JP2013122921A - リチウム系電気化学的装置中の柔粘性結晶電解質 - Google Patents
リチウム系電気化学的装置中の柔粘性結晶電解質 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 31
- IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC#N IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 lithium tetrafluoroborate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910006157 Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003455 mixed metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001465 mixed metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005463 sulfonylimide group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910010710 LiFePO Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 27
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001075 voltammogram Methods 0.000 description 2
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDXJRKWFNNFDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-1-[4-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanone Chemical compound C1CN(CC2=NNN=C21)CC(=O)N3CCN(CC3)C4=CN=C(N=C4)NCC5=CC(=CC=C5)OC(F)(F)F LDXJRKWFNNFDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018989 CoSb Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006370 Kynar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910011939 Li2.6 Co0.4 N Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000022976 Liberfarb syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910008452 SnFe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SOLCLLDHNZENJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].N#CCCC#N Chemical compound [Li].N#CCCC#N SOLCLLDHNZENJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XQHAGELNRSUUGU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)=O XQHAGELNRSUUGU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZJZXSOKJEJFHCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;thiocyanate Chemical compound [Li+].[S-]C#N ZJZXSOKJEJFHCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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Abstract
【解決手段】フッ素化物のリチウム塩などのイオン性塩をドープされたこはく酸ニトリルからなる中性有機柔粘性結晶マトリックスを有する固体イオン性電解質を、リチウム金属の約1.3V以内の電気化学ポテンシャルを有するLi含有材料を含む陰極と組み合わせることで、陰極との間に安定な界面が形成される。陽極にはLiFePO4、LiCoO2等を用いて電気化学装置を構成する。
【選択図】図1
Description
2.3066gのこはく酸ニトリル(NC−CH2−CH2−CN)および0.1125gのリチウムテトラフルオロボレート(LiBF4)を混合し、溶融するまで加熱し、次いで冷却して96%SCN−4%LiPF4(モル%基準)の組成の固溶体を調製した。この化合物は、示差走査熱量測定法(DSC)により51℃の融点を有し、また−35℃から51℃の範囲で、結晶性で柔粘性の相挙動を示すことが明らかにされた。この化合物の導電性対温度の特性を下記の表1に示す。これと同じデータを図1に描いた。
LiBF4が2.5モル%、5モル%、10モル%および15モル%の組成の、LiBF4およびこはく酸ニトリルの混合物を、例1と同様に調製した。温度の関数として測定した伝導性を、温度(℃)に対する伝導性(S/cm)の対数のプロットで、図1に示した。
2.3066gのこはく酸ニトリル(NC−CH2−CH2−CN)および0.3445gのリチウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホニルイミドLi(CF3SO2)2N(しばしばLiTFSIと略記される)を混合し、溶融するまで加熱し、次いで冷却して96%SCN−4%Li(CF3SO2)2N(モル%基準)の組成の固溶体を調製した。
Li(CF3SO2)2Nが4モル%、12.5モル%、15モル%および17モル%の組成の、Li(CF3SO2)2Nおよびこはく酸ニトリルの混合物を、例3と同様に調製した。温度の関数として測定した伝導性を、温度(℃)に対する伝導性(S/cm)の対数のプロットで、図2に示した。
リチウム陰極とともに、これらの化合物の電解質としての電気化学安定性を試験するために、SCN−4%Li(CF3SO2)2NおよびSCN−4%LiBF4(ともにモル%基準)の両方を、室温で、多重チャンネルのポテンショスタット(Solarton)で、サイクリックボルタンメトリー(CV)によって、セル中でリチウムとステンレススチール電極間に電解質を挟んで、特性を解析した。図3は、ステンレススチール(SS)電極とリチウム金属電極の間に挟まれたSCN−4%Li(CF3SO2)2NおよびSCN−4%LiBF4電解質の、室温で、1mV/sのスキャン速度でとられた、サイクリックボルタモグラムを明確に示している。SCN−4%Li(CF3SO2)2NおよびSCN−4%LiBF4の両方について、ボルタモグラムは、陽極の限界で金属リチウムの堆積を、また戻りの陰極スキャンではリチウムの剥ぎ取りを示している。SCN−4%Li(CF3SO2)2Nは、Li/Li+に対して最大4.5Vまで安定である。このことはSCN−4%Li(CF3SO2)2N電解質は、広い範囲の陽極材料との使用において安定であることを示している。SCN−4%LiBF4は、Li/Li+に対して3.9V未満では電流感度は無視できるほど小さかった。このことは、この電位範囲においてはどのような成分の分解も起こらないこと、そしてSCN−4%LiBF4は、LiFePO4のような3.4Vの陽極材料に対して、適切な電気化学安定性を有することを示している。
リチウム金属陰極および種々の陽極材料とともに電解質を試験するために、ボタン形の電気化学セル(2325サイズのコインセル)を調製した。電解質は、96モル%のSCNと4モル%のLi(CF3SO2)2N(リチウムトリフルオロメタンスルホニルイミド)または4モル%のLiBF4とを組み合わせることにより調製した。混合物は溶融するまで加熱した。
サイクル特性を更に評価するために、Li/SCN−4%Li(CF3SO2)2N/LiFePO4セルが例6と同様に作製され、そして定電流モードでC/24のレートに相当する電流で、Arbinサイクラー(cycler)でサイクルに付した。セルは2.6から4.9ボルトの電圧の範囲でサイクルに付した。セルは、55サイクルを超えて、容量の低下がなく、良好なサイクル特性を示した(図6)。
安定な固体電解質界面(SEI)が、リチウム陰極と柔粘性結晶電解質の間に形成されているか否かを評価するために、対称のLi/SCN−4%Li(CF3SO2)2N/Liセルについて、ACインピーダンススペクトルを時間の関数として測定した。スペクトル(図7)は、安定なSEIは、数日間の接触の後に、陰極と固体電解質の間に形成されることを示している。安定なSEIは、電極を分解から保護し、安定な充電/放電サイクルをもたらす。
電気化学的発電装置(2325サイズコインセル)を金属リチウムの陰極(直径1.65cmの円盤)を用いて作製した。その電解質はこはく酸ニトリル中に4モル%のLi(CF3SO2)2Nを含むものである。陽極は、N−メチルピロリジノンに溶解した84質量%のLiCoO2、8質量%のカイナーフレックスポリマーバインダーおよび8質量%のスーパーSカーボンブラック(電気伝導体促進剤として)の混合物を含んでいた。陽極を85℃で乾燥した。活性物質の担持は約5.5mg/cm2であり、また陽極の幾何学的表面積は1.5cm2であった。セルは、2.8Vから4.2Vの範囲で、C/24のレートでサイクルに付された。供給される充電容量は、約131.4mAh/gであり、また放電容量は約105.3mAh/gであった(図8参照)。図8において横軸は時間(hour)である。
Claims (23)
- イオン性塩がドープされた中性有機柔粘性結晶マトリックスを有する固体イオン電解質、リチウム金属の約1.3V以内の電気化学ポテンシャルを有するLi含有材料を含む陰極および陽極を含む電気化学装置。
- 中性有機柔粘性結晶マトリックスがこはく酸ニトリルを含む請求項1記載の装置。
- イオン性塩がリチウム塩を含む請求項1または2記載の装置。
- イオン性塩がフッ素化物のリチウム塩を含む請求項1または2記載の装置。
- イオン性塩がフッ素化スルホニルイミドのリチウム塩を含む請求項1または2記載の装置。
- イオン性塩が、リチウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホニルイミド、リチウムビスパーフルオロエチルスルホニルイミドまたはそれらの混合物を含む請求項1または2記載の装置。
- イオン性塩がリチウムテトラフルオロボレートを含む請求項1または2記載の装置。
- 陰極の電気化学ポテンシャルが、リチウム金属の約1.2V以内である請求項1〜7のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 陰極の電気化学ポテンシャルが、リチウム金属の約1.1V以内である請求項1〜7のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 陰極の電気化学ポテンシャルが、リチウム金属の約1V以内である請求項1〜7のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 陰極の電気化学ポテンシャルが、リチウム金属の約0.8V以内である請求項1〜7のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 陰極の電気化学ポテンシャルが、リチウム金属の約0.5V以内である請求項1〜7のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- Li含有材料が、リチウム金属、硬質炭素もしくは軟質炭素に挿入されたリチウム、酸化物、窒化物もしくはリン化物に挿入されたリチウム、化合物もしくは複合材に置換によって挿入されたリチウム、リチウム合金、またはそれらの混合物を含む請求項1〜12のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- Li含有材料が、リチウム金属、硬質炭素もしくは軟質炭素に挿入されたリチウム、リチウム合金またはそれらの混合物を含む請求項1〜12のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- Li含有材料が、リチウム金属を含む請求項1〜12のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 陽極が、原子骨格の中に挿入されたリチウムイオンを有する挿入化合物を含む請求項1〜15のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 原子骨格が、単一の金属酸化物、混合された金属酸化物、単一の金属リン酸塩、混合された金属リン酸塩、単一の金属バナジウム酸塩または混合された金属バナジウム酸塩を含む請求項16記載の装置。
- 金属が、好ましくは1つまたはそれ以上の第一列遷移金属である請求項17記載の装置。
- 陽極が、LiCoO2、Li(Ni,Co)O2、LiMn2O4、Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2、Li1+x(Mn,Ni,Co)1−xO2、LiFePO4、V2O5またはそれらの混合物を含む請求項1〜15のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 陽極がLiFePO4を含む請求項1〜15のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 陽極がLiCoO2を含む請求項1〜15のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 装置が電気化学セルである請求項1〜21のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 装置が電池である請求項1〜21のいずれか1項記載の装置。
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