JP2013086979A - Cathode active material for lithium ion battery and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a cathode active material exhibiting larger discharge capacity and a lithium ion battery containing the cathode active material.SOLUTION: There are provided a vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound expressed by formula (1): LiFeMnVSiO(x, y and z are each a number satisfying the formulas, 1<a≤2; 0≤x<1; 0≤y<1; 0<z<1; a+2x+2y+(2 to 5)z=4; and x+y≠0), and the lithium ion battery containing the compound.

Description

The present invention relates to a vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound, a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery, and a method for producing the same.

  Lithium ion batteries are a type of non-aqueous electrolyte battery and are used in a wide range of fields such as mobile phones, digital cameras, notebook PCs, hybrid cars, and electric cars. Lithium ion batteries mainly use lithium metal oxide as a positive electrode material and a carbon material such as graphite as a negative electrode material.

As this positive electrode material, lithium cobaltate (LiCoO ₂ ), lithium manganate (LiMnO ₂ ), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO ₄ ), lithium iron silicate (Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ ) and the like are known. Among these, LiFePO ₄ and Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ have an olivine structure and are useful as a positive electrode material for a high capacity lithium ion battery.

  Since the discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery varies greatly depending on the type of positive electrode material, various olivine type compounds have been reported (Patent Documents 1 and 2), and further by doping Mn and the like into the olivine type lithium iron silicate. Improvement of discharge capacity has been studied (Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3).

JP 2001-266882 A JP 2008-186807 A

Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 19, 12, A542-A544 (2006) GS Yuasa Technical Report June 2009, Vol. 6, No. 1, p21-26 R. Dominiko et al, Journal of Power Sources 184 (2008), p462-468.

However, the discharge capacity of lithium ion batteries using these lithium metal oxides is not yet satisfactory, and the development of a positive electrode active material exhibiting a larger discharge capacity is desired.
Therefore, the subject of this invention is providing the positive electrode active material which shows a still larger discharge capacity, and a lithium ion battery containing the same.

  Therefore, the present inventor has synthesized a silicate compound in which various transition metals are introduced into lithium iron silicate or lithium manganese silicate, and has examined the discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery using the compound, by hydrothermal reaction, An olivine-type silicate compound in which vanadium is doped into homogeneous lithium iron silicate or lithium manganese silicate was obtained, and it was found that a lithium ion battery using the olivine type silicate compound showed a large discharge capacity, thereby completing the present invention.

  That is, the present invention relates to the following [1] to [6].

[1] The following formula (1)
_{Li a Fe x Mn y V z} SiO 4 ··· (1)
(Where, a, x, y and z are 1 <a ≦ 2, 0 ≦ x <1, 0 ≦ y <1, 0 <z <1, a + 2x + 2y + (2-5) z = 4, and x + y ≠ Indicates a number satisfying 0)
The vanadium containing olivine type | mold silicate compound represented by these.
[2] A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery containing the vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound according to [1].
[3] A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery comprising the vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound according to [1] and a conductive material.
[4] A lithium ion battery having a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material according to [2] or [3].
[5] A basic aqueous dispersion containing a lithium compound and a silicate compound, at least one selected from iron compounds and manganese compounds, and a vanadium compound are mixed, and the resulting mixture is hydrothermally reacted. The method for producing a vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound according to [1] above, which is characterized in that
[6] A basic aqueous dispersion containing a lithium compound and a silicic acid compound, at least one selected from iron compounds and manganese compounds, and a vanadium compound are mixed, and the resulting mixture is hydrothermally reacted to produce water. The method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery according to the above [3], wherein the conductive material is added in one of the steps during the thermal reaction or after the hydrothermal reaction and then fired.

  A lithium ion battery using the vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound of the present invention as a positive electrode material has an excellent discharge capacity and is useful as a positive electrode material for a lithium ion battery.

The X-ray diffraction pattern of the lyophilized powder of Example 1 is shown. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the freeze-dried powder of Comparative Example 1 is shown. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the freeze-dried powder of Comparative Example 2 is shown. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the freeze-dried powder of Comparative Example 3 is shown. The SEM image of the baked product of Example 1 is shown. The SEM image of the baked product of the comparative example 1 is shown. The SEM image of the baked product of the comparative example 3 is shown. The charging / discharging curve of the lithium ion battery using the positive electrode material of Example 1 is shown. The charging / discharging curve of the lithium ion battery using the positive electrode material of the comparative example 1 is shown. The charging / discharging curve of the lithium ion battery using the positive electrode material of the comparative example 2 is shown. The charging / discharging curve of the lithium ion battery using the positive electrode material of the comparative example 3 is shown.

The vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound of the present invention has the following formula (1)
_{Li a Fe x Mn y V z} SiO 4 ··· (1)
(Where, a, x, y and z are 1 <a ≦ 2, 0 ≦ x <1, 0 ≦ y <1, 0 <z <1, a + 2x + 2y + (2-5) z = 4, and x + y ≠ Indicates a number satisfying 0)
It is represented by

In formula (1), the sum of a, 2x, 2y and (2-5) z is 4, V is essential, and at least one of Fe and Mn is essential.
Either one of x and y may be 0, but both are not 0 at the same time (x + y ≠ 0). Therefore, the following three types are included as embodiments of the vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound of the present invention.
_{Li a Fe x V z SiO 4} ······ (1a)
_{Li a Mn y V z SiO 4} ······ (1b)
_{Li a Fe x Mn y V z} SiO 4 ··· (1c)
(Where, a, x, y and z are numbers satisfying 1 <a ≦ 2, 0 <x <1, 0 <y <1, 0 <z <1, a + 2x + 2y + (2-5) z = 4. Show)
Of these embodiments, the silicate compound of the formula (1c) is more preferable in terms of discharge capacity.

  The preferable range of x is 1.1 to 2.0, but 1.5 to 2.0 is more preferable from the viewpoint of discharge capacity, and 1.7 to 2.0 is more preferable. The preferred range for x is 0.01 to 0.9, but 0.1 to 0.9 is more preferred, and 0.3 to 0.8 is even more preferred from the viewpoint of discharge capacity. The preferred range for y is 0.01 to 0.9, more preferably 0.1 to 0.9, and even more preferably 0.4 to 0.8 in terms of discharge capacity. The preferred range for z is 0.001 to 0.5, more preferably 0.01 to 0.3, and particularly preferably 0.01 to 0.2.

  In the case of formula (1a) or formula (1b), x and y are preferably from 0.01 to 0.99, more preferably from 0.5 to 0.95, and even more preferably from 0.7 to 0.95. z is preferably 0.001 to 0.5, more preferably 0.01 to 0.3, and still more preferably 0.01 to 0.2. On the other hand, in the case of formula (1c), x and y are preferably from 0.01 to 0.9, more preferably from 0.1 to 0.9, and even more preferably from 0.3 to 0.8. z is preferably 0.001 to 0.5, more preferably 0.01 to 0.3, and still more preferably 0.01 to 0.2.

  Moreover, the positive electrode active material for lithium ion batteries should just contain the vanadium containing olivine type | mold silicate compound of said Formula (1), However, It is preferable to contain electroconductive materials, such as carbon further. Here, the content of the silicate compound of the formula (1) in the positive electrode active material is preferably 3 to 15% by mass, and the content of the conductive material is preferably 5 to 10% by mass.

  The vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound (1) of the present invention is preferably produced by a hydrothermal synthesis method, and is selected from a basic aqueous dispersion containing a lithium compound and a silicate compound, an iron compound and a manganese compound. It is more preferable to produce the mixture by mixing a seed or more with a vanadium compound, and subjecting the resulting mixture to a hydrothermal reaction. According to the hydrothermal synthesis reaction, a fine, uniform and highly pure vanadium-containing olivine silicate compound (1) is obtained.

In the method of the present invention, it is preferable to prepare a basic aqueous dispersion containing a lithium compound and a silicate compound separately from the iron compound, manganese compound and vanadium compound from the viewpoint of suppressing side reactions. Examples of the lithium compound include lithium hydroxide (for example, LiOH.H ₂ O), lithium carbonate (Li ₂ CO ₃ ), lithium sulfate, and lithium acetate, and lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate are particularly preferable.

The silicic acid compound is not particularly limited as long as it is a reactive silica compound, and amorphous silica and Na ₄ SiO ₄ (for example, Na ₄ SiO ₄ .H ₂ O) are preferable. Of these, the use of Na ₄ SiO ₄ is more preferable because the aqueous dispersion becomes basic.

Furthermore, it is preferable to add an antioxidant to the dispersion from the viewpoint of preventing side reactions. As the antioxidant, sodium hydrosulfite (Na ₂ S ₂ O ₄ ), aqueous ammonia, sodium sulfite and the like can be used. The content of the antioxidant in the aqueous dispersion is preferably less than the equimolar amount with respect to iron, manganese, and vanadium because the addition of a large amount suppresses the formation of the olivine-type silicate compound. More preferably, the molar ratio is 0.5 or less.

The pH of the aqueous dispersion may be basic, but it is 12.0 to 13.5 to prevent side reaction (formation of Fe ₃ O ₄ ), solubility of the silicate compound, and progress of the reaction. Particularly preferred in terms. The pH of the aqueous dispersion may be adjusted by adding a base such as sodium hydroxide, but it is particularly preferable to use Na ₄ SiO ₄ as the silicate compound.

  The concentration of the lithium compound in the aqueous dispersion is preferably 0.30 to 3.00 mol / l, more preferably 1.00 to 1.50 mol / l. The concentration of the silicate compound is preferably 0.15 to 1.50 mol / l, more preferably 0.50 to 0.75 mol / l. In preparing the aqueous dispersion, the order of addition of the lithium compound, the silicate compound and the antioxidant is not particularly limited, and these components may be added to water.

  The iron compound, manganese compound, and vanadium compound may be a divalent iron compound, a divalent manganese compound, or a divalent to pentavalent vanadium compound. For example, halogen such as iron halide, manganese halide, and vanadium halide. And sulfates such as iron sulfate, manganese sulfate, and vanadium sulfate, and organic acid salts such as iron oxalate, iron acetate, manganese acetate, and vanadium acetate. The amount of these transition metal compounds added is preferably 0.15 to 1.50 mol / l in the reaction mixture, and more preferably 0.50 to 0.75 mol / l.

  In the present invention, the aqueous dispersion and the transition metal compound (one or more selected from iron compounds and manganese compounds and a vanadium compound) are then mixed and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction. The hydrothermal reaction should just be 100 degreeC or more, 130-180 degreeC is preferable and 140-160 degreeC is more preferable. The hydrothermal reaction is preferably performed in a pressure vessel. When the reaction is performed at 130 to 180 ° C, the pressure at this time is 0.3 to 0.9 MPa, and the pressure when the reaction is performed at 140 to 160 ° C is 0. 3 to 0.4 MPa. The hydrothermal reaction time is preferably 1 to 24 hours, more preferably 3 to 12 hours.

  By the said hydrothermal reaction, the vanadium containing olivine type | mold silicate compound of Formula (1) is obtained with a high yield. Moreover, the average particle diameter of the obtained vanadium containing olivine type | mold silicate compound of Formula (1) will be 10-100 nm, and the crystallinity is also high.

  The obtained vanadium-containing olivine silicate compound of the formula (1) can be isolated by filtration and then dried. As the drying means, freeze drying or vacuum drying is used.

  The obtained vanadium-containing olivine-type silicate compound of the formula (1) can be used as a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery as it is, but as described above, a conductive compound is added to the silicate compound of the formula (1). A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery is preferred. In order to obtain a positive electrode active material containing a silicate compound of formula (1) and a conductive material, the conductive material is added in any step during the hydrothermal reaction or after the hydrothermal reaction, and then fired. It is preferable to carry a conductive material on the silicate compound of the formula (1). Carbon is preferable as the conductive material used, and examples of the carbon source include glucose, fructose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, saccharose, starch, dextrin, citric acid and the like. For carrying the conductive material after the hydrothermal reaction, for example, the above carbon source and water may be added and then fired. The firing conditions are 400 ° C. or higher, preferably 400 to 800 ° C. for 10 minutes to 3 hours, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 hours under an inert gas atmosphere or reducing conditions. By this treatment, a positive electrode active material in which a conductive material such as carbon is supported on the surface of the vanadium-containing olivine silicate compound of formula (1) can be obtained. The amount of the carbon source used is preferably 3 to 15 parts by mass as carbon contained in the carbon source with respect to 100 parts by mass of the vanadium-containing olivine silicate compound of the formula (1), and 5 to 10 mass as carbon contained in the carbon source. Part is more preferred.

  The obtained positive electrode active material is excellent in terms of discharge capacity, and is useful as a positive electrode material for lithium ion batteries. The lithium ion battery to which the positive electrode active material of the present invention can be applied is not particularly limited as long as it is a lithium ion secondary battery and has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolytic solution, and a separator as essential components.

  Here, as long as lithium ions can be occluded at the time of charging and released at the time of discharging, the material structure is not particularly limited, and a known material structure can be used. For example, a carbon material such as lithium metal, graphite, or amorphous carbon. It is preferable to use an electrode formed of an intercalating material capable of electrochemically inserting and extracting lithium, particularly a carbon material.

  The electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving a supporting salt in an organic solvent. The organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic solvent that is usually used for an electrolyte solution of a lithium secondary battery. For example, carbonates, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, nitriles, lactones, An oxolane compound or the like can be used.

The type of the supporting salt is not particularly limited, but an inorganic salt selected from LiPF ₆ , LiBF ₄ , LiClO ₄ and LiAsF ₆ , a derivative of the inorganic salt, LiSO ₃ CF ₃ , LiC (SO ₃ CF ₃ ) ₂ and LiN (SO ₃ CF ₃ ) ₂ , LiN (SO ₂ C ₂ F ₅ ) ₂ and LiN (SO ₂ CF ₃ ) (SO ₂ C ₄ F ₉ ), and organic salt derivatives It is preferable that it is at least 1 type of these.

  The separator plays a role of electrically insulating the positive electrode and the negative electrode and holding the electrolytic solution. For example, a porous synthetic resin film, particularly a polyolefin polymer (polyethylene, polypropylene) porous film may be used.

  EXAMPLES Next, an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated in detail.

Example 1 (Synthesis of Li ₂ Fe _0.45 Mn _0.45 V _0.05 SiO ₄ )
_{LiOH · H 2 O 4.20g (0.1mol} ), Na 4 SiO 4 · nH 2 O 13.98g (0.05mol), ultra-pure water 75cm in _{VOSO 4 · H 2 O 0.67g (} 0.0025mol) ³ was added and mixed (the pH at this time was about 13). To this aqueous dispersion, 6.3 g (0.0225 mol) of FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O and 5.42 g (0.0225 mol) of MnSO ₄ .5H ₂ O were added and mixed. The obtained mixed solution was put into an autoclave and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction at 150 ° C. for 12 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and then lyophilized. Glucose (carbon concentration: 10%) and ultrapure water (10 cm ³⁾ were added to 8.4 g of the powder obtained by freeze-drying (about 12 hours), and calcined at 600 ° C. for 1 hr in a reducing atmosphere.

Example 2 (Synthesis of Li ₂ Fe _0.9 V _0.05 SiO ₄ )
_{LiOH · H 2 O 4.20g (0.1mol} ), Na 4 SiO 4 · nH 2 O 13.98g (0.05mol), ultra-pure water 75cm in _{VOSO 4 · H 2 O 0.67g (} 0.0025mol) ³ was added and mixed (the pH at this time was about 13). 12.51 g (0.045 mol) of FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O was added to this aqueous dispersion and mixed. The obtained mixed solution was put into an autoclave and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction at 150 ° C. for 12 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and then lyophilized. Glucose (carbon concentration: 10%) and ultrapure water (10 cm ³⁾ were added to 8.4 g of the powder obtained by freeze-drying (about 12 hours), and calcined at 600 ° C. for 1 hr in a reducing atmosphere.

Example 3 (Synthesis of Li ₂ Fe _0.27 Mn _0.63 V _0.05 SiO ₄ )
_{LiOH · H 2 O 4.20g (0.1mol} ), Na 4 SiO 4 · nH 2 O 13.98g (0.05mol), ultra-pure water 75cm in _{VOSO 4 · H 2 O 0.67g (} 0.0025mol) ³ was added and mixed (the pH at this time was about 13). To this aqueous dispersion, 3.75 g (0.0135 mol) of FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O and 7.59 g (0.0315 mol) of MnSO ₄ .5H ₂ O were added and mixed. The obtained mixed solution was put into an autoclave and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction at 150 ° C. for 12 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and then lyophilized. Glucose (carbon concentration: 10%) and ultrapure water (10 cm ³⁾ were added to 8.4 g of the powder obtained by freeze-drying (about 12 hours), and calcined at 600 ° C. for 1 hr in a reducing atmosphere.

Comparative Example 1 (Synthesis of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ )
_{LiOH · H 2 O 4.20g (0.1mol} ), Na 4 SiO 4 · nH 2 O 13.98g was added and mixed ultrapure water 75 cm ³ in (0.05 mol) (pH at this time was about 13) . To this aqueous dispersion, 13.90 g (0.05 mol) of FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O was added and mixed. The obtained mixed solution was put into an autoclave and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction at 150 ° C. for 12 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and then lyophilized. Glucose (carbon concentration: 10%) and ultrapure water (10 cm ³⁾ were added to 8.4 g of the powder obtained by freeze-drying (about 12 hours), and calcined at 600 ° C. for 1 hr in a reducing atmosphere.

Comparative Example 2 (Synthesis of Li ₂ Fe _0.4 Mn _0.6 SiO ₄ )
_{LiOH · H 2 O 4.20g (0.1mol} ), Na 4 SiO 4 · nH 2 O 13.98g was added and mixed ultrapure water 75 cm ³ in (0.05 mol) (pH at this time was about 13) . To this aqueous dispersion, 5.56 g (0.02 mol) of FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O and 7.23 g (0.03 mol) of MnSO ₄ .5H ₂ O were added and mixed. The obtained mixed solution was put into an autoclave and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction at 150 ° C. for 12 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and then lyophilized. Glucose (carbon concentration: 10%) and ultrapure water (10 cm ³⁾ were added to 8.4 g of the powder obtained by freeze-drying (about 12 hours), and calcined at 600 ° C. for 1 hr in a reducing atmosphere.

Comparative Example 3 (Synthesis of Li ₂ Fe _0.3 Mn _0.7 SiO ₄ )
_{LiOH · H 2 O 4.20g (0.1mol} ), Na 4 SiO 4 · nH 2 O 13.98g was added and mixed ultrapure water 75 cm ³ in (0.05 mol) (pH at this time was about 13) . To this aqueous dispersion, 4.17 g (0.015 mol) of FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O and 8.44 g (0.035 mol) of MnSO ₄ .5H ₂ O were added and mixed. The obtained mixed solution was put into an autoclave and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction at 150 ° C. for 12 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and then lyophilized. 8.4 g of the powder obtained by freeze-drying (about 12 hours) was added with glucose (carbon concentration: 10%
) And 10 cm ³ of ultrapure water were added and calcined at 600 ° C. for 1 hr in a reducing atmosphere.

Test example 1
X-ray diffraction of the lyophilized powder obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 was performed. The obtained X-ray diffraction patterns are shown in FIGS. As is clear from FIGS. 1 to 4, it was found that the powders obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were a single phase of an olivine silicate compound and had high purity.

Test example 2
The SEM images of the fired products obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 3 are shown in FIGS. It can be seen that the obtained fired product has a small particle size and is uniform.

Test example 3
Using the fired products obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, positive electrodes of lithium ion secondary batteries were produced. The fired product obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, ketjen black (conductive agent), and polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) were mixed at a weight ratio of 75:15:10. -Methyl-2-pyrrolidone was added and sufficiently kneaded to prepare a positive electrode slurry. The positive electrode slurry was applied to a current collector made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 μm using a coating machine, and vacuum dried at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. Thereafter, it was punched into a disk shape of φ14 mm and pressed at 16 MPa for 2 minutes using a hand press to obtain a positive electrode.
Next, a coin-type lithium ion secondary battery was constructed using the positive electrode. A lithium foil punched to φ15 mm was used for the negative electrode. As the electrolytic solution, a solution obtained by dissolving LIPF ₆ at a concentration of 1 mol / l in a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used. As the separator, a known one such as a polymer porous film such as polypropylene was used. These battery components were assembled and housed in a conventional manner in an atmosphere with a dew point of −50 ° C. or lower to produce a coin-type lithium secondary battery (CR-2032).
Charging / discharging at a constant current density was performed for 4 cycles using the manufactured lithium ion secondary battery. The charging conditions at this time were constant current and constant voltage charging with a current of 0.1 CA (33 mA / g) and a voltage of 4.5 V, and the discharging conditions were constant current discharging with a current of 0.1 CA and a final voltage of 1.5 V. All temperatures were 30 ° C.
Charging / discharging curves of the batteries constructed with the positive electrode materials of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are shown in FIGS.
8 to 11 show that the lithium ion battery using the positive electrode material of the present invention has battery characteristics superior to those of the comparative example.

Claims (6)

The following formula (1)
_{Li a Fe x Mn y V z} SiO 4 ··· (1)
(Where, a, x, y and z are 1 <a ≦ 2, 0 ≦ x <1, 0 ≦ y <1, 0 <z <1, a + 2x + 2y + (2-5) z = 4, and x + y ≠ Indicates a number satisfying 0)
The vanadium containing olivine type | mold silicate compound represented by these.   The positive electrode active material for lithium ion batteries containing the vanadium containing olivine type | mold silicate compound of Claim 1.   The positive electrode active material for lithium ion batteries containing the vanadium containing olivine type | mold silicate compound of Claim 1, and an electroconductive material.   The lithium ion battery which has a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material of Claim 2 or 3.   A basic aqueous dispersion containing a lithium compound and a silicate compound, at least one selected from iron compounds and manganese compounds, and a vanadium compound are mixed, and the resulting mixture is subjected to a hydrothermal reaction. The manufacturing method of the vanadium containing olivine type | mold silicate compound of Claim 1.   A basic aqueous dispersion containing a lithium compound and a silicate compound, one or more selected from an iron compound and a manganese compound, and a vanadium compound are mixed, and the resulting mixture is subjected to a hydrothermal reaction, during a hydrothermal reaction or 4. The method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery according to claim 3, wherein the conductive material is added in any step after the hydrothermal reaction, and then fired.