JP2010007051A - 黒液からの合成ガスの製造方法 - Google Patents
黒液からの合成ガスの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 99
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 100
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000011064 split stream procedure Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 20
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009993 causticizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002817 coal dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011143 downstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000006166 lysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003388 sodium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/36—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using oxygen or mixtures containing oxygen as gasifying agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
- C01B3/52—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with liquids; Regeneration of used liquids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C41/00—Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups
- C07C41/01—Preparation of ethers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C11/00—Regeneration of pulp liquors or effluent waste waters
- D21C11/12—Combustion of pulp liquors
- D21C11/125—Decomposition of the pulp liquors in reducing atmosphere or in the absence of oxidants, i.e. gasification or pyrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0415—Purification by absorption in liquids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
- C01B2203/047—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon monoxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
- C01B2203/0475—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon dioxide
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
- Industrial Gases (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】(a)ガス化装置において送風および場合に応じて噴霧流を用いて黒液からガス化装置流出物流を発生させ;(b)ガス化装置流出物流をガス流によって急冷して;(c)ついで水流によって急冷して未精製の合成ガスを形成し;(d)未精製の合成ガスを更に冷却しおよび洗浄しおよび分離してH2/COモル比0.9〜1,25を有する精製された未加工の合成ガスを形成し;(e)合成セクションにおいて精製した合成ガスをジメチルエーテルに部分転化し、加工された合成ガスの少なくともDMEの生成物流および水素に富むパージ流を生成し;(f)合成セクションからの加工された合成ガスまたは未加工の合成ガスの分割流の個々または組合せを分割しそして工程(a)および/または工程(b)に循環させる。
【選択図】図2
Description
(a) ガス化装置において送風および場合に応じて噴霧流を用いて黒液からガス化装置流出物流を発生させ;
(b) 場合に応じて、ガス化装置流出物流をガス流によって急冷してガス急冷された流出物流を形成し;
(c) 工程(a)のガス化装置流出物または工程(b)のガス急冷された流出物ガス流を水流によって急冷して未精製の合成ガスを形成し;
(d) 未精製の合成ガスを更に冷却しおよび洗浄しおよび分離してH2/COモル比0.9〜1,25を有する精製した未加工の合成ガスを形成し;
(e) 合成セクションにおいて精製した合成ガスをジメチルエーテルに部分転化し、加工された合成ガスの少なくともDMEの生成物流および水素に富むパージ流を製造し;
(f) 合成セクションからの加工された合成ガスまたは未加工の合成ガスの分割流の個々または組合せを分割しそして工程(a)および/または工程(b)に循環させる
を含む、高温の下降流黒液ガス化装置において製造される合成ガスの組成を調整する方法を提供する。
これより、更に、本発明の実施態様では、下流のDME合成からの水素に富むパージ流を循環させると、生じる合成ガス中のH2/CO比を増大させる。これは、 ガス化チャンバーの中に供給すべきスチームおよび/またはCO2の量の減少を更にもたらす。
図面中の図 1を参照すると、BLガス化装置前端と下流の精製/冷却および更に下流のジメチルエーテル合成セクションとの従来のプロセス配置を示す。このプロセス配置では、CO2は、DME合成セクションの前に合成から分離される。
比較例2
例1を繰り返すが、噴霧流をレート0.05 kg/黒液kgに減少させていた。精製した合成ガス中のH2/CO比は1.39でありそして合成ガス中のH2/CO比が低下されることにより、DME製造は135 kg/時に増大される。
これは、未加工の合成ガスをBLガス化装置に循環させることの影響を実証する本発明の例である。図面中の図2を参照する。
本例は、下流のDME合成からのパージガスをBLガス化装置に循環させることの効果を実証する。
これは、下流のDME合成から分離したCO2をBLガス化装置に循環させることの効果を実証する例である。例3を繰り返すが、未精製の/精製した合成ガスの代わりに、CO2をガス急冷として循環させ、このことは、ガス化装置流出物中のH2/CO比を値1.25に調整することを意味しそしてDMEの製造流量は142 kg/時である。
本例は、下流のDME合成からのパージガスの一部をBLガス化装置にガスパージ流および噴霧流の両方として循環させることの効果を実証する。
Claims (3)
- 下記の工程:
(a) ガス化装置において送風および場合に応じて噴霧流を用いて黒液からガス化装置流出物流を発生させ;
(b) 場合に応じて、ガス化装置流出物流をガス流によって急冷してガス急冷された流出物流を形成し;
(c) 工程(a)のガス化装置流出物または工程(b)のガス急冷された流出物ガス流を水流によって急冷して未精製の合成ガスを形成し;
(d) 未精製の合成ガスを更に冷却しおよび洗浄しおよび分離してH2/COモル比0.9〜1,25を有する精製された未精製の合成ガスを形成し;
(e) 合成セクションにおいて精製した合成ガスをジメチルエーテルに部分転化し、加工された合成ガスの少なくともDMEの生成物流および水素に富むパージ流を生成し;
(f) 合成セクションからの加工された合成ガスまたは未加工の合成ガスの分割流の個々または組合せを分割しそして工程(a)および/または工程(b)に循環させる
を含み、工程(e)で更に発生されるCO2の副産物流を一部分においてまたは完全に工程(a)および/または工程(b)に循環させる、
高温の下降流黒液ガス化装置において製造される合成ガスの組成を調整する方法。 - CO2の副産物流を加工されたまたは未加工の合成ガスと共に循環させる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 未加工の合成ガスを工程(a)に噴霧流として循環させる、請求項1記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DKPA200800686 | 2008-05-16 | ||
DKPA200800686 | 2008-05-16 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2010007051A true JP2010007051A (ja) | 2010-01-14 |
JP2010007051A5 JP2010007051A5 (ja) | 2012-06-28 |
JP5562580B2 JP5562580B2 (ja) | 2014-07-30 |
Family
ID=41050607
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2009118171A Expired - Fee Related JP5562580B2 (ja) | 2008-05-16 | 2009-05-15 | 黒液からの合成ガスの製造方法 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8038906B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2119668A3 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5562580B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101580226B (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI0901539A2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2665050C (ja) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2014135473A (ru) * | 2012-01-31 | 2016-03-20 | Линде Акциенгезелльшафт | Прямой синтез дмэ в условиях равновесия |
CN103818879B (zh) * | 2013-12-16 | 2016-08-17 | 广西大学 | 微负压黑液气化方法及系统装置 |
EP3863963B1 (en) * | 2018-10-12 | 2023-09-27 | UPM-Kymmene Corporation | Process for the production of hydrogen |
WO2020074094A1 (en) * | 2018-10-12 | 2020-04-16 | Upm-Kymmene Corporation | Process for the production of hydrogen |
GB2585644A (en) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-01-20 | Lfeog Ltd | Methods and systems for gasification of hydrocarbonaceous feedstocks |
GB2585643A (en) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-01-20 | Lfeog Ltd | Methods and systems for gasification of hydrocarbonaceous feedstocks |
US20220234888A1 (en) * | 2021-01-25 | 2022-07-28 | Bradley D. Damstedt | Methods for controlling syngas composition |
Citations (3)
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US20050076568A1 (en) * | 2003-10-09 | 2005-04-14 | Stigsson Lars Lennart | Partial oxidation of cellulose spent pulping liquor |
JP2006045394A (ja) * | 2004-08-06 | 2006-02-16 | Jfe Engineering Kk | 廃棄物ガス化処理装置の操業方法 |
WO2007073454A1 (en) * | 2005-12-19 | 2007-06-28 | Eastman Chemical Company | Process for humidifying synthesis gas |
Family Cites Families (8)
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DE1517207A1 (de) * | 1964-08-17 | 1969-04-17 | Pulp Paper Res Inst | Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung verbrauchter alkalischer Pulpenfluessigkeiten |
US4341069A (en) * | 1980-04-02 | 1982-07-27 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Method for generating power upon demand |
NL8201715A (nl) * | 1982-04-26 | 1983-11-16 | Shell Int Research | Werkwijze voor het vergassen van een vaste koolstofhoudende brandstof. |
SE448173B (sv) * | 1985-06-03 | 1987-01-26 | Croon Inventor Ab | Forfarande for utvinning av kemikalier fran cellulosaavlut genom pyrolys |
SE0004185D0 (sv) | 2000-11-15 | 2000-11-15 | Nykomb Synergetics B V | New process |
US6458856B1 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2002-10-01 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Separation process for one-step production of dimethyl ether from synthesis gas |
US6887907B2 (en) * | 2003-03-05 | 2005-05-03 | L'air Liquide - Societe Anonyme A Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process and apparatus for the production of dimethyl ether |
US8920639B2 (en) * | 2008-02-13 | 2014-12-30 | Hydrocoal Technologies, Llc | Process for improved combustion of fuel solids |
-
2009
- 2009-04-21 EP EP09005571A patent/EP2119668A3/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-04-28 US US12/431,240 patent/US8038906B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-04-30 CA CA2665050A patent/CA2665050C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-05-12 BR BRPI0901539-6A patent/BRPI0901539A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-05-15 CN CN2009101419276A patent/CN101580226B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-05-15 JP JP2009118171A patent/JP5562580B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050076568A1 (en) * | 2003-10-09 | 2005-04-14 | Stigsson Lars Lennart | Partial oxidation of cellulose spent pulping liquor |
JP2006045394A (ja) * | 2004-08-06 | 2006-02-16 | Jfe Engineering Kk | 廃棄物ガス化処理装置の操業方法 |
WO2007073454A1 (en) * | 2005-12-19 | 2007-06-28 | Eastman Chemical Company | Process for humidifying synthesis gas |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2119668A2 (en) | 2009-11-18 |
CA2665050A1 (en) | 2009-11-16 |
EP2119668A3 (en) | 2012-04-18 |
BRPI0901539A2 (pt) | 2011-10-04 |
US20090282739A1 (en) | 2009-11-19 |
CN101580226A (zh) | 2009-11-18 |
CA2665050C (en) | 2016-07-12 |
US8038906B2 (en) | 2011-10-18 |
JP5562580B2 (ja) | 2014-07-30 |
CN101580226B (zh) | 2012-01-18 |
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