JP2012239942A - Exhaust gas cleaning catalyst - Google Patents
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- JP2012239942A JP2012239942A JP2011109799A JP2011109799A JP2012239942A JP 2012239942 A JP2012239942 A JP 2012239942A JP 2011109799 A JP2011109799 A JP 2011109799A JP 2011109799 A JP2011109799 A JP 2011109799A JP 2012239942 A JP2012239942 A JP 2012239942A
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 164
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 189
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 185
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
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- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 abstract description 50
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- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 58
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- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 13
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 150000003283 rhodium Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl acetate Chemical compound COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000010757 Reduction Activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007561 laser diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Landscapes
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本発明は排ガス浄化用触媒に関する。詳しくは、ロジウムを触媒金属とする排ガス浄化用触媒に関する。 The present invention relates to an exhaust gas purification catalyst. Specifically, the present invention relates to an exhaust gas purification catalyst using rhodium as a catalyst metal.
自動車の内燃機関から排出される排ガスに含まれる炭化水素（ＨＣ）、一酸化炭素（ＣＯ）、及び窒素酸化物（ＮＯｘ）を効率よく浄化する目的に、いわゆる三元触媒が広く用いられている。三元触媒の一般的な構成は、高耐熱性の多孔質担体上に白金（Ｐｔ）、パラジウム（Ｐｄ）、又はロジウム（Ｒｈ）などの貴金属触媒から選ばれる１種または複数種の貴金属粒子を担持させたものである。上記貴金属触媒の中でＲｈは、高いＮＯｘ還元活性を有することから、ＮＯｘ浄化の観点より欠かすことができない貴金属触媒である。
一般に、貴金属粒子を担持させた排ガス浄化用触媒は、耐久使用後に使用前と比較して浄化性能が低下する傾向がある。これは、触媒の高温使用時に貴金属粒子が粒成長（シンタリング）する、又は貴金属粒子が担体内部に固溶するなどにより、担体表面に担持させた貴金属粒子の比表面積が減少することが一因である。そこで従来、三元触媒の浄化性能を向上させるため、貴金属粒子の粒成長抑制、貴金属粒子の多孔質担体への固溶の抑制、酸素吸蔵放出（ＯＳＣ）材料の併用などの観点から開発が行われてきた。
例えば特許文献１には、Ｒｈの担体への固溶抑制の目的で、セリア系酸化物の表面にセリアより塩基度が高い塩基性酸化物からなる担持部を形成し、担持部にＲｈを担持させた排ガス浄化用触媒が記載されている。また、特許文献２には、貴金属触媒のシンタリングを抑制する目的で、遷移金属と卑金属とを含む複合酸化物と、粒子径が１〜１０ｎｍである貴金属からなる触媒及び該触媒を逆ミセル法により製造する方法について記載されている。さらに特許文献３には、貴金属粒子のシンタリング抑制の目的で、粒径１〜２０ｎｍの貴金属成分粒子と該貴金属成分粒子を被覆している助触媒成分被膜とからなる排ガス浄化用三元触媒について記載されている。
So-called three-way catalysts are widely used for the purpose of efficiently purifying hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained in exhaust gas discharged from internal combustion engines of automobiles. . The general configuration of the three-way catalyst is that one or more kinds of noble metal particles selected from noble metal catalysts such as platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), or rhodium (Rh) are provided on a highly heat-resistant porous carrier. It is supported. Among the noble metal catalysts, Rh is a noble metal catalyst that is indispensable from the viewpoint of NOx purification because it has high NOx reduction activity.
In general, an exhaust gas purifying catalyst supporting noble metal particles tends to have a lower purification performance than before use after durable use. One reason for this is that the specific surface area of the noble metal particles supported on the surface of the support decreases because the noble metal particles grow (sintering) when the catalyst is used at a high temperature, or the noble metal particles dissolve in the inside of the support. It is. Therefore, conventionally, in order to improve the purification performance of the three-way catalyst, development has been carried out from the viewpoints of suppressing grain growth of noble metal particles, suppressing solid solution of noble metal particles in a porous carrier, and using oxygen storage / release (OSC) material in combination. I have been.
For example, in Patent Document 1, for the purpose of suppressing solid solution of Rh in the support, a support portion made of a basic oxide having a higher basicity than ceria is formed on the surface of the ceria-based oxide, and Rh is supported on the support portion. An exhaust gas purifying catalyst is described. Patent Document 2 discloses a catalyst comprising a composite oxide containing a transition metal and a base metal, a noble metal having a particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm, and a reverse micelle method for the purpose of suppressing sintering of the noble metal catalyst. The method of manufacturing by is described. Further, Patent Document 3 discloses a three-way catalyst for purifying exhaust gas comprising a noble metal component particle having a particle diameter of 1 to 20 nm and a promoter component coating covering the noble metal component particle for the purpose of suppressing sintering of the noble metal particle. Have been described.
また、特許文献４には、アルカリ土類金属とアルミニウムとの複合酸化物とＰｔとの固溶体を一部に含有する排ガス浄化用触媒とその製造方法が記載されている。具体的には、アルカリ土類金属を含んだ酸化物（好ましくは酸化マグネシウム）にＰｔを担持させた粒子と、アルミニウム化合物と、を混合して焼成することにより、あらかじめＰｔの一部を上記複合酸化物中に固溶させたことを特徴とする排ガス浄化用触媒である。特許文献４の記載によると、上記排ガス浄化用触媒は、雰囲気中の酸素濃度に応じて可逆的に状態変化を起こすことにより、高温かつ酸素濃度が高い雰囲気（リーン雰囲気）中で使用した場合においても触媒活性の低下が抑制されるとしている。 Patent Document 4 describes an exhaust gas purifying catalyst partially containing a solid solution of a complex oxide of alkaline earth metal and aluminum and Pt, and a method for producing the same. Specifically, by mixing and firing an aluminum compound and particles in which Pt is supported on an oxide containing an alkaline earth metal (preferably magnesium oxide), a part of Pt is previously mixed. An exhaust gas purifying catalyst characterized by being dissolved in an oxide. According to the description in Patent Document 4, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst reversibly changes its state according to the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere, so that it can be used in an atmosphere having a high temperature and a high oxygen concentration (lean atmosphere). It is also said that the decrease in catalyst activity is suppressed.
しかしながら、上述したような従来の排ガス浄化用触媒は、耐久後の浄化性能に関し十分なものとはいえない。特にＲｈを触媒金属として採用した排ガス浄化用触媒について、上述したような従来の触媒構成（例えば特許文献１〜３に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒）では、触媒の高温使用時におけるＲｈ粒子の粒成長（シンタリング）を十分に防止することができなかった。これは、基本的にＲｈ粒子の粒成長が不可逆的に進行するためである。
また、上述した特許文献４に記載された排ガス浄化用触媒では、あらかじめ貴金属原子であるＰｔを複合酸化物に固溶させているため、Ｐｔは該複合酸化物の表層から内部にかけて均一に存在している。しかしながら、内部に固溶している貴金属原子を析出させるためには十分な還元処理が必要であり、実際のエンジンの使用環境下においては、排ガスを長時間において還元雰囲気（即ちリッチ雰囲気）で維持することは、ＣＯ、又はＨＣの排出量増加や、燃費低下を引き起こすため困難である。また、還元雰囲気下においても析出せずに内部に残留する貴金属原子は触媒反応に関与することができないため、触媒のコストが高くなるという問題があった。
本発明は、かかる課題を解決すべく創出されたものであり、Ｒｈ粒子の粒成長を防止することにより、浄化性能に優れ、かつ、リーン雰囲気で使用した場合であっても活性低下が生じ難い排ガス浄化用触媒の提供を目的とする。
However, the conventional exhaust gas purifying catalyst as described above is not sufficient with respect to the purification performance after durability. In particular, with regard to an exhaust gas purifying catalyst employing Rh as a catalyst metal, in the conventional catalyst configuration as described above (for example, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst described in Patent Documents 1 to 3), particle growth of Rh particles during high temperature use of the catalyst (Sintering) could not be sufficiently prevented. This is because the grain growth of Rh particles basically proceeds irreversibly.
Further, in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst described in Patent Document 4 described above, Pt, which is a noble metal atom, is previously dissolved in the composite oxide, so that Pt exists uniformly from the surface layer to the inside of the composite oxide. ing. However, a sufficient reduction treatment is required to deposit the noble metal atoms that are dissolved in the interior, and the exhaust gas is maintained in a reducing atmosphere (ie, a rich atmosphere) for a long time under the actual operating environment of the engine. This is difficult because it causes an increase in CO or HC emissions and a reduction in fuel consumption. In addition, since noble metal atoms that are not deposited and remain inside even in a reducing atmosphere cannot participate in the catalytic reaction, there is a problem that the cost of the catalyst increases.
The present invention has been created to solve such a problem. By preventing the grain growth of Rh particles, the purification performance is excellent, and even when used in a lean atmosphere, the activity is hardly lowered. An object is to provide a catalyst for exhaust gas purification.
本発明者らは、様々な角度から検討を加え、上記目的を実現することのできる本発明を創出するに至った。
即ち、ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒は、担体と該担体に担持された触媒金属とを備える。上記担体としてアルカリ土類金属とアルミニウムとの複合酸化物を有しており、上記触媒金属としてロジウムを有している。
またここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒は、空燃比（Ａ／Ｆ）が１５．１であって少なくとも１０００℃以上１２００℃以下の温度域にある排ガス中において、上記担体上にＴＥＭ観察に基づく粒子径１ｎｍ以上のロジウム粒子が存在しない状態を形成し、また、空燃比（Ａ／Ｆ）が１４．１であって少なくとも８００℃以上１０００℃未満の温度域にある排ガス中において、上記担体上にＴＥＭ観察に基づく平均粒子径１ｎｍ以上のロジウム粒子が存在する状態を形成する。さらに、上記ロジウム粒子が存在しない状態と上記ロジウム粒子が存在する状態との間で、空燃比に応じて上記担体上のロジウム粒子量が可逆的に変化することを特徴とする。
The present inventors have studied from various angles and have come to create the present invention capable of realizing the above object.
That is, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed herein includes a carrier and a catalyst metal supported on the carrier. The support has a complex oxide of an alkaline earth metal and aluminum, and the catalyst metal has rhodium.
The exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed herein is based on TEM observation on the carrier in exhaust gas having an air-fuel ratio (A / F) of 15.1 and a temperature range of at least 1000 ° C. and 1200 ° C. In the exhaust gas in which a rhodium particle having a particle diameter of 1 nm or more is not present and the air-fuel ratio (A / F) is 14.1 and in a temperature range of at least 800 ° C. and less than 1000 ° C., In this state, rhodium particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm or more based on TEM observation are present. Furthermore, the amount of rhodium particles on the carrier is reversibly changed according to the air-fuel ratio between a state where the rhodium particles are not present and a state where the rhodium particles are present.
かかる構成の排ガス浄化用触媒によると、排ガスの空燃比が１５．１（即ちリーン雰囲気）であって、温度が少なくとも１０００℃以上１２００℃以下である場合において、触媒金属であるロジウム（Ｒｈ）のほとんど（典型的には上記排ガス浄化用触媒中の全Ｒｈ原子量の８０ｍｏｌ％以上）は上記担体に固溶する。その結果、担体上に粒子径１ｎｍ以上のＲｈ粒子が存在しない状態が形成される。また一方で、排ガスの空燃比が１４．１（即ちリッチ雰囲気）であって、温度が少なくとも８００℃以上１０００℃未満である場合において、Ｒｈの大部分（典型的には排ガス浄化用触媒中の全Ｒｈ原子量の５０ｍｏｌ％以上）は上記担体上に析出する。この結果、担体上に粒子径１ｎｍ以上のＲｈ粒子が存在する状態が形成される。 According to the exhaust gas purifying catalyst having such a configuration, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is 15.1 (that is, lean atmosphere) and the temperature is at least 1000 ° C. or more and 1200 ° C. or less, rhodium (Rh), which is a catalyst metal, is used. Most of them (typically, 80 mol% or more of the total amount of Rh atoms in the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst) are dissolved in the carrier. As a result, a state in which Rh particles having a particle diameter of 1 nm or more are not present on the carrier is formed. On the other hand, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is 14.1 (that is, a rich atmosphere) and the temperature is at least 800 ° C. or more and less than 1000 ° C., most of Rh (typically in the exhaust gas purification catalyst) 50 mol% or more of the total Rh atomic weight) is deposited on the support. As a result, a state in which Rh particles having a particle diameter of 1 nm or more are present on the carrier is formed.
さらに上記Ｒｈ粒子は排ガス中の酸素濃度に応じて、上述した担体への固溶および析出を可逆的に繰り返すことができる。ここで、担体へ固溶したＲｈ粒子が次に担体上に析出する際、粒子径が典型的には１ｎｍ以上１５ｎｍ以下程度（好ましくは１ｎｍ以上５ｎｍ以下）の比較的小さいＲｈ粒子が析出する傾向がある。よって、たとえ上記担体上に担持された上記Ｒｈ粒子が、触媒の使用過程において例えば２０〜５０ｎｍ程度に粒子径が増大した場合であっても、上述する固溶／析出の繰り返し過程において粒子径が十分に小さい（例えば１ｎｍ以上５ｎｍ以下程度の）Ｒｈ粒子へと再生され得る。 Furthermore, the Rh particles can reversibly repeat the solid solution and precipitation on the carrier according to the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas. Here, when the Rh particles solid-solved in the carrier are next precipitated on the carrier, relatively small Rh particles having a particle diameter of typically about 1 nm to 15 nm (preferably 1 nm to 5 nm) tend to precipitate. There is. Therefore, even if the Rh particles supported on the support have a particle diameter increased to, for example, about 20 to 50 nm in the process of using the catalyst, the particle diameter is increased in the above-described solid solution / precipitation process. It can be regenerated into sufficiently small Rh particles (for example, about 1 nm or more and 5 nm or less).
このような構成によると、上記排ガス浄化用触媒は酸素濃度が高い雰囲気（リーン雰囲気）中で使用された場合であっても、触媒金属であるＲｈ粒子の粒成長が抑制され、耐久後の触媒活性低下が抑制される。よってここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒は、リーン雰囲気の頻度が多いハイブリッド車に用いられると触媒活性低下抑制に関して高い効果を発揮し得る。また、上記排ガス浄化用触媒は、リッチ雰囲気の頻度が少ないディーゼル車に用いられると触媒活性低下抑制に関して高い効果を発揮し得る。 According to such a configuration, even when the exhaust gas purifying catalyst is used in an atmosphere having a high oxygen concentration (lean atmosphere), grain growth of Rh particles as a catalyst metal is suppressed, and the catalyst after endurance The decrease in activity is suppressed. Therefore, the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst disclosed herein can exhibit a high effect in terms of suppressing the decrease in catalyst activity when used in a hybrid vehicle with a high lean atmosphere. In addition, the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst can exhibit a high effect with respect to suppressing the decrease in catalyst activity when used in a diesel vehicle having a low rich atmosphere frequency.
ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒の他の好ましい一態様では、上記担体に担持されたＲｈ粒子の平均粒子径（即ち、担体上に析出した状態での平均粒子径をいう。）が５ｎｍ以上１５ｎｍ以下（好ましくは６ｎｍ以上１１ｎｍ以下）であることを特徴とする。ここで、本明細書においてＲｈ粒子に関する「平均粒子径」とはＴＥＭ（透過型電子顕微鏡）観察に基づいて測定された粒子径の平均値を意味する。
かかる平均粒子径を有するＲｈ粒子が上記担体上に担持された排ガス浄化用触媒は、排ガス中の酸素濃度を制御することによりＲｈ粒子が担体へ固溶したあと再び析出する際、触媒使用初期の粒子径と同等程度、もしくはそれ以下の粒子径を有するＲｈ粒子が析出する傾向がある。このため、長期間の触媒使用においてもＲｈ粒子の粒径増大が抑制され、かかる排ガス浄化用触媒は浄化性能が向上し、かつ長寿命化し得る。
In another preferred embodiment of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed herein, the average particle diameter of the Rh particles supported on the carrier (that is, the average particle diameter in a state of being deposited on the carrier) is 5 nm or more. It is characterized by being 15 nm or less (preferably 6 nm or more and 11 nm or less). Here, the “average particle diameter” relating to Rh particles in this specification means an average value of particle diameters measured based on TEM (transmission electron microscope) observation.
The exhaust gas purifying catalyst in which Rh particles having such an average particle size are supported on the carrier is used at the initial stage of catalyst use when the Rh particles are precipitated again after being dissolved in the carrier by controlling the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas. There is a tendency for Rh particles having a particle size equivalent to or smaller than the particle size to precipitate. For this reason, even when the catalyst is used for a long period of time, an increase in the particle size of Rh particles is suppressed, and the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst can improve the purification performance and extend the life.
ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒の他の好ましい一態様では、上記担体における上記複合酸化物の結晶構造がスピネル構造であることを特徴とする。
かかるスピネル構造を有する複合酸化物を上記担体に用いると、触媒金属であるＲｈ粒子が好適に該複合酸化物に固溶することができ、固溶状態が安定化される。よって、かかる複合酸化物を用いるとＲｈ粒子の粒成長が一層抑制され、触媒活性の低下を抑制することができる。
In another preferred aspect of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed herein, the crystal structure of the composite oxide in the carrier is a spinel structure.
When a composite oxide having such a spinel structure is used for the carrier, Rh particles as a catalyst metal can be suitably dissolved in the composite oxide, and the solid solution state is stabilized. Therefore, when such a complex oxide is used, the grain growth of Rh particles is further suppressed, and a decrease in catalytic activity can be suppressed.
ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒の他の好ましい一態様では、上記担体における上記複合酸化物がマグネシウムとアルミニウムとの複合酸化物であることを特徴とする。
かかる複合酸化物は熱安定性が高いため、耐久後であっても表面積低下が小さく、触媒活性の低下を起こしにくい。また触媒金属であるＲｈ粒子は、塩基性が高い担体中に固溶すると安定化される傾向があるため、塩基性が高いマグネシウム系複合酸化物を担体に用いると、Ｒｈ粒子の粒成長がより一層抑制される。
In another preferable aspect of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst disclosed herein, the composite oxide in the carrier is a composite oxide of magnesium and aluminum.
Since such composite oxides have high thermal stability, the surface area decrease is small even after endurance, and it is difficult for catalyst activity to decrease. In addition, since Rh particles, which are catalytic metals, tend to be stabilized when dissolved in a highly basic support, when a high basicity magnesium-based composite oxide is used for the support, the Rh particles grow more. It is further suppressed.
以下、本発明の好適な実施形態を図面に基づいて説明する。なお、本明細書において特に言及している事項以外の事柄であって本発明の実施に必要な事柄（例えば、排ガス浄化用触媒の自動車における配置に関するような一般的事項）は、当該分野における従来技術に基づく当業者の設計事項として把握され得る。本発明は、本明細書に開示されている内容と当該分野における技術常識とに基づいて実施することができる。 DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that matters other than matters specifically mentioned in the present specification and necessary for the implementation of the present invention (for example, general matters relating to the arrangement of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst in an automobile) It can be grasped as a design matter of those skilled in the art based on the technology. The present invention can be carried out based on the contents disclosed in this specification and common technical knowledge in the field.
図１に、ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒の一態様、及び該排ガス浄化用触媒の状態変化について模式的に示した図を示す。即ち、ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒１は、担体としてアルカリ土類金属とアルミニウムとの複合酸化物２０と、触媒金属としてＲｈ粒子１０を備えている。 FIG. 1 schematically shows one embodiment of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst disclosed herein and the state change of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst. That is, the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 disclosed herein includes a composite oxide 20 of an alkaline earth metal and aluminum as a carrier and Rh particles 10 as a catalyst metal.
まず、触媒使用初期における排ガス浄化用触媒１の状態について説明する。使用初期の排ガス浄化用触媒１では、担体である上記複合酸化物２０上にＲｈ粒子１０が担持されている。この状態は後に説明する「状態Ｂ」に近似した状態である。
次に、排ガス浄化用触媒１が比較的高温の温度域（例えば１０００℃以上１２００℃以下）の酸素過剰雰囲気（リーン雰囲気；典型的には空燃比が１５．１付近。以下同じ）に十分に曝された場合における排ガス浄化用触媒１の状態について説明する。上記リーン雰囲気に曝された排ガス浄化用触媒１では、複合酸化物２０の表面に担持されていたＲｈ粒子１０のほとんど（典型的には排ガス浄化用触媒１中の全Ｒｈ原子量の８０ｍｏｌ％以上）が、上記複合酸化物２０に固溶し、固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０へと変化する。ここで固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０とは、上記複合酸化物２０に固溶しているＲｈ成分であり、複合酸化物２０内に存在するＲｈ原子（又は酸化物）、又はＲｈクラスタを包含する概念である。上記固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０が生成する結果、複合酸化物２０の表面からＴＥＭ観察に基づく粒子径１ｎｍ以上のＲｈ粒子１０は消失する。このときの排ガス浄化用触媒１の状態を本明細書では「状態Ａ」と呼ぶ。
First, the state of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 in the initial stage of using the catalyst will be described. In the exhaust gas purifying catalyst 1 at the initial stage of use, Rh particles 10 are supported on the composite oxide 20 as a carrier. This state is a state similar to “state B” described later.
Next, the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 is sufficiently in an oxygen-excessive atmosphere (a lean atmosphere; typically an air-fuel ratio is around 15.1; the same applies hereinafter) in a relatively high temperature range (for example, 1000 ° C. or more and 1200 ° C. or less). The state of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 when exposed will be described. In the exhaust gas purifying catalyst 1 exposed to the lean atmosphere, most of the Rh particles 10 supported on the surface of the composite oxide 20 (typically 80 mol% or more of the total amount of Rh atoms in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst 1). However, it dissolves in the composite oxide 20 and changes to solid solution Rh particles 30. Here, the solid solution Rh particles 30 are Rh components dissolved in the composite oxide 20 and include Rh atoms (or oxides) or Rh clusters present in the composite oxide 20. is there. As a result of the formation of the solid solution Rh particles 30, the Rh particles 10 having a particle diameter of 1 nm or more based on TEM observation disappear from the surface of the composite oxide 20. The state of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 at this time is referred to as “state A” in this specification.
続いて排ガス浄化用触媒１が比較的高温の温度域（例えば８００℃以上１０００℃未満）の酸素不足雰囲気（リッチ雰囲気；典型的には空燃比が１４．１付近。以下同じ）に十分に曝された場合における排ガス浄化用触媒１の状態について説明する。上記リッチ雰囲気に曝された排ガス浄化用触媒１では、複合酸化物２０に固溶していた固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０の大部分（典型的には排ガス浄化用触媒１中の全Ｒｈ原子量の５０ｍｏｌ％以上）が、十分に粒子径が小さい（例えば、ＴＥＭ観察に基づく平均粒子径が１ｎｍ以上３０ｎｍ以下、好ましくは１ｎｍ以上１５ｎｍ以下、より好ましくは５ｎｍ以下、さらには４ｎｍ以下、さらには３ｎｍ以下の）Ｒｈ粒子１０となって、再び複合酸化物２０の表面に析出する。このときの排ガス浄化用触媒１の状態を本明細書では「状態Ｂ」と呼ぶ。 Subsequently, the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 is sufficiently exposed to an oxygen-deficient atmosphere (rich atmosphere; typically the air-fuel ratio is around 14.1, the same applies hereinafter) in a relatively high temperature range (for example, 800 ° C. or higher and lower than 1000 ° C.). The state of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 in such a case will be described. In the exhaust gas purification catalyst 1 exposed to the rich atmosphere, most of the solid solution Rh particles 30 dissolved in the composite oxide 20 (typically 50 mol% of the total amount of Rh atoms in the exhaust gas purification catalyst 1). However, the particle diameter is sufficiently small (for example, the average particle diameter based on TEM observation is 1 nm to 30 nm, preferably 1 nm to 15 nm, more preferably 5 nm, further 4 nm, and further 3 nm) Rh particles 10 are deposited again on the surface of the composite oxide 20. The state of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 at this time is referred to as “state B” in this specification.
その後、排ガス浄化用触媒１の使用過程において、排ガスの雰囲気が上記リーン雰囲気及び上記リッチ雰囲気の間を繰り返し変動した場合、排ガス浄化用触媒１は上記状態Ａと上記状態Ｂの間を可逆的に変化することができる。即ち、一旦、上記複合酸化物２０に固溶した固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０が、排ガス中の酸素濃度の変化に起因して、再び上記複合酸化物２０の表面にＲｈ粒子１０として析出する（状態Ａ→状態Ｂ）、あるいは、上記複合酸化物２０の表面に担持されたＲｈ粒子１０が、排ガス中の酸素濃度の変化に起因して、担体である上記複合酸化物２０に固溶し、固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０となる（状態Ｂ→状態Ａ）ことができ、担体上のＲｈ粒子量についても可逆的に変化する。
よって、主にリッチ雰囲気下における使用により徐々に粒成長が進行してきたＲｈ粒子１０は、一旦、リーン雰囲気下に置かれることにより複合酸化物２０に固溶し、さらに再び排ガスがリッチ雰囲気となることにより、小さな粒子径を有するＲｈ粒子１０が再析出する。排ガス浄化用触媒１は上記状態Ａと上記状態Ｂの間を往復することにより、複合酸化物２０に担持されたＲｈ粒子１０の粒成長が抑制され、耐久後であっても触媒の浄化性能低下が抑制される。
Thereafter, in the process of using the exhaust gas purifying catalyst 1, when the exhaust gas atmosphere repeatedly fluctuates between the lean atmosphere and the rich atmosphere, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst 1 reversibly moves between the state A and the state B. Can change. That is, the solid solution Rh particles 30 once dissolved in the composite oxide 20 are precipitated again as Rh particles 10 on the surface of the composite oxide 20 due to a change in oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas (state A). → State B) Alternatively, the Rh particles 10 supported on the surface of the composite oxide 20 are dissolved in the composite oxide 20 as a carrier due to a change in the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas. Rh particles 30 can be obtained (state B → state A), and the amount of Rh particles on the carrier also reversibly changes.
Therefore, the Rh particles 10 whose grain growth has gradually progressed mainly due to use in a rich atmosphere are once dissolved in the composite oxide 20 by being placed in a lean atmosphere, and the exhaust gas becomes a rich atmosphere again. As a result, the Rh particles 10 having a small particle diameter are reprecipitated. The exhaust gas purifying catalyst 1 reciprocates between the state A and the state B, so that the grain growth of the Rh particles 10 supported on the composite oxide 20 is suppressed, and the purification performance of the catalyst is lowered even after the endurance. Is suppressed.
ここで、排ガスが酸素過剰雰囲気（リーン雰囲気）である場合、上述したとおり、上記排ガス浄化用触媒１の状態は状態Ａに近似する。即ち、ほとんど（典型的には排ガス浄化用触媒１中の全Ｒｈ原子量の８０ｍｏｌ％以上）のＲｈ粒子１０は複合酸化物２０に固溶し、固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０となる。上記複合酸化物２０に固溶した固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０は上記複合酸化物の表層付近（典型的には複合酸化物表面から０．５〜１０ｎｍ程度）において典型的には原子状態、あるいは酸化物状態で分散している。このためリーン雰囲気下で上記排ガス浄化用触媒１を使用した場合、担体上に担持されているＲｈ粒子量が少ないため、該触媒からのＲｈ蒸発が低減する。
また上記の場合、複合酸化物２０に固溶した固溶Ｒｈ粒子３０は排ガスとの接触性が低下するため、リーン雰囲気下における上記排ガス浄化用触媒の浄化性能は、リッチ雰囲気下における浄化性能と比較し低下する傾向がある。しかしながら一般的に、リーン雰囲気では排ガス中の有害成分（例えば、ＮＯｘ、ＣＯ、ＨＣなど）の濃度は比較的低く、リーン雰囲気下における排ガス浄化性能についてはあまり重要視しなくてもよい。
Here, when the exhaust gas is in an oxygen-excess atmosphere (lean atmosphere), the state of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 approximates to the state A as described above. That is, most of the Rh particles 10 (typically 80 mol% or more of the total amount of Rh atoms in the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1) are dissolved in the composite oxide 20 to form the solid solution Rh particles 30. The solid solution Rh particles 30 dissolved in the composite oxide 20 are typically in an atomic state or an oxide near the surface of the composite oxide (typically about 0.5 to 10 nm from the surface of the composite oxide). Distributed in state. For this reason, when the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 is used in a lean atmosphere, the amount of Rh particles supported on the carrier is small, so that Rh evaporation from the catalyst is reduced.
Further, in the above case, since the solid solution Rh particles 30 dissolved in the composite oxide 20 have low contact with the exhaust gas, the purification performance of the exhaust gas purification catalyst in a lean atmosphere is the same as the purification performance in a rich atmosphere. There is a tendency to decrease in comparison. However, in general, the concentration of harmful components (for example, NOx, CO, HC, etc.) in the exhaust gas is relatively low in the lean atmosphere, and the exhaust gas purification performance in the lean atmosphere may not be considered as important.
一方、排ガスが酸素不足雰囲気（リッチ雰囲気）になった場合、上記排ガス浄化用触媒１の状態は状態Ｂに近似する。即ち、大部分（典型的には排ガス浄化用触媒１中の全Ｒｈ原子量の５０ｍｏｌ％以上）のＲｈ粒子１０が複合酸化物２０上に析出する。このときの析出したＲｈ粒子１０の粒子径は十分に小さく（例えば１〜３０ｎｍ程度）、一部のＲｈ粒子１０は初期に複合酸化物に担持されていたＲｈ粒子１０と同等の、もしくはそれよりも小さい粒子径を持つ。上記Ｒｈ粒子１０は複合酸化物２０の表面で高分散な状態で存在するため、状態Ｂを呈する排ガス浄化用触媒１は高い触媒活性を示す。
一般的に排ガスがリッチ雰囲気である場合、排ガス中の有害成分（例えば、ＮＯｘ、ＣＯ、ＨＣなど）の濃度は比較的高いため、リッチ雰囲気下で浄化性能が高い本発明に係る排ガス浄化用触媒１は効果的に浄化性能を発揮することができ非常に有用である。また、リッチ雰囲気下はＮＯｘがＨＣ、ＣＯなどの還元ガスにより還元され易い環境であるため、リッチ雰囲気下においてＮＯｘ還元活性が高いＲｈ粒子１０が高分散している本発明に係る排ガス浄化用触媒１は、特に効率よくＮＯｘを浄化することができる。
On the other hand, when the exhaust gas becomes an oxygen-deficient atmosphere (rich atmosphere), the state of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 approximates to the state B. That is, most of the Rh particles 10 (typically 50 mol% or more of the total amount of Rh atoms in the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1) are deposited on the composite oxide 20. The particle diameter of the precipitated Rh particles 10 at this time is sufficiently small (for example, about 1 to 30 nm), and some of the Rh particles 10 are equal to or more than the Rh particles 10 initially supported on the composite oxide. Also have a small particle size. Since the Rh particles 10 exist in a highly dispersed state on the surface of the composite oxide 20, the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 that exhibits the state B exhibits high catalytic activity.
In general, when the exhaust gas is in a rich atmosphere, the concentration of harmful components (eg, NOx, CO, HC, etc.) in the exhaust gas is relatively high, so the exhaust gas purification catalyst according to the present invention has high purification performance in a rich atmosphere. No. 1 is very useful because it can effectively exhibit purification performance. Further, since the NOx is easily reduced by a reducing gas such as HC and CO under a rich atmosphere, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to the present invention in which the Rh particles 10 having high NOx reducing activity are highly dispersed in the rich atmosphere. 1 can purify NOx particularly efficiently.
ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒１を構成する上記複合酸化物２０は、アルカリ土類金属とアルミニウムとを含有する。上記複合酸化物２０を構成するアルカリ土類金属としては高耐熱性、高比表面積、及びＲｈ粒子１０の固溶し易さの観点からマグネシウムが好適に用いられる。
上記複合酸化物２０は、触媒金属であるＲｈ粒子１０を高分散させるため、比表面積の大きい粉末状のものが好適に用いられる。上記複合酸化物２０の平均粒子径は５ｎｍ以上５００ｎｍ以下が好ましく、２０ｎｍ以上２５０ｎｍ以下がより好ましい。ここで本明細書における複合酸化物２０に関する「平均粒子径」とはレーザ回折・散乱法により求めた積算値５０％での値をいう。また、上記複合酸化物２０のＢＥＴ比表面積（ＢＥＴ法により求められた比表面積、以下同じ。）は３０〜７００ｍ２／ｇが好ましく、５０〜３００ｍ２／ｇがより好ましい。
上記複合酸化物２０の粒子径が５００ｎｍよりも大きすぎる、またはＢＥＴ比表面積が３０ｍ２／ｇより小さすぎる場合は、触媒種であるＲｈ粒子１０の分散性が低下する傾向があり、触媒の浄化性能が低下しがちであるため好ましくない。また、上記複合酸化物２０の粒子径が５ｎｍよりも小さすぎる、またはＢＥＴ比表面積が７００ｍ２／ｇより大きすぎる場合は、上記複合酸化物２０自体の耐熱性が低下する傾向があり好ましくない。
The composite oxide 20 constituting the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 disclosed herein contains an alkaline earth metal and aluminum. As the alkaline earth metal constituting the composite oxide 20, magnesium is preferably used from the viewpoint of high heat resistance, a high specific surface area, and ease of solid solution of the Rh particles 10.
The composite oxide 20 is preferably used in the form of a powder having a large specific surface area in order to highly disperse the Rh particles 10 as the catalyst metal. The average particle diameter of the composite oxide 20 is preferably 5 nm to 500 nm, and more preferably 20 nm to 250 nm. Here, the “average particle diameter” regarding the composite oxide 20 in the present specification refers to a value at an integrated value of 50% obtained by a laser diffraction / scattering method. Further, BET specific surface area (specific surface area determined by the BET method, hereinafter the same.) Of the composite oxide 20 is preferably 30~700m 2 / g, 50~300m 2 / g is more preferable.
When the particle diameter of the composite oxide 20 is too larger than 500 nm or the BET specific surface area is too smaller than 30 m 2 / g, the dispersibility of the Rh particles 10 as the catalyst species tends to be lowered, and the catalyst is purified. Since the performance tends to decrease, it is not preferable. Moreover, when the particle diameter of the composite oxide 20 is too smaller than 5 nm, or the BET specific surface area is too larger than 700 m 2 / g, the heat resistance of the composite oxide 20 itself tends to decrease, which is not preferable.
ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒１に用いられる上記複合酸化物２０の作製法としては、特に制限されることなく、例えば、共沈法、ゾルゲル法、水熱合成法などを用いることができる。典型的な共沈法による作製法では、例えば、アルカリ土類金属元素、及びアルミニウム、の塩を所定の化学量論比で含む混合水溶液を調製し、該混合水溶液に中和剤を徐々に加えることにより、共沈物を得る。得られた共沈物を乾燥後、例えば５００〜１０００℃の加熱温度で焼成することにより上記複合酸化物２０が得られる。
上記アルカリ土類金属元素、及びアルミニウム、の塩としては、例えば、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、塩化物、ケイ酸塩などの無機塩や、酢酸塩、しゅう酸塩などの有機酸塩などが挙げられる。
上記中和剤としては、例えば、アンモニアや、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウム、炭酸アンモニウムなどの無機塩基を用いることができる。また、例えば、水酸化テトラメチルアンモニウム、トリエチルアミン、ピリジンなどの有機塩基を用いることもできる。
The method for producing the composite oxide 20 used in the exhaust gas purification catalyst 1 disclosed herein is not particularly limited, and for example, a coprecipitation method, a sol-gel method, a hydrothermal synthesis method, or the like can be used. . In a typical coprecipitation method, for example, a mixed aqueous solution containing a salt of an alkaline earth metal element and aluminum in a predetermined stoichiometric ratio is prepared, and a neutralizing agent is gradually added to the mixed aqueous solution. Thus, a coprecipitate is obtained. After drying the obtained coprecipitate, the composite oxide 20 is obtained by firing at a heating temperature of 500 to 1000 ° C., for example.
Examples of the alkaline earth metal element and aluminum salt include inorganic salts such as nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, and silicates, and organic acid salts such as acetates and oxalates.
As said neutralizing agent, inorganic bases, such as ammonia and sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, can be used, for example. For example, organic bases such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide, triethylamine, and pyridine can also be used.
ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒１に用いられる上記複合酸化物２０の結晶構造は、スピネル構造であることが好ましい。スピネル構造を有する複合酸化物２０を担体として用いると、Ｒｈ粒子１０が該複合酸化物２０に固溶した状態で安定化され易い。
アルカリ土類金属とアルミニウムとの複合酸化物であって、スピネル構造を有する酸化物は、下記一般式（１）で表される。
ＭＡｌ２Ｏ４ （１）
上記一般式（１）において、Ｍは、Ｍｇ、Ｃａ、ＳｒおよびＢａから選択される少なくとも１種の元素を示している。これらの元素は単独でもよく、また二種類以上を組み合わせて用いることもできる。上記一般式（１）において、Ｍは、好ましくはマグネシウム（Ｍｇ）である。Ｍがマグネシウムである上記一般式（１）で示される上記複合酸化物は、耐熱性が高く、高比表面積のものが得やすい。また、このような複合酸化物は塩基性が高く、該複合酸化物にＲｈ粒子１０が固溶した場合、その固溶状態が安定化されるため好適である。
The crystal structure of the composite oxide 20 used in the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 disclosed herein is preferably a spinel structure. When the composite oxide 20 having a spinel structure is used as a carrier, the Rh particles 10 are easily stabilized in a state of being dissolved in the composite oxide 20.
An oxide having a spinel structure, which is a complex oxide of an alkaline earth metal and aluminum, is represented by the following general formula (1).
MAl 2 O 4 (1)
In the general formula (1), M represents at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. These elements may be used alone or in combination of two or more. In the general formula (1), M is preferably magnesium (Mg). The complex oxide represented by the general formula (1) in which M is magnesium has high heat resistance and is easily obtained with a high specific surface area. Further, such a complex oxide is preferable because it has high basicity, and when the Rh particles 10 are dissolved in the complex oxide, the solid solution state is stabilized.
ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒１に用いられるＲｈ粒子１０は、排ガスとの接触面積を高める観点から十分に小さい粒子径を有することが好ましい。典型的には、Ｒｈ粒子１０の平均粒子径は１ｎｍ以上３０ｎｍ以下程度が好ましいが、触媒の耐久後の浄化性能向上の観点から５ｎｍ以上１５ｎｍ以下であることがより好ましく、６ｎｍ以上１１ｎｍ以下であることがさらに好ましい。
上記の粒子径範囲を有するＲｈ粒子１０を調製する方法としては、コロイド法、逆ミセル法、沈殿法、共沈法等があり特に制限されないが、粒子径を制御し易い観点からコロイド法が好ましく用いられる。典型的なコロイド法では、適当な溶媒に貴金属塩であるロジウム塩と有機分子を投入して撹拌し、分散媒中にロジウムイオンと有機分子とが存在する混合溶液を調製する。その後、該混合溶液を加熱還流する、又は還元剤を加えることによりロジウムイオンを還元し、Ｒｈ粒子の周囲に有機分子が配位したＲｈコロイドの分散液を調製する。このとき、加熱還流の条件や還元剤を適当に制御することにより、粒子径を制御したＲｈ粒子１０を作製することができる。
上記有機分子としては、例えば、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリエチレンイミド、ポリアクリル酸、シュウ酸、クエン酸、マレイン酸などの安定度の高い化合物、又はこれらの混合物を用いることができる。上記溶媒としては、例えば、水、メタノール、エタノールなどのアルコール類、酢酸メチルエステル、酢酸エチルエステルなどのエステル類、ジエチルエーテルなどのエーテル類、又はこれらの混合物を用いることができる。上記ロジウム塩としては、ジニトロジアミン塩、トリアンミン塩、テトラアンミン塩、ヘキサアンミン塩などの貴金属錯体、硝酸塩、塩化物、硫酸塩などの無機塩が使用可能である。上記還元剤としては、ヒドラジン、水素化ホウ素ナトリウム、水素ガスなどが好適に使用できる。
The Rh particles 10 used in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst 1 disclosed herein preferably have a sufficiently small particle diameter from the viewpoint of increasing the contact area with the exhaust gas. Typically, the average particle size of the Rh particles 10 is preferably about 1 nm or more and 30 nm or less, but is more preferably 5 nm or more and 15 nm or less, and more preferably 6 nm or more and 11 nm or less from the viewpoint of improving the purification performance after the durability of the catalyst. More preferably.
The method for preparing Rh particles 10 having the above particle size range includes colloid method, reverse micelle method, precipitation method, coprecipitation method and the like, and is not particularly limited. However, colloid method is preferable from the viewpoint of easy control of particle size. Used. In a typical colloidal method, a rhodium salt that is a noble metal salt and an organic molecule are put into a suitable solvent and stirred to prepare a mixed solution in which rhodium ions and organic molecules are present in a dispersion medium. Thereafter, the mixed solution is heated to reflux or a rhodium ion is reduced by adding a reducing agent to prepare a dispersion of Rh colloid in which organic molecules are coordinated around the Rh particles. At this time, Rh particles 10 having a controlled particle size can be produced by appropriately controlling the heating reflux conditions and the reducing agent.
As the organic molecule, for example, a highly stable compound such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene imide, polyacrylic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, or a mixture thereof can be used. Examples of the solvent include water, alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, esters such as acetic acid methyl ester and ethyl acetate, ethers such as diethyl ether, or a mixture thereof. As the rhodium salt, a noble metal complex such as a dinitrodiamine salt, a triammine salt, a tetraammine salt or a hexaammine salt, or an inorganic salt such as a nitrate, chloride or sulfate can be used. As the reducing agent, hydrazine, sodium borohydride, hydrogen gas and the like can be preferably used.
上記複合酸化物２０に担持させるＲｈ粒子１０の担持量は特に制限されないが、担体である上記複合酸化物２０に対して０．０５〜２質量％の範囲（例えば０．５〜１．５質量％）とすることが適当である。Ｒｈ粒子１０の担持量が上記範囲より少なすぎると十分な触媒活性が得られ難いため好ましくない。また、上記範囲より多すぎても触媒の浄化性能が飽和する虞があるうえに、高温使用時にＲｈ粒子１０の粒成長が生じる虞があり、さらにコスト面でも不利である。
上記複合酸化物２０にＲｈ粒子１０を担持させる方法としては、特に制限されず、例えば含浸法や吸着法を用いることができる。典型的な含浸法では、ロジウム塩を含有する水溶液やＲｈ粒子分散液に複合酸化物粉末を含浸させた後、乾燥させ、焼成することにより調製することができる。このときの焼成温度は３００℃〜７００℃が適当である。焼成温度が７００℃より高すぎると、複合酸化物２０に担持されたＲｈ粒子１０の粒成長が進行する虞があるため好ましくない。
The amount of the Rh particles 10 supported on the composite oxide 20 is not particularly limited, but is in the range of 0.05 to 2% by mass (for example, 0.5 to 1.5% by mass) with respect to the composite oxide 20 as a support. %) Is appropriate. If the amount of the Rh particles 10 supported is too small, it is not preferable because sufficient catalytic activity cannot be obtained. Further, if the amount is more than the above range, the purification performance of the catalyst may be saturated, and the Rh particles 10 may grow during use at a high temperature, which is disadvantageous in terms of cost.
The method for supporting the Rh particles 10 on the composite oxide 20 is not particularly limited, and for example, an impregnation method or an adsorption method can be used. In a typical impregnation method, the composite oxide powder can be impregnated with an aqueous solution or rhodium particle dispersion containing a rhodium salt, followed by drying and firing. The firing temperature at this time is suitably 300 ° C to 700 ° C. If the firing temperature is higher than 700 ° C., there is a possibility that the grain growth of the Rh particles 10 supported on the composite oxide 20 may proceed, which is not preferable.
ここに開示される排ガス浄化用触媒１は、ハニカム形状、ペレット形状、フォーム形状、又はフィルタ形状など、従来この種の触媒に用いられるのと同様の形状のものに成形されて用いることができる、例えばハニカム形状に成形する場合、コージェライト、炭化ケイ素（ＳｉＣ）等の高耐熱衝撃性を有するセラミックスまたは合金（ステンレス等）から形成されたハニカム構造を備えるハニカム基材の表面に、上記Ｒｈ粒子１０が担持された上記複合酸化物２０をコートすることにより作製される。また、ペレット形状に成形する場合は、上記Ｒｈ粒子１０が担持された上記複合酸化物２０を、プレス機などを用いた常法によりペレット状に成形することにより作製される。 The exhaust gas-purifying catalyst 1 disclosed herein can be used after being molded into a shape similar to that conventionally used for this type of catalyst, such as a honeycomb shape, a pellet shape, a foam shape, or a filter shape. For example, when forming into a honeycomb shape, the Rh particles 10 are formed on the surface of a honeycomb substrate having a honeycomb structure formed of ceramic or alloy (stainless steel or the like) having high thermal shock resistance such as cordierite or silicon carbide (SiC). It is produced by coating the composite oxide 20 on which is supported. Moreover, when shape | molding in a pellet shape, it manufactures by shape | molding the said complex oxide 20 with which the said Rh particle | grain 10 was carry | supported by the conventional method using a press machine.
以下、本発明に関するいくつかの実施例につき説明するが、本発明をかかる具体例に示
すものに限定することを意図したものではない。
Several examples relating to the present invention will be described below, but the present invention is not intended to be limited to those shown in the specific examples.
＜Ｒｈ微粒子の製造＞
まず、平均粒子径の異なるＲｈ微粒子をコロイド法により調製した。Ｒｈ総量が４．５×１０−３ｍｏｌである硝酸ロジウム（ＩＩＩ）溶液にイオン交換水を加え３００ｇのＲｈ希釈溶液を調製した。また、モノマーユニット換算で２．２５×１０−２ｍｏｌ（即ち上記Ｒｈ希釈溶液におけるＲｈ総量の５倍）となるＰＶＰ（ポリビニルピロリドン）２．５２ｇにイオン交換水３００ｇを加え撹拌し、完全に溶解させた均一なＰＶＰ溶液を調製した。次に、調製したＰＶＰ溶液にＲｈ希釈溶液をゆっくり滴下しながら混合し、室温で１時間撹拌し、さらに該混合液にエタノールを加え３０分間撹拌した。このとき上記混合液に含まれるイオン交換水とエタノールの質量混合比率（イオン交換水：エタノール）が２０：８０となるようにした。
続いて、得られた溶液を加熱還流しＲｈイオンを還元することにより、Ｒｈ微粒子溶液を得た。その際、上記加熱還流における加熱時間を１時間〜８時間まで変化させることにより、得られるＲｈ微粒子の平均粒子径を制御した。具体的には、加熱時間が１時間、２時間、４時間、８時間の場合は、得られたＲｈ微粒子の平均粒子径はそれぞれ２ｎｍ、５ｎｍ、８ｎｍ、１５ｎｍであった。ここでＲｈ微粒子の平均粒子径はＴＥＭ（透過型電子顕微鏡）による観察により求めた。
<Manufacture of Rh fine particles>
First, Rh fine particles having different average particle diameters were prepared by a colloid method. Ion exchange water was added to a rhodium nitrate (III) solution having a total Rh amount of 4.5 × 10 −3 mol to prepare 300 g of a diluted Rh solution. In addition, 300 g of ion-exchanged water is added to 2.52 g of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) that is 2.25 × 10 −2 mol in terms of monomer unit (that is, 5 times the total amount of Rh in the Rh-diluted solution), and the solution is completely dissolved. A uniform PVP solution was prepared. Next, the Rh diluted solution was slowly added dropwise to the prepared PVP solution and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Ethanol was added to the mixture and stirred for 30 minutes. At this time, the mass mixing ratio of ion-exchanged water and ethanol contained in the mixed solution (ion-exchanged water: ethanol) was set to 20:80.
Subsequently, the obtained solution was heated to reflux to reduce Rh ions to obtain an Rh fine particle solution. In that case, the average particle diameter of the Rh fine particles obtained was controlled by changing the heating time in the heating reflux from 1 hour to 8 hours. Specifically, when the heating time was 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours, the average particle diameters of the obtained Rh fine particles were 2 nm, 5 nm, 8 nm, and 15 nm, respectively. Here, the average particle diameter of the Rh fine particles was determined by observation with a TEM (transmission electron microscope).
＜排ガス浄化用触媒の製造＞
（例１）
スピネル（ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４）粉末（大日精化工業（株）社製）３０ｇを蒸留水１８０ｇに分散させた溶液に、硝酸ロジウム（ＩＩＩ）溶液を適当量添加し、１時間撹拌した。このとき添加した硝酸ロジウム（ＩＩＩ）溶液におけるＲｈ原子換算量が、上記スピネル粉末に対して１質量％となるようにした。得られた溶液を１２０℃で加熱することにより乾燥させ、さらに６００℃で２時間焼成した。得られた粉末は乳鉢で粉砕し、プレス機によりペレット状に成形し、例１に係る排ガス浄化用触媒とした。例１に係る排ガス浄化用触媒をＴＥＭにより観察した結果、平均粒子径が１ｎｍのＲｈ粒子が上記スピネル担体に担持されていることが確認された。
（例２）
スピネル（ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４）粉末（大日精化工業（株）社製）３０ｇを蒸留水１８０ｇに分散させた溶液に、上記製法により製造した平均粒子径２ｎｍのＲｈ微粒子溶液を適当量添加し、１時間撹拌した。このとき添加したＲｈ微粒子量は、上記スピネル粉末に対して１質量％となるようにした。次に得られた溶液を１２０℃で加熱することにより乾燥させ、さらに６００℃で２時間焼成した。得られた粉末は上記例１に係るペレット成形方法と同様の手法によりペレット状に成形し、例２に係る排ガス浄化用触媒とした。
（例３）
上記例２に係る製造プロセスにおいて、平均粒子径２ｎｍのＲｈ微粒子溶液の代わりに平均粒子径５ｎｍのＲｈ微粒子溶液を用いること以外は同様の製造プロセスにより、例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒を製造した。
（例４）
上記例２に係る製造プロセスにおいて、平均粒子径２ｎｍのＲｈ微粒子溶液の代わりに平均粒子径８ｎｍのＲｈ微粒子溶液を用いること以外は同様の製造プロセスにより、例４に係る排ガス浄化用触媒を製造した。
（例５）
上記例２に係る製造プロセスにおいて、平均粒子径２ｎｍのＲｈ微粒子溶液の代わりに平均粒子径１５ｎｍのＲｈ微粒子溶液を用いること以外は同様の製造プロセスにより、例５に係る排ガス浄化用触媒を製造した。
<Manufacture of exhaust gas purification catalyst>
(Example 1)
An appropriate amount of a rhodium (III) nitrate solution was added to a solution in which 30 g of spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) powder (manufactured by Dainichi Seika Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was dispersed in 180 g of distilled water, and stirred for 1 hour. The amount of Rh atom conversion in the rhodium nitrate (III) solution added at this time was 1% by mass with respect to the spinel powder. The obtained solution was dried by heating at 120 ° C. and further calcined at 600 ° C. for 2 hours. The obtained powder was pulverized in a mortar and formed into pellets with a press machine to obtain an exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 1. As a result of observing the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 1 with TEM, it was confirmed that Rh particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm were supported on the spinel carrier.
(Example 2)
An appropriate amount of an Rh fine particle solution having an average particle diameter of 2 nm produced by the above production method was added to a solution in which 30 g of spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) powder (manufactured by Dainichi Seika Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was dispersed in 180 g of distilled water, Stir for 1 hour. The amount of Rh fine particles added at this time was 1% by mass with respect to the spinel powder. Next, the obtained solution was dried by heating at 120 ° C., and further calcined at 600 ° C. for 2 hours. The obtained powder was formed into pellets by the same method as the pellet forming method according to Example 1 above, and used as an exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 2.
(Example 3)
In the production process according to Example 2, the exhaust gas purification catalyst according to Example 3 was produced by the same production process except that the Rh fine particle solution having an average particle diameter of 5 nm was used instead of the Rh fine particle solution having an average particle diameter of 2 nm. .
(Example 4)
In the production process according to Example 2, the exhaust gas purification catalyst according to Example 4 was produced by the same production process except that the Rh fine particle solution having an average particle diameter of 8 nm was used instead of the Rh fine particle solution having an average particle diameter of 2 nm. .
(Example 5)
In the production process according to Example 2, the exhaust gas purification catalyst according to Example 5 was produced by the same production process except that an Rh fine particle solution having an average particle diameter of 15 nm was used instead of the Rh fine particle solution having an average particle diameter of 2 nm. .
＜固溶挙動の観測；Ｒｈ比表面積測定＞
Ｒｈ粒子を担持させた複合酸化物について、酸素存在下（酸化雰囲気下）におけるＲｈ粒子の複合酸化物への固溶挙動を観察するため、上記排ガス浄化用触媒を所定の加熱温度で加熱したときの触媒上のＲｈ活性点数（比表面積）を測定した。具体的には、上記例１（Ｒｈ粒子径１ｎｍ）、及び例３（Ｒｈ粒子径５ｎｍ）に係る排ガス浄化用触媒を空気中で１０時間、５００〜１０００℃の温度範囲に設定した電気炉で加熱し、その後、ＣＯパルス吸着法を用いて該排ガス浄化用触媒におけるＲｈ比表面積を測定した。図２に例１及び例３に係るＲｈ比表面積と加熱温度との相関を示す（縦軸：Ｒｈ比表面積（ｍ２／ｇ）、横軸：加熱温度（℃））。
図２より明らかなように、例１及び例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒のＲｈ比表面積は、ともに加熱温度が６００℃以下の場合、ほぼ一定の値を示した。一方、加熱温度を７００℃以上に設定すると例１及び例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒のＲｈ比表面積は大幅に減少することが確認できた。これは、７００℃以上の加熱温度において、複合酸化物に担持されたＲｈ粒子の多くが該複合酸化物に固溶し、Ｒｈ粒子が複合酸化物表面から消失したことを示している。
<Observation of solid solution behavior; Rh specific surface area measurement>
When the above-mentioned exhaust gas-purifying catalyst is heated at a predetermined heating temperature in order to observe the solid solution behavior of the Rh particles in the composite oxide in the presence of oxygen (in an oxidizing atmosphere) with respect to the composite oxide carrying Rh particles. The number of Rh active sites on the catalyst (specific surface area) was measured. Specifically, in an electric furnace in which the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 1 (Rh particle diameter 1 nm) and Example 3 (Rh particle diameter 5 nm) is set in a temperature range of 500 to 1000 ° C. in air for 10 hours. After heating, the Rh specific surface area of the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst was measured using a CO pulse adsorption method. FIG. 2 shows the correlation between the Rh specific surface area and the heating temperature according to Example 1 and Example 3 (vertical axis: Rh specific surface area (m 2 / g), horizontal axis: heating temperature (° C.)).
As is clear from FIG. 2, the Rh specific surface areas of the exhaust gas purifying catalysts according to Examples 1 and 3 both showed a substantially constant value when the heating temperature was 600 ° C. or less. On the other hand, when the heating temperature was set to 700 ° C. or higher, it was confirmed that the Rh specific surface area of the exhaust gas purifying catalysts according to Examples 1 and 3 was significantly reduced. This indicates that at the heating temperature of 700 ° C. or higher, most of the Rh particles supported on the composite oxide were dissolved in the composite oxide, and the Rh particles disappeared from the surface of the composite oxide.
＜促進耐久処理及び再生処理＞
上記排ガス浄化用触媒の耐久使用前後の特性の変化を調べるために、上記の排ガス浄化用触媒（例１〜５）について、促進耐久処理を施した。促進耐久処理は上記排ガス浄化用触媒を酸素存在下、即ち酸化雰囲気下において１０００℃で１０時間保持することにより行った。
その後、上記促進耐久処理後の排ガス浄化用触媒（例１〜５）を、リッチ雰囲気（還元雰囲気）ガス及びリーン雰囲気（酸化雰囲気）ガスに交互に曝すことにより、該排ガス浄化用触媒の再生処理を行った。具体的には、促進耐久処理後の排ガス浄化用触媒を８００℃で保持し、そこに空燃比（Ａ／Ｆ）が１４．１のリッチ雰囲気ガスと、空燃比（Ａ／Ｆ）が１５．１のリーン雰囲気ガスを２分間のサイクルで１時間、交互に繰り返し流すことにより、排ガス浄化用触媒（例１〜５）の再生処理を行った。
<Accelerated durability treatment and regeneration treatment>
In order to investigate the change in the characteristics of the exhaust gas purification catalyst before and after durable use, the above exhaust gas purification catalyst (Examples 1 to 5) was subjected to accelerated durability treatment. The accelerated durability treatment was performed by holding the exhaust gas purifying catalyst in the presence of oxygen, that is, in an oxidizing atmosphere at 1000 ° C. for 10 hours.
Thereafter, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst (Examples 1 to 5) after the accelerated durability treatment is alternately exposed to a rich atmosphere (reducing atmosphere) gas and a lean atmosphere (oxidizing atmosphere) gas to regenerate the exhaust gas purifying catalyst. Went. Specifically, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst after the accelerated endurance treatment is held at 800 ° C., where there is a rich atmospheric gas having an air-fuel ratio (A / F) of 14.1 and an air-fuel ratio (A / F) of 15. The exhaust gas purification catalyst (Examples 1 to 5) was regenerated by repeatedly flowing 1 lean atmosphere gas alternately for 1 hour in a cycle of 2 minutes.
＜Ｒｈ比表面積測定＞
上記例１〜例５に係る排ガス浄化用触媒について、上記促進耐久処理及び再生処理に係る一連の処理の前後におけるＲｈ比表面積を、ＣＯパルス吸着法により測定した。結果を図３に示す（縦軸：Ｒｈ比表面積（ｍ２／ｇ）、横軸：Ｒｈ粒子平均粒子径（ｎｍ））。
図３より明らかなように、上記排ガス浄化用触媒（例１〜５）に対し、促進耐久処理及び再生処理を施す前、即ち該触媒の使用初期における、複合酸化物に担持されたＲｈ比表面積は、Ｒｈ粒子の平均粒子径が大きくなるほど減少する傾向があることが確認された。これに対し、促進耐久処理及び再生処理に係る一連の処理を施した後のＲｈ比表面積については、初期のＲｈ粒子平均粒子径が比較的小さい（概ね粒子径１ｎｍ以上３ｎｍ以下の）排ガス浄化用触媒（即ち例１、２）では、処理後のＲｈ比表面積が大幅に減少した。一方、初期のＲｈ粒子平均粒子径が比較的大きい（概ね粒子径５ｎｍ以上１５ｎｍ以下の）排ガス浄化用触媒（即ち例３〜５）では、上記処理後のＲｈ比表面積は使用初期とほとんど変化しない、又は若干増加した。即ち、Ｒｈ粒子の平均粒子径が５ｎｍ以上１５ｎｍ以下の排ガス浄化用触媒に係るＲｈ粒子は、上記再生処理により、該触媒の使用初期と同等か、またはさらに高分散な状態になっていることが明らかとなった。
<Rh specific surface area measurement>
For the exhaust gas purification catalysts according to Examples 1 to 5, the Rh specific surface area before and after the series of treatments related to the accelerated durability treatment and the regeneration treatment was measured by a CO pulse adsorption method. The results are shown in FIG. 3 (vertical axis: Rh specific surface area (m 2 / g), horizontal axis: Rh particle average particle diameter (nm)).
As is clear from FIG. 3, the Rh specific surface area supported by the composite oxide before the accelerated endurance treatment and the regeneration treatment, that is, in the initial use of the catalyst, for the exhaust gas purification catalysts (Examples 1 to 5). It was confirmed that there is a tendency for the Rh particles to decrease as the average particle size of the Rh particles increases. On the other hand, for the Rh specific surface area after the series of treatments related to the accelerated durability treatment and the regeneration treatment, the initial Rh particle average particle size is relatively small (approximately 1 to 3 nm in particle size) for exhaust gas purification. In the catalyst (ie, Examples 1 and 2), the Rh specific surface area after the treatment was greatly reduced. On the other hand, in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst (that is, Examples 3 to 5) whose initial Rh particle average particle size is relatively large (approximately 5 to 15 nm in general), the Rh specific surface area after the above treatment hardly changes from the initial use. Or slightly increased. That is, the Rh particles related to the exhaust gas purification catalyst having an average particle diameter of Rh particles of 5 nm or more and 15 nm or less may be equivalent to the initial use of the catalyst or more highly dispersed by the regeneration treatment. It became clear.
＜ＴＥＭによる排ガス浄化用触媒の状態変化の観察＞
例１、及び例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒について、１）初期、２）上記促進耐久処理を行った後、及び３）上記促進耐久処理に続けて上記再生処理を行った後、における該排ガス浄化用触媒の状態変化を観測するために、上記１）〜３）の各段階における各排ガス浄化用触媒（例１、３）についてＴＥＭによる観察を行った。
図４及び図７に、例１及び例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒の１）初期のＴＥＭ像を示す。図５及び図８に、例１及び例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒の２）上記促進耐久処理を行った後のＴＥＭ像を示す。図６及び図９に例１及び例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒の３）上記再生処理を行った後のＴＥＭ像を示す。
<Observation of state change of exhaust gas purification catalyst by TEM>
Regarding the exhaust gas purifying catalysts according to Example 1 and Example 3, the exhaust gas in 1) initial stage, 2) after the accelerated durability treatment, and 3) after the regeneration treatment following the accelerated durability treatment In order to observe the state change of the purification catalyst, each exhaust gas purification catalyst (Examples 1 and 3) in each stage of the above 1) to 3) was observed by TEM.
4 and 7 show 1) initial TEM images of the exhaust gas purifying catalysts according to Examples 1 and 3. FIG. 5 and 8 show TEM images of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Examples 1 and 3 after 2) the accelerated durability treatment. FIGS. 6 and 9 show TEM images of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 1 and Example 3 after the above regeneration treatment.
例１に係る排ガス浄化用触媒の場合、図４に示すように、初期段階では複合酸化物の表面に粒子径１ｎｍ程度のＲｈ粒子が担持されていることが確認された。
また、図５に示すように、上記促進耐久処理後、即ち酸化雰囲気下において１０００℃で加熱した後のＴＥＭ観察では、Ｒｈ粒子は確認されなかった。このときＴＥＭ−ＥＤＳ（エネルギー分散型Ｘ線分光分析）による元素分析を行ったが、上記排ガス浄化用触媒においてはＲｈ成分は検出されなかった。これは、複合酸化物内にＲｈが固溶・拡散することにより、Ｒｈ濃度がＴＥＭ−ＥＤＳの検出限界以下となったためである。また、上記促進耐久処理後の例１に係る排ガス浄化用触媒について、ＸＰＳ（Ｘ線光電子分光）測定を行ったところ、酸化状態であるＲｈに由来するピークが観測された。よって、表層付近（典型的には表面から１０ｎｍ以下）にＲｈ成分が存在していることが確認された。
一方、図６に示すように、再生処理後のＴＥＭ観察では、粒子径が１ｎｍ程度のＲｈ粒子が再び複合酸化物上に分散して担持されている様子が確認された。
In the case of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 1, as shown in FIG. 4, it was confirmed that Rh particles having a particle diameter of about 1 nm were supported on the surface of the composite oxide in the initial stage.
Further, as shown in FIG. 5, Rh particles were not confirmed by TEM observation after the accelerated durability treatment, that is, after heating at 1000 ° C. in an oxidizing atmosphere. At this time, elemental analysis by TEM-EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis) was performed, but no Rh component was detected in the exhaust gas purification catalyst. This is because the Rh concentration became below the detection limit of TEM-EDS due to the solid solution and diffusion of Rh in the composite oxide. Further, when XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurement was performed on the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 1 after the accelerated durability treatment, a peak derived from the oxidized state Rh was observed. Therefore, it was confirmed that the Rh component was present near the surface layer (typically 10 nm or less from the surface).
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 6, in the TEM observation after the regeneration treatment, it was confirmed that Rh particles having a particle diameter of about 1 nm were again dispersed and supported on the composite oxide.
例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒の場合、図７より明らかなように、初期段階では粒子径が３〜５ｎｍ程度のＲｈ粒子が複合酸化物に担持していることが確認された。
一方、図８に示すように、上記促進耐久処理後、即ち酸化雰囲気下において１０００℃で加熱した後のＴＥＭ観察では、Ｒｈ粒子は確認されなかった。また、このときＴＥＭ−ＥＤＳにより複合酸化物の表面部分の元素分析をした結果、上記排ガス浄化用触媒においてはＲｈが検出されなかった。これは上記例１の場合と同様に、複合酸化物内にＲｈが固溶・拡散することによりＲｈ濃度が検出限界以下となったためである。また、上記促進耐久処理後の例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒について、ＸＰＳ（Ｘ線光電子分光）測定を行ったところ、酸化状態であるＲｈに由来するピークが観測されたことから、表層付近（典型的には表面から１０ｎｍ以下）にＲｈ成分が存在していることが確認された。
図９に示すように、再生処理を施した後のＴＥＭ像では、再び粒子径が４〜５ｎｍ程度のＲｈ粒子が複合酸化物の表面に析出していることが確認された。このときの複合酸化物上に担持されたＲｈ粒子の数はＴＥＭ観察の限りにおいて、例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒の使用初期（図７）とほぼ同等であることが確認された。
In the case of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 3, as is clear from FIG. 7, it was confirmed that Rh particles having a particle diameter of about 3 to 5 nm are supported on the composite oxide in the initial stage.
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 8, Rh particles were not confirmed in the TEM observation after the accelerated durability treatment, that is, after heating at 1000 ° C. in an oxidizing atmosphere. At this time, as a result of elemental analysis of the surface portion of the composite oxide by TEM-EDS, Rh was not detected in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst. This is because, as in the case of Example 1, the Rh concentration became below the detection limit due to the solid solution and diffusion of Rh in the composite oxide. Further, when the XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurement was performed on the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 3 after the accelerated durability treatment, a peak derived from the oxidation state Rh was observed. It was confirmed that the Rh component is typically present 10 nm or less from the surface).
As shown in FIG. 9, in the TEM image after the regeneration treatment, it was confirmed that Rh particles having a particle diameter of about 4 to 5 nm were precipitated again on the surface of the composite oxide. It was confirmed that the number of Rh particles supported on the composite oxide at this time was almost the same as that in the initial use of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 3 (FIG. 7) as far as TEM observation was concerned.
以上のＴＥＭ観察の結果により、例１及び例３に係る排ガス浄化用触媒を構成するＲｈ粒子は、ともに、上記促進耐久処理、即ち酸化雰囲気下における加熱により、一旦、複合酸化物に固溶し、続いて再生処理を施すことにより平均粒子径が１〜５ｎｍ程度の十分に小さいＲｈ粒子が複合酸化物表面に析出することが確認された。特に、例３（Ｒｈ粒子径５ｎｍ程度）に係る排ガス浄化用触媒では、再生処理により再析出するＲｈ粒子の粒子径は十分に小さく（４〜５ｎｍ程度）、かつ該Ｒｈ粒子の数が初期段階と同等程度に多いため良好であった。 As a result of the above TEM observation, both Rh particles constituting the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 1 and Example 3 were once dissolved in the composite oxide by the accelerated durability treatment, that is, heating in an oxidizing atmosphere. Subsequently, it was confirmed that sufficiently small Rh particles having an average particle diameter of about 1 to 5 nm are precipitated on the surface of the composite oxide by performing a regeneration treatment. In particular, in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Example 3 (Rh particle diameter of about 5 nm), the particle diameter of Rh particles reprecipitated by the regeneration treatment is sufficiently small (about 4 to 5 nm), and the number of Rh particles is in the initial stage. It was good because it was almost as high as.
＜浄化性能評価試験＞
上記再生処理後の各排ガス浄化用触媒（例１〜例５）について浄化性能を評価した。具体的にはまず上記排ガス浄化用触媒３．０ｇを秤量し浄化性能評価装置に配置した。その後、評価装置内温度を６００℃から１００℃まで２０℃／ｍｉｎの降温速度により降温しながらストイキ雰囲気である表１に示す組成のガスを評価装置内に流通させ、触媒通過後のガス中に含まれる総炭化水素（Ｔ．ＨＣ）、一酸化炭素（ＣＯ）、及び窒素酸化物（ＮＯｘ）の含有量を測定し、ガス投入時の各成分の５０ｍｏｌ％が浄化により減少した時の温度（５０％浄化温度（℃））を求めた。測定条件（ガス組成（容量比）、ガス流量、降温条件）は表１に示す通りである。
<Purification performance evaluation test>
The purification performance of each exhaust gas purification catalyst (Example 1 to Example 5) after the regeneration treatment was evaluated. Specifically, first, 3.0 g of the exhaust gas purification catalyst was weighed and placed in a purification performance evaluation apparatus. Thereafter, the gas having the composition shown in Table 1, which is a stoichiometric atmosphere, was circulated in the evaluation device while lowering the temperature in the evaluation device from 600 ° C. to 100 ° C. at a temperature decrease rate of 20 ° C./min. The content of total hydrocarbons (T.HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained is measured, and the temperature when 50 mol% of each component at the time of gas injection is reduced by purification ( The 50% purification temperature (° C.) was determined. Measurement conditions (gas composition (volume ratio), gas flow rate, temperature drop condition) are as shown in Table 1.
上記浄化性能評価試験の結果を表２に示す。また該結果のうち、総炭化水素（Ｔ．ＨＣ）に係る５０％浄化温度とＲｈ粒子の平均粒子径との相関について、図１０に示す（縦軸：Ｔ．ＨＣ５０％浄化温度（℃）、横軸：Ｒｈ平均粒子径（ｎｍ）。） The results of the purification performance evaluation test are shown in Table 2. Of the results, the correlation between the 50% purification temperature for total hydrocarbons (T.HC) and the average particle diameter of Rh particles is shown in FIG. 10 (vertical axis: T.HC 50% purification temperature (° C.), Horizontal axis: Rh average particle diameter (nm).)
表２および図１０より明らかなように、例１〜例５に係る排ガス浄化用触媒の再生処理後のＴ．ＨＣ５０％浄化温度は概ね３１０℃以下であり、良好であった。特に、例３〜５（Ｒｈ平均粒子径が５〜１５ｎｍ）に係る排ガス浄化用触媒のＴ．ＨＣ５０％浄化温度は概ね３００℃以下であり、より良好な浄化性能を発揮した。また表２に示す結果より総炭化水素、一酸化炭素、および窒素酸化物に対するいずれの浄化性能についても、例１〜例５に係る排ガス浄化用触媒は良好な結果を示し、特に例３〜例５（Ｒｈ平均粒子径が５〜１５ｎｍ）に係る排ガス浄化用触媒はより良好な浄化性能を発揮することが確認された。 As apparent from Table 2 and FIG. 10, the T.O. The HC 50% purification temperature was approximately 310 ° C. or less, which was good. In particular, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to Examples 3 to 5 (Rh average particle diameter is 5 to 15 nm) was used. The HC 50% purification temperature was approximately 300 ° C. or less, and better purification performance was exhibited. Further, from the results shown in Table 2, the exhaust gas purifying catalysts according to Examples 1 to 5 showed good results with respect to any purification performance for total hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. It was confirmed that the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to No. 5 (Rh average particle diameter of 5 to 15 nm) exhibits better purification performance.
１ 排ガス浄化用触媒
１０ Ｒｈ粒子
２０ 複合酸化物
３０ 固溶Ｒｈ粒子
1 Exhaust gas purification catalyst 10 Rh particles 20 Complex oxide 30 Solid solution Rh particles
Claims (4)
前記担体としてアルカリ土類金属とアルミニウムとの複合酸化物を有しており、
前記触媒金属としてロジウムを有しており、
空燃比（Ａ／Ｆ）が１５．１であって少なくとも１０００℃以上１２００℃以下の温度域にある排ガス中において、前記担体上にＴＥＭ観察に基づく粒子径１ｎｍ以上のロジウム粒子が存在しない状態を形成し、
空燃比（Ａ／Ｆ）が１４．１であって少なくとも８００℃以上１０００℃未満の温度域にある排ガス中において、前記担体上にＴＥＭ観察に基づく平均粒子径１ｎｍ以上のロジウム粒子が存在する状態を形成し、
前記ロジウム粒子が存在しない状態と前記ロジウム粒子が存在する状態との間で、空燃比に応じて前記担体上のロジウム粒子量が可逆的に変化することを特徴とする、排ガス浄化用触媒。 An exhaust gas purifying catalyst comprising a carrier and a catalytic metal supported on the carrier,
It has a complex oxide of alkaline earth metal and aluminum as the carrier,
Rhodium as the catalyst metal,
In the exhaust gas in which the air-fuel ratio (A / F) is 15.1 and in the temperature range of at least 1000 ° C. or more and 1200 ° C. or less, no rhodium particles having a particle diameter of 1 nm or more based on TEM observation are present on the carrier. Forming,
A state in which rhodium particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm or more based on TEM observation are present on the carrier in exhaust gas having an air-fuel ratio (A / F) of 14.1 and in a temperature range of at least 800 ° C. and less than 1000 ° C. Form the
An exhaust gas purifying catalyst, wherein the amount of rhodium particles on the carrier reversibly changes between a state where the rhodium particles do not exist and a state where the rhodium particles exist.
The exhaust gas-purifying catalyst according to claim 3, wherein the composite oxide in the carrier is a composite oxide of magnesium and aluminum.
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