EGFRにおける活性化変異(L858R)、ならびにゲフェチニブおよびエルロチニブに対する抵抗性を付与する第2の部位の変異(T790M)の両方を含む。Lx−1細胞は、内因性EGFRを発現せず、外因性EGFR構築物を発現させるために使用した。他の細胞株を、表12にまとめる。
XL−647で処理したH1975細胞の溶解物を、イムノブロットによって分析した。H1975イムノブロット研究のために、3×105細胞を、各ウェル(12ウェルプレート)にプレーティングし、16時間にわたって完全RPMI 1640中でインキュベートし、ウシ胎仔血清を含まないRPMI 1640ですすぎ、ウシ胎仔血清を含まない培地中での試験化合物の連続希釈物と2時間にわたってインキュベートし、続いて、100ng/mL ヒト組換えEGFで10分間にわたって刺激した。全細胞タンパク質溶解物を、上記のように調製し、10分間にわたって13,000×gにおいて4℃で遠心分離にかけて、いかなる不溶性物質をも除去した。全タンパク質を、ビシンコニン酸試薬を使用して決定し、等量のタンパク質を、LDSローディング緩衝液(Invitrogen)と、製造業者の説明書に従って合わせた。タンパク質を、4%〜15% ポリアクリルアミドゲルでのゲル電気泳動によって分離し、ニトロセルロース膜に転写し、イムノブロッティングによって検出した。抗体:抗原複合体を、化学発光を使用して検出した。Cell Signaling Technology製の以下の抗体を、1:1,000希釈において使用した: 抗EGFR、抗pEGFRTyr1068、抗AKT、抗pAKTSer473、抗ERK、および抗pERKThr202/Tyr204。抗β−アクチン1次抗体(Accurate Chemical and Scientific)を、1:10,000において使用し、西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ結合2次抗体を、Jackson ImmunoResearchから購入し、1:5,000において使用した。
雌性重症複合型免疫不全マウスおよび雌性無胸腺ヌードマウス(NCr)(5〜8週齢および体重約20〜25g)を、それぞれ、The Jackson LaboratoryおよびTaconicから購入した。上記動物を、Exelixis動物実験委員会によって概説される指針に従って、Exelixis飼育施設において飼育した。全ての研究の間、動物の飼料および水は不断給餌とし、70°F〜75°Fおよび60% 相対湿度に調整した部屋において飼育した。
値は、平均±SDである。
いくつかのさらなるのモデルを使用して、腫瘍増殖阻害およびインビボでの腫瘍退縮に関して、XL−647の効力および有効性を調査した。使用した腫瘍細胞株は、固形腫瘍の代表であり、表15に列挙される。これら研究の標準実験設計では、上記で詳細に記載されるように、確立された固形腫瘍が指定された大きさ(大部分の異種移植片モデルについて約100mg)に達したときに始めて、XL−647の1日1回の経口投与を含んだ。投与期間全体を通じて、腫瘍サイズを1週間に2回測定し(適切な場合)、体重を毎日測定した。XL−647は、これら研究において強力な抗腫瘍活性を示し、実質的な退縮が固形腫瘍に関して観察された。腫瘍を、いくつかの研究の終了時に摘出し、微小脈管密度(CD31染色)、増殖している細胞(Ki67染色)、および壊死(ヘマトキシリン/エオシン染色)に関して組織学的に試験した。腫瘍増殖の阻害は、一般に、増大した腫瘍壊死、低下した腫瘍血管新生、および低下した腫瘍細胞増殖指数と十分に相関した。このことは、抗脈管形成活性が、XL−647の強力な抗腫瘍効力に寄与したことを示唆する。
a ED50=50%腫瘍阻害に必要な用量。腫瘍を有する無胸腺マウスを、14日間または28日間、XL647で処置した。
値は、平均±SDである
a P<0.0001
b P<0.005。
値は、平均±SDである
a P<0.0001。
XL647を、EGF投与の3.5時間前に投与した。p−Y−EGFRレベルを、EGF投与の30分後に測定した。
XL−647の非臨床薬物動態(PK)を、マウス、ラット、イヌ、およびサルにおいて研究した。動物に、以下の表21および表22に記載されるように、1回もしくは数日間にわたって1日1回のいずれかで投与した。結果のまとめはまた、以下の表21および表22に見いだされ得る。XL−647を、100%の生理食塩水との液体処方物として、または10mg/kgもしくは30mg/kgのゼラチンカプセル剤における固体として、投与した。全身薬物曝露(すなわち、AUC)は、ラット(10〜100mg/kg)、サル(2〜20mg/kg)、およびイヌ(3〜30mg/kg)においては、低用量範囲にわたって、ほぼ用量に比例して増大するようであったが、単一用量研究においては、高用量範囲(ラットにおいては200〜2000mg/kg、サルにおいては5〜300mg/kg、およびイヌにおいては100〜1000mg/kg)にわたって、用量比例値未満(less than dose proportionally)の増大であった。血漿中のXL−647の最小(<2倍)蓄積が、反復される1日1回の投与で認められた。平均tmax値は、ほぼ4〜8時間であり、血漿終末半減期は、9.41〜20.9時間の範囲に及んだ。XL−647 PKにおける明らかな性別関連差異は、観察されなかった。大きな分布容積(すなわち、IV投与後に>18L/kg)は、全ての種において認められた。XL−647は、マウス、ラットおよびイヌにおいて経口的に生体利用可能であった。最高の生体利用可能性を、イヌにおいて測定し(63%〜74%)、これは、錠剤および液体処方物に関して類似していた。
a 最後の用量の後に決定し、平均として報告した。別段示されなければ、雄性および雌性の組み合わせに適用可能。
b トキシコキネティクス値は、7日目のものである。
c 値は、7日目の0〜48時間のサンプリングに基づく。
XL−647を、50mgの白色から灰白色の錠剤として提供した。これら錠剤を、2つの構成において提供する:1)白色から灰白色の楕円形錠剤(一方で分割でき、他方は平ら)。33.33% 薬物濃度処方物において50mgのXL−647を含む、および2)白色から灰白色の円い錠剤。50% 薬物濃度処方物において50mgのXL−647を含む。
研究XL−647−001:進行した固形腫瘍を有する被験体(n=41)に、14日サイクルの間欠性投与スケジュール(「間欠性5&9スケジュール」)で投与した。1〜5日目に、被験体に、XL−647を与え、続く9日間(6〜14日目)は処置しなかった。XL−647を、上記間欠性5&9スケジュールにおいて、0.06〜7.00mg/kgの範囲の用量レベルで、種々の固体腫瘍を有する41名の被験体に投与した。登録は完全であり、全ての被験体が、2007年5月31日に研究を終えた。被験体には、最初に、ボトル中の粉末(PIB)の処方物を、質量ベースの投与を使用して与えた。上記MTDを、4.68mg/kgであると決定し、これを、固定した用量350mgに変換した。最終のコホートには、錠剤処方物中350mgの固定した用量を与えた。
Claims (13)
- 哺乳動物におけるPKDを処置する方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量の以下の式:
- 前記哺乳動物はヒトである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳動物はネコ科の動物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ネコ科の動物は、ペルシャ猫である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物は、該化合物もしくはその塩、ならびに薬学的に受容可能なキャリア、賦形剤、および/もしくは希釈剤を含む薬学的組成物の形態において送達される、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 哺乳動物におけるPKDを処置するための医薬の製造のための、以下の式:
- 前記哺乳動物はヒトである、請求項6に記載の使用。
- 前記哺乳動物はネコ科の動物である、請求項6に記載の使用。
- 前記ネコ科の動物はペルシャ猫である、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 哺乳動物におけるPKDを処置することにおいて使用するための化合物、もしくは化合物を含む組成物であって、ここで該化合物は、以下の式:
- 前記哺乳動物はヒトである、請求項10に記載の化合物もしくは組成物。
- 前記哺乳動物はネコ科の動物である、請求項10に記載の化合物もしくは組成物。
- 前記ネコ科の動物はペルシャ猫である、請求項12に記載の化合物もしくは組成物。
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TW200616612A (en) | 2004-10-08 | 2006-06-01 | Wyeth Corp | Method for the teatment of polycystic kidney disease field of invention |
CA2708004C (en) * | 2006-12-04 | 2015-12-01 | Promedior, Inc. | Conjoint therapy for treating fibrotic diseases |
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JP2006505509A (ja) * | 2002-07-15 | 2006-02-16 | エクセリクシス, インク. | 受容体型キナーゼモジュレーターおよびその使用方法 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP5931876B2 (ja) | 2016-06-08 |
EP2608793A1 (en) | 2013-07-03 |
US20160367555A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
CA2809633C (en) | 2020-04-28 |
US20130217711A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
EA025451B1 (ru) | 2016-12-30 |
TW201217341A (en) | 2012-05-01 |
JP2016034987A (ja) | 2016-03-17 |
ES2545353T3 (es) | 2015-09-10 |
CN103313713B (zh) | 2014-12-31 |
US9364479B2 (en) | 2016-06-14 |
CN103313713A (zh) | 2013-09-18 |
WO2012027537A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
EA201390283A1 (ru) | 2013-08-30 |
TWI554502B (zh) | 2016-10-21 |
US9956221B2 (en) | 2018-05-01 |
AU2011293315A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
CA2809633A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
EP2608793B1 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
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