JP2012524280A - 上皮成長因子受容体キナーゼ阻害剤に対する抗がん反応を予測するための生物学的マーカー - Google Patents
上皮成長因子受容体キナーゼ阻害剤に対する抗がん反応を予測するための生物学的マーカー Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
[1]がんは、広範囲の細胞機能不全および調節不全の総称であり、無秩序な増殖、分化の欠如、および局部組織に侵入し遠隔部位に転移する潜在性によって特徴付けられる。これらの新生物形成性の悪性腫瘍は、種々の有病率の程度で、体におけるあらゆる組織および器官に影響を及ぼし得る。本発明は、がん患者を診断し、および治療するための方法に向けられる。本発明は特に、患者が上皮成長因子受容体(EGFR)キナーゼ阻害剤(例えばエルロチニブ)による治療から最も高い恩恵を受けるかどうかを決定するための方法に向けられる。
細胞株および動物モデルにおける以前の調査と本明細書において記述される臨床的研究との間の一致が明らかに不足していることの理由は、いまだ未知である。
[131]本発明は、患者における腫瘍または腫瘍転移を治療する前述の方法であって、治療上有効な量のEGFRキナーゼ阻害剤およびさらに、同時にまたは経時的に、1つ以上の脈管形成阻害剤を患者に投与することを含む方法をさらに提供する。
[218]導入
[219]NCIC CTG. BR.21研究は、TARCEVA(登録商標)の第3相試験であり、非小細胞肺がんのための標準的な化学療法の後の進行を有した患者を含んでいた(すなわち2nd and 3rdline NSCLC; Shepherd FA, et al. N Engl. J Med 2005; 353:123-132.)。患者は、毎日TARCEVA(登録商標)(エルロチニブHCl)150mgを受けるか、またはプラセボを受けるかを、2:1の比率で無作為に割り当てられた。一次エンドポイントは、全生存であった。無増悪生存および反応は、二次的エンドポイントであった。随意の組織バンキングおよび相関研究のために別々の同意書を得た。結果は、その後公開され、これらの結果においてTARCEVA(登録商標)治療のポジティブな効果が証明され、およびこの効能についてのTARCEVA(登録商標)の承認を導いた。
[222](腫瘍生検、および免疫組織化学のためのスライドの調製)
[223]腫瘍組織は、以前に切断したスライドから得た。標準的な組織学的プロセスを、組織獲得のためのスライドの製作に使用した。現場または保管施設から一度受けとったら、スライドを利用する前に室内環境条件にて保持した。
選択された腫瘍の組織内のEカドヘリンおよびまたはビメンチンタンパク質の相対的な有無の決定は、ホルマリン固定パラフィン包埋組織切片に対する免疫組織化学(IHC)によって決定した。試料を、エピトープの利用能を最大にするための修復法で初めに処理した。抗Eカドヘリンまたは抗ビメンチン一次抗体(ビオチン化されている)で試料を処理した後に、過剰な抗体をすすぎによって除去し、アビジン-ビオチンペルオキシダーゼ複合体技術を使用して、二次および三次の抗体工程でHRP(西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ)で抗体を標識して、HRP基質としてDAB(3,3'-ジアミノベンジジン)を使用して、生物マーカーを視覚化した。光学顕微鏡を使用して、茶色の酸化DAB産物(クロマゲン)の、および従って、Eカドヘリンまたはビメンチンの局在化および定量化を熟練した病理学者によって評価した。
[226](修復プロトコル)
[227]材料:
[228]このプロトコルは、94〜95℃に達するスチーマーで使用されるものである。
[230]プロトコル:
[231]Hemo-De(登録商標)および脱イオン水を用いて水和物を使用して脱パラフィンする。
[232]Target Retrieval Solution(1瓶につき30ml)を94〜95℃まで予熱する(およそ20〜25分)。
[233]30mlのTarget溶液を含むCoplin瓶の中にスライドを置く(各瓶内のスライド数が等しい)。
[234]94〜95℃(およそ10分)まで温度上昇させ、15分間蒸気に当てる。
[235]カウンター上部にスチーマーの上部を除去し、そして20分間冷却させる。
[236]脱イオン水ですすぎ、そして染色する。
[238]処理されたスライドは、Eカドヘリン抗体を使用して染色した(クローン24E10;Cell Signaling、マサチューセッツ州ダンバース: 製造番号3195)。この抗体は、ヒトまたはマウスのEカドヘリンのどちらにも結合し得るウサギモノクローナルIgGである。
[242]使用したさらなる材料は、以下の通りである:ペルオキシダーゼ遮断試薬、Dako(S2001)または代わりに、3%過酸化水素水。PBS 5リットルあたり2.5mlのTween 20、Dako(S1966)を加えたPBS pH 7.4。
[244]PBSですすぐ
[245]H2O2ブロック:10分
[246]水ですすぐ
[247]PBSですすぐ
[248]タンパク質ブロック(ウサギキットから):20分
[249]すすがずに、空気を送る
[250]一次抗体:60分
[251]PBSですすぐ
[252]二次抗体(ウサギキットから):30分
[253]PBSですすぐ
[254]三次抗体(ウサギキットから):30分
[255]PBSですすぐ
[256]交換する(危険製品処理用)
[257]DAB +:10分
[258]水ですすぐ
[259]着色液からスライド取り出し、軽く対比染色し、段階的なアルコールで脱水し、洗浄し、カバーグラスをかける。
[261]処理したスライドは、ビメンチン抗体を使用して染色した、(クローンV9;Dako(カリフォルニア州カーピンテリア:製品番号M 0725)。この抗体は、ヒトビメンチンを認識するマウスモノクローナルであるが、マウスと交差反応しない。
[267]PBSですすぐ
[268]H2O2ブロック:10分
[269]水ですすぐ
[270]PBSですすぐ
[271]タンパク質ブロック(マウスキットから):20分
[272]すすがずに、空気を送る
[273]一次抗体:30分
[274]PBSですすぐ
[275]二次抗体(マウスキットから):30分
[276]PBSですすぐ
[277]三次抗体(マウスキットから):30分
[278]PBSですすぐ
[279]交換する(危険製品処理用)
[280]DAB +:10分
[281]水ですすぐ
[282]着色液からスライドを取り出し、軽く対比染色し、段階的なアルコールで脱水し、洗浄し、カバーグラスをかける。
[284]染色したスライドは、経験豊かな病理学者によって評価した。スライドは、組織の質および染色の質についてまず評価した。次いで、条件に合ったスライドを、病理学者がクロマゲン標識抗体の染色強度の主観的な解釈に基づいた「H-score」を生成することにより、評価した。4つの強度レベルを使用して染色した切片を評価した:染色されていない場合は0、弱い、または最小の染色については+1、中程度の染色については+2、および強い染色については+3。強度レベルを発現する全ての標的細胞の相対的な割合をデータとして記録する。このデータから、任意の強度を発現する標的細胞の割合を算出でき、およびさらなる評価パラダイムを、基準となる収集データを使用して算出できる。Eカドヘリンおよびビメンチン染色強度の代表例を図1〜2に示してある。
・1. 腫瘍細胞のいかなる染色の割合
・2. 強度+2または+3で染色された腫瘍細胞の割合
・3. 複合評価
例:染色なし5%、強度+1の染色35%、強度+2の染色45%、および強度+3の染色15%として読み取られた試料は、以下のように評価されるであろう:
・いかなる染色95%
・強度+2または+3の染色60%
・0(5)+ 1(35)+ 2(45)+ 3(15)= 複合評価170
全生存は、研究治療開始日から死亡日までの期間として定義される。患者が研究治療を受けたが、その患者がまだ生存しているか、死亡日が入手できない場合、全生存は、研究治療開始日と、患者が生存していたことが分かっている最後の日との間の差として、算出される。これらのデータは、「打ち切り」であるとして、解析において記述する。無増悪生存(PFS)は、研究治療開始日から、疾患進行の書類作成日または死亡日までの期間として定義される。全生存と同様に、進行/死亡日が入手できない場合、PFSは、研究治療開始日から、腫瘍評価についての最後の書類作成日までの期間として算出され、かつ「打ち切り(censored)」と記述する。
瘍組織試料を有する患者の数、ならびに組織試料がQC要求を通過し、かつOSI病理学者によるEカドヘリンおよびビメンチンアッセイ法についての結果が生成された患者の数を示す。報告した割合は、研究における患者の総数(N=731)におけるものである。
表2は、組織試料がQC要求を通過し、かつOSI病理学者によってEカドヘリンおよびビメンチンアッセイ法についての結果が生成された患者の数を示す。報告した割合は、組織試料を有する患者の数(N=163)におけるものである。
表3は、全体の研究集団(N=731)について、ならびにEカドヘリンおよびビメンチン結果を入手できた患者のサブセット(N=95)についての両方の人口統計を記述する。
表4は、全体の研究集団(N=731)、ならびにEカドヘリンおよびビメンチン結果を入手できた患者のサブセット(N=95)の両方についての患者が受けた先の療法を記述する。
表5は、全体の研究集団(N=731)、ならびにEカドヘリンおよびビメンチン結果を入手できた患者のサブセット(N=95)の両方についての患者の疾患特徴(組織学的、疾患段階、その他)を記述する。
表6は、Eカドヘリンおよびビメンチン結果を入手できた患者のサブセット(N=95)について、Eカドヘリンが高い場合対低い場合、およびビメンチンが高い場合対低い場合の、各治療アームにおける患者の数を示す。p値は、一変量Kaplan-Meier解析により決定される。ハザード比は信頼限界とともに、Cox比例ハザードモデルによる決定される。
表7は、BR.21における患者の種々のサブセットについて、エルロニチブおよびプラセボアームの間の全生存の比較を記述する。この表において、ハザード比<1は、エルロチニブアームがプラセボアームよりも優れた生存を有したことを示し、その一方で、ハザード比>1は、エルロチニブアームがプラセボアームよりも下方の生存を有したことを示す。p値は、一変量Kaplan-Meier解析により決定される。ハザード比は信頼限界とともに、Cox比例ハザードモデルにより決定される。
表7Bは、評価可能なEカドヘリン結果を有するBR.21における患者のサブセット(N=95)について、Eカドヘリンが高い場合とEカドヘリンが低い場合との間の全生存の比較を記述する。この表において、ハザード比<1は、高いEカドヘリンサブセットが低いEカドヘリンサブセットよりも優れた生存を有したことを示し、その一方で、ハザード比>1は高いEカドヘリンサブセットが低いEカドヘリンサブセットよりも下方の生存を有したことを示す。p値は、一変量Kaplan-Meier解析により決定される。ハザード比は信頼限界とともに、Cox比例ハザードモデルにより決定される。
表7Cは、評価可能なビメンチン結果を有するBR.21における患者のサブセット(N=95)について、ビメンチンが高い場合とビメンチンが低い場合との間の全生存の比較を記述する。この表において、ハザード比<1は、高いビメンチンサブセットが低いビメンチンサブセットよりも優れた生存を有したことを示し、その一方で、ハザード比>1は高いビメンチンサブセットが低いビメンチンサブセットよりも下方の生存を有したことを示す。p値は、一変量Kaplan-Meier解析により決定される。ハザード比は、一変量Cox比例ハザードモデルにより決定される。
表8は、BR.21における患者の種々のサブセットについて、エルロチニブアームとプラセボアームとの間の無増悪生存(PFS)の比較を記述する。この表において、ハザード比<1は、エルロチニブアームがプラセボアームよりも優れたPFSを有したことを示し、その一方で、ハザード比>1は、エルロチニブアームがプラセボアームよりも下方のPFSを有したことを示す。p値は、一変量Kaplan-Meier解析により決定される。ハザード比は信頼限界とともに、Cox比例ハザードモデルにより決定される。
表8Bは、評価可能なEカドヘリン結果を有するBR.21における患者のサブセット(N=95)について、Eカドヘリンが高い場合とEカドヘリンが低い場合との間の無増悪生存(PFS)の比較を記述する。この表において、ハザード比<1は、高いEカドヘリンサブセットが低いEカドヘリンサブセットよりも優れたPFSを有したことを示し、その一方で、ハザード比>1は、高いEカドヘリンサブセットが低いEカドヘリンサブセットよりも下方のPFSを有したことを示す。p値は、一変量Kaplan-Meier解析により決定される。ハザード比は信頼限界とともに、Cox比例ハザードモデルにより決定される。
表8Cは、評価可能なビメンチン結果を有するBR.21における患者のサブセット(N=95)について、ビメンチンが高い場合とビメンチンが低い場合との間の無増悪生存(PFS)の比較を記述する。この表において、ハザード比<1は、高いビメンチンサブセットが低いビメンチンサブセットよりも優れたPFSを有したことを示し、その一方で、ハザード比>1は、高いビメンチンサブセットが低いビメンチンサブセットよりも下方のPFSを有したことを示す。p値は、一変量Kaplan-Meier解析により決定される。ハザード比は信頼限界とともに、Cox比例ハザードモデルから決定される。
[299]Eカドヘリン解析に関し高および低についての最適のカットポイントを決定するために、各評価法についての多数のカットポイントのそれぞれにて複数の解析を行った。各群における10人以上の患者にて十分に定義され、かつ各群が評価可能な患者の総数のサイズの20〜80%である、十分なデータがあったカットポイントのみを考慮した。
[303]NCICから受領した163個の組織試料(全ての患者の22%)のうち、95人の患者が評価可能なEカドヘリンスライドを有し、かつ同じ95人の患者が評価可能なビメンチンスライドを有した。従って結果は、163個の組織試料の58%から得られた。
[308]16%は、Eカドヘリンおよびビメンチンの両方について高かった。
[309]14%は、Eカドヘリンについて低く、かつビメンチンについて高かった。
[310]47%は、Eカドヘリンについて高く、かつビメンチンについて低かった。
[311]23%は、Eカドヘリンについて低く、かつビメンチンについて低かった。
[313]評価可能な生物マーカー結果を有する患者における生存結果は、全体の研究集団において観察される生存に類似していた(全体の集団におけるHR=0.76対EMTマーカーが評価可能なサブセットにおけるHR=0.69)。
[314]評価可能な生物マーカー結果を有する患者におけるPFS結果は、全体の研究集団において観察されるPFSに類似していた(全体の集団におけるPFS HR=0.64対EMTマーカーが評価可能なサブ群におけるHR=0.72)。
生存およびPFSについてのプロットは、図3〜6に表される。
[319]簡潔に、この結果は、以下を証明した:1)残りの組織試料は、BR21患者集団全体を人工統計学的に、組織学的におよび治療結果において表した、2)Eカドヘリンを高発現する患者に処置されたTARCEVA(登録商標)のサブセットは、「材料および方法」に記載されるように評価され、TARCEVA(登録商標)で処置した場合のより長い生存を証明した、3)ビメンチンを高発現する患者に処置されたTARCEVA(登録商標)のサブセットは、「材料および方法」に記載されるように評価され、TARCEVA(登録商標)で処置した場合の著しくより長い生存を証明した、4)どちらのマーカーについての効果も、プラセボ集団において観察されなかった。この結果は、腫瘍がビメンチンおよび/またはEカドヘリンタンパク質を高レベルで発現する2ndラインおよび3rdラインのNSCLC患者が、TARCEVA(登録商標)による増強された利益と関連していたことを示す。
HR=ハザード比;PFS=無増悪生存;OS=全生存;CI=信頼区間;E=エルロチニブ;P=プラセボ;H=高い;L=低い;EGF=上皮成長因子;EMT=上皮間葉移行;NSCLC=非小細胞肺がん腫;HNSCC=頭頸部扁平上皮がん腫;CRC=結腸直腸がん;MBC=転移性乳がん;EGFR=上皮成長因子受容体;LC=液体クロマトグラフィー;MS=質量分析;IGF-1=インスリン様成長因子-1;TGFα=トランスフォーミング成長因子アルファ;HB-EGF=ヘパリン結合上皮成長因子;TGFα=トランスフォーミング成長因子アルファ;IC50=半数阻害濃度;pY=ホスホチロシン;wt=野生型;PI3K=フォスファチジルイノシトール-3キナーゼ;GAPDH=グリセルアルデヒド3-ホスフェートデヒドロゲナーゼ。
本明細書において開示される全ての特許、公開された特許出願およびその他の参照文献は、ここで明白に参照により本明細書に援用される。
当業者は、ルーチンの実験しか使用せずに、本明細書に具体的に記述された発明の具体的態様の多くの均等物を認識でき、または確認できる。このような均等物は、以下の特許請求の範囲に包含されることが意図される。
Claims (10)
- EGFRキナーゼ阻害剤を用いたがん患者の治療の有効性を予測する方法であって:患者の腫瘍細胞によって発現される生物マーカーEカドヘリンのレベルを評価する工程;腫瘍がEカドヘリンを高い発現レベルで発現するか、または低い発現レベルで発現するかを決定する工程;および治療の有効性を予測する工程を含み、高レベルのEカドヘリンは、治療がより有効であろうことを示し;かつがん患者の治療の有効性は、治療に応答したより長い全生存またはより長い無増悪生存のいずれかによって示される方法。
- がんを患う患者を治療するための方法であって:患者の腫瘍細胞により発現される生物マーカーEカドヘリンのレベルを評価することによって、EGFRキナーゼ阻害剤を用いたがん患者の治療の有効性を予測する工程;腫瘍がEカドヘリンを高い発現レベルで発現するか、または低い発現レベルで発現するかを決定する工程;および治療の有効性を予測する工程であって、高レベルのEカドヘリンは、治療がより有効であろうことを示し;かつがん患者の治療の有効性は、治療に応答したより長い全生存またはより長い無増悪生存のいずれかによって示される工程;および患者に治療上有効な量のEGFRキナーゼ阻害剤を投与する工程を含む方法。
- 患者が生物マーカーEカドヘリンを高レベルで発現する腫瘍細胞を有することによって、治療に応答してより長い全生存またはより長い無増悪生存を有し得ると予測される場合、上記患者に治療上有効な量のEGFRキナーゼ阻害剤を投与する工程を含む、がん患者を治療するための方法。
- 上記腫瘍細胞は、非小細胞肺がん、膵臓がん、乳がん、頭頚部がん、胃がん、大腸がん、または卵巣がんである、請求項1、2または3の方法。
- 上記EGFRキナーゼ阻害剤は、エルロチニブ、ゲフィチニブ、カネルチニブ、バンデタニブ、セツキシマブ、パニツムマブ、またはマツズマブである、請求項1、2または3の方法。
- Eカドヘリンの発現レベルがEカドヘリンタンパク質を測定することにより評価される、請求項1、2または3の方法。
- Eカドヘリンの発現レベルが免疫組織化学によって評価される、請求項6の方法。
- Eカドヘリンの発現レベルが標準化された評価系の使用によって決定される、請求項7の方法。
- Eカドヘリンの高い発現レベルは、40%以上の腫瘍細胞がEカドヘリンについて+2または+3の染色強度を有することによって示される、請求項8の方法。
- Eカドヘリンの発現レベルがEカドヘリンのmRNAを測定することにより評価される、請求項1、2または3の方法。
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