JP2012531749A - 希薄窒化物の高効率iii−v族太陽電池への機能的統合 - Google Patents
希薄窒化物の高効率iii−v族太陽電池への機能的統合 Download PDFInfo
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- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 title description 5
- UPBXZSPHDQYPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsanylidyneerbium Chemical compound [Er]#[As] UPBXZSPHDQYPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 68
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910005540 GaP Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000530 Gallium indium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- HZXMRANICFIONG-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium phosphide Chemical compound [Ga]#P HZXMRANICFIONG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical group [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- FTWRSWRBSVXQPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumanylidynearsane;gallanylidynearsane Chemical compound [As]#[Al].[As]#[Ga] FTWRSWRBSVXQPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RNQKDQAVIXDKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum gallium Chemical compound [Al].[Ga] RNQKDQAVIXDKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- AJGDITRVXRPLBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum indium Chemical compound [Al].[In] AJGDITRVXRPLBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical group [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021478 group 5 element Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- AGXKTYMXNZEEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphanylidyneerbium Chemical compound [Er]#P AGXKTYMXNZEEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002123 erbium compounds Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 42
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229910000980 Aluminium gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 108091006149 Electron carriers Proteins 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【選択図】 図7
Description
a.格子整合
材料組成を適切に選択することにより、(少量のSb又はBiの有無に関わらず)希薄窒化物材料系を成長させてGaAsと格子整合できることが知られている。実際に、インジウム及び窒素などの、層内の化合物の元素の相対的な組成の重み付けをトレードオフすることにより、格子整合を維持しながら希薄窒化物材料のバンドギャップを調節することができる。通常、格子整合した材料には、非格子整合成長中に生じるレベルの結晶欠陥が無い。これらの欠陥は、デバイスの性能とデバイスの信頼性の両方に悪影響を与え得る。
サブセルを多接合デバイスに組み込むべきかどうかを調べるために評価しなければならない別の基本的なサブセルパラメータに、その電流密度(JSC)がある。希薄窒化物サブセルを多接合太陽電池効率的に組み入れるには、このサブセルが、デバイス内の(GaAs及びInGaPベースのサブセルなどの)他のサブセル以上の電流を生成しなければならない。全てのサブセルは、トンネル接合を通じてともに直列に接続されるので、全てのサブセルを流れる電流は同一でなければならない(図2を参照)。従って、太陽のスペクトルを最適効率で変換するには、全てのサブセルがほぼ同じ量の電流を生成しなければならない(すなわち、これらは「電流整合」していなければならない)。
良好な独立した希薄窒化物サブセルを作成するだけでは不十分である。完全に機能する多接合デバイスに希薄窒化物サブセルを組み入れることも必要である。適切な組成の希薄窒化物を使用することにより、格子整合及びバンドギャップの制約条件を満たすことができる一方で、アニール処理を通じてサブセルの性能を改善することができる(J.Harrisらによる米国特許出願公開第12/217818号を参照)。GaInNAsサブセルの性能を改善するために見られる熱照射は、材料を堆積させる堆積室との関連で、原位置で、実験施設内で、又はこれらの両方を組み合わせて行うことができる。希薄窒化物サブセル(又はセル)に対する熱負荷(又は照射)の印加は、GaInNAsサブセルにとっては有利であるが、他の下部構造に著しく悪影響を与えることがある。多接合セル内で希薄窒化物を使用するには、これらの他の下部構造が希薄窒化物のアニール処理に耐えるようにうまく扱わなければならない。このアニール制約は、希薄窒化物材料を組み入れた多接合セルに固有のものである。希薄窒化物サブセルを含まない太陽電池には、この制約はない。希薄窒化物サブセルを含まない従来の太陽電池の例としては、図1を参照されたい。
図3に示すエネルギーレベル図によって示すような急変するp++/n++接合を形成することにより、バンド間トンネリングが発生する状態を作り出すことができる。このトンネリングは、ドーピングが強P型から強N型に急激に変化することによって発生する高い電場に依存する。このようなデバイスでは、p−n接合部が、ゼロボルト付近で抵抗器と非常によく似た電流−電圧特性を示し、1つのサブセルのp側を隣接するサブセルのn側に接続する。多接合太陽電池内のこのようなトンネル接合の関心パラメータを図5に示しており、これらは以下の通りである。
1.)動作点における低実効抵抗(理想的には1mΩ/cm2以下であるが、実際には5mΩ/cm2未満)
a.実効抵抗Rは、動作電流Iopにおける電圧降下Vopとして、或いは、換言すれば、Vop(Iop)を動作電流で割ったものとして定義される。これは、動作点におけるスロープ抵抗ではない。
R=Vop(Iop)/Iop (0.1)
b.500倍の濃度の三重接合太陽電池では、Iopは7.5A/cm2付近である。バンドギャップの組み合わせ又はバンドギャップの数が異なる他の多接合設計のような他の濃度レベルでは、他の動作電流が生じる。
2.)低光吸収(理想的には、1%未満の入射光)
Jt∝exp(−(NA+ND)/NAND) (0.2)
Claims (22)
- 太陽電池内にトンネル接合を形成するステップを含む、III−V族多接合太陽電池を形成する方法であって、
前記多接合太陽電池内に、希薄窒化物を含む少なくとも1つの層を設けるステップと、
トンネル接合に関連するn+半導体層を設けるステップと、
前記n+半導体層と向かい合うp+半導体層を設けるステップと、
前記p+層と前記n+層の間に、中間ギャップ状態を伴うトンネルダイオードを形成する希土類V族中間層を設けるステップと、
前記希薄窒化物層を強化して、前記太陽電池の性能を改善するステップと、
を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記強化ステップは、前記希薄窒化物層の電圧及び電流特性を改善するのに十分な熱エネルギーを前記多接合太陽電池に印加するステップを含む、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記n+層は、III−V族ベースの化合物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記p+層は、III−V族ベースの化合物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項3に記載の方法。 - 前記希土類V族中間層は、エルビウムベースの化合物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項4に記載の方法。 - 前記希土類V族中間層は、ランタニド及びV族元素の化合物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記n+層は希薄窒化物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記n+層は、希薄窒化物としてGaInNAs、GaInNAsSb、GaInNAsBi、及びGaInNAsSbBiから成る群から選択される、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記p+層は希薄窒化物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記p+層は、希薄窒化物としてGaInNAs、GaInNAsSb、GaInNAsBi、及びGaInNAsSbBiから成る群から選択される、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記n+層は、ガリウムヒ素、アルミニウムインジウムガリウムリン、インジウムガリウムリン、アルミニウムガリウムヒ素、ガリウムインジウムヒ素、及びアルミニウムガリウムインジウムヒ素リンから成る群から選択され、
前記p+層は、ガリウムヒ素、アルミニウムインジウムガリウムリン、インジウムガリウムリン、アルミニウムガリウムヒ素、ガリウムインジウムヒ素、及びアルミニウムガリウムインジウムヒ素リンから成る群から選択され、
前記希土類V族中間層は、ヒ化エルビウム及びエルビウムリンから成る群から選択される、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 少なくとも1つのサブセルを有するIII−V族化合物型多接合太陽電池であって、
a)
n+半導体層と、
p+半導体層と、
中間ギャップ状態を伴うトンネルダイオードを形成する、前記p+層と前記n+層の間の希土類V族中間層と、
を有する接合構造と、
b)希薄窒化物を含む少なくとも1つの層と、
を備え、
c)前記太陽電池が、前記希薄窒化物含有層を改善するのに十分な熱エネルギーにさらされる、
ことを特徴とする太陽電池。 - アニール処理ステップは、前記希薄窒化物層の電圧及び電流特性を改善するのに十分なものである、
ことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記n+層は、III−V族ベースの化合物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記p+層は、III−V族ベースの化合物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項14に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記希土類V族中間層は、ランタニド及びV族元素の化合物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項15に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記希土類V族中間層は、エルビウム化合物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項15に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記n+層は希薄窒化物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記n+層は、希薄窒化物としてGaInNAs、GaInNAsSb、GaInNAsBi、及びGaInNAsSbBiから成る群から選択される、
ことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記p+層は希薄窒化物である、
ことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記p+層は、希薄窒化物としてGaInNAs、GaInNAsSb、GaInNAsBi、及びGaInNAsSbBiから成る群から選択される、
ことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記n+層は、ガリウムヒ素、アルミニウムインジウムガリウムリン、インジウムガリウムリン、アルミニウムガリウムヒ素、ガリウムインジウムヒ素、及びアルミニウムガリウムインジウムヒ素リンから成る群から選択され、
前記p+層は、ガリウムヒ素、アルミニウムインジウムガリウムリン、インジウムガリウムリン、アルミニウムガリウムヒ素、ガリウムインジウムヒ素、及びアルミニウムガリウムインジウムヒ素リンから成る群から選択され、
前記希土類V族中間層は、ヒ化エルビウム及びエルビウムリンから成る群から選択される、
ことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の太陽電池。
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US12/819,534 | 2010-06-21 | ||
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