JP2009524733A - Biodiesel fuel additive - Google Patents

Abstract

  The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for reducing emissions from combustion of fuels including biodiesel, the composition comprising at least one additive promoter and at least one plant extract or Contains synthetic components similar to those of plant extracts. The ignition accelerator is preferably a peroxide, such as di-tert-butyl peroxide. The composition may include meadow foam oil or jojoba oil as an optional component. Moreover, the said composition can also enhance the lubricity of the fuel containing biodiesel.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

(Technical field)
The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for reducing emissions from the combustion of diesel fuel containing at least some biodiesel as a component.
(Background technology)
Interest in improving fuel efficiency has become a top priority as natural resources continue to decline and fuel costs continue to rise. Fuel efficiency can be improved by adding fuel additives. Several existing fuel additives are known to increase fuel efficiency; for example, US Pat. Nos. 4,274,835, 5,826,369, and 6,193,766 describe fuel additives that improve combustion. Yes. Despite the success of these inventions, there remains a need for fuel additives that improve combustion.
Hydrocarbon fuels typically contain a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (molecules containing various forms of hydrogen and carbon atoms). The hydrocarbon fuel may also contain various additives such as detergents, anti-icing agents, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, deposit modifiers and non-hydrocarbons (eg, oxygenates).
When such a hydrocarbon fuel is burned, various pollutants are generated. These combustion products include ozone, particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NO, NO _{2 and} N ₂ O; collectively known as NO _x ), sulfur dioxide, and lead. Both the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) have adopted environmental air quality standards for these pollutants. Both authorities have also adopted standards for low emission gasoline. The Second Phase 2 California Reformulated Gasoline (CaRFG2) Ordinance came into force on March 1, 1996. Davis Governor has signed Executive Order D-5-99 dated March 25, 1999 on the phase-out of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in California gasoline until December 31, 2002. The third Phase 3 California Reformulated Gasoline (CaRFG3) regulations were approved on August 3, 2000 and entered into force on September 2, 2000.

Diesel engines operate under lean fuel conditions. As a result, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are usually low. However, diesel exhaust contains relatively high amounts of nitrogen oxides and particulates. Emission standards that reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides and particulates have been adopted in the United States and Europe. Texas and California have established their own stringent constraints on diesel emissions.
Biodiesel is a vegetable or animal fat-based fuel that converts natural free fatty acids to monoalkyl esters, most commonly methyl esters. Biodiesel is generally blended with petroleum-based diesel to produce the final fuel. The most common blend is 20% biodiesel, commonly referred to as B20, 80% petroleum diesel, and the number after B indicates the% biodiesel in the blend. Pure biodiesel is B100. Biodiesel can be blended with petroleum-based diesel at any level, such as, but not limited to, 5%, 10%, 15%, and the like.
The emissions from the combustion of pure biodiesel and biodiesel blends are generally lower than from the combustion of petroleum-based diesel. See, for example, the EPA report entitled “A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions” available at www.epa.gov/otag/models/biodsl.htm. The reduction in regulated emissions from biodiesel combustion compared to normal diesel ranged from a 12% reduction in particulates at B20 to a 67% reduction in total unburned hydrocarbons at B100. _The NO _x releasing product in the combustion of B100 is was 10% higher than in the conventional diesel combustion. _The NO _x releasing product in the combustion of B20 is was 2% higher than in the conventional diesel combustion. More recent data, in increments somewhat increased in _the NO _x releasing at B20, suggesting that 2.4 to 3% higher than in conventional diesel combustion.
Government regulations on emissions from diesel-fueled vehicles will become more stringent in the future. Furthermore, NO _x emissions from vehicles fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blends are slightly higher than in vehicles fueled with normal diesel fuel. There is a need for an additive that can be mixed with diesel fuel containing biodiesel to reduce emissions, particularly NO _x emissions.

(Disclosure of the Invention)
One aspect of the present invention relates to a fuel additive that reduces pollutant emissions generated during combustion of fuels including biodiesel. In one embodiment, there is a fuel additive for biodiesel fuel, the fuel additive being a first component that includes an ignition accelerator; and plant extracts, synthetic forms of plant extracts, and mixtures thereof A second component selected from the group consisting of: In some embodiments, the ignition accelerator includes a peroxide. In some embodiments, the peroxide is hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, di-oleal peroxide, soy hydroperoxide, di-ethyl peroxide, and any combination thereof. Selected from the group consisting of In certain embodiments, the peroxide comprises di-tert-butyl peroxide. In one embodiment, the fuel additive further includes a third component, and the third component includes a compound selected from the group consisting of a long chain fatty acid, a long chain fatty acid ester, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fuel additive comprises a synthetic long chain fatty acid, a synthetic long chain fatty acid ester, or both a synthetic long chain fatty acid and a synthetic long chain fatty acid ester. In one embodiment, the third component further comprises an oil selected from the group consisting of meadowfoam oil, jojoba oil, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the fuel additive further comprises a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent includes an aromatic solvent. In certain embodiments, the fuel additive further comprises an alkyl nitrate. In some embodiments comprising an alkyl nitrate, the alkyl nitrate comprises 2-ethylhexyl nitrate. In one embodiment, the plant extract comprises a green extract of plants. In embodiments comprising a green extract, the green extract is chlorophyll. In one embodiment, the plant extract comprises a legume extract. In certain embodiments, the second component is selected from the group consisting of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, carotenoids, chlorophyll, color bodies, isomixten, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the plant extract comprises one or more chlorophylls. In some embodiments, the fuel additive has a ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b of about 0.1 to about 80. In one embodiment, the second component includes chlorophyll and carotenoid. In certain embodiments, the fuel additive has a ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid of from about 0.1 to about 100. In some embodiments, the fuel additive further comprises a stabilizing component. In embodiments comprising a stabilizing compound, the stabilizing component comprises 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline, ethoxyquinoline, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2,6- Di-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6- Di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, 2.2'-methylene-bis (6-t-butyl-4-methylphenol), n-octadecyl 3- (3,5- Di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 1,1,3-tris (3-t-butyl-6-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) butane, pentaerythrityltetrakis [3- (3,5- Di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate], di-n-octadecyl (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) phosphonate, 2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-) -t-Butyl-4-H Roxybenzyl) mesitylene, tris (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate, N, N'-diphenylphenylenediamine, p-octyldiphenylamine, p, p-dioctyldiphenylamine, N-phenyl- 1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N- (p-dodecyl) phenyl-2-naphthylamine, di-1-naphthylamine, and di-2-naphthylamine, phenothazines, N-alkylphenothiazines, Imino (bisbenzyl), 6- (t-butyl) phenol, 2,6-di- (t-butyl) phenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di- (t-butyl) phenol, 4,4'-methylenebis And at least one compound selected from the group consisting of (-2,6-di- (t-butyl) phenol), diphenylamine, dinaphthylamine, and phenylnaphthylamine.

In another aspect of the present invention, from about 0.32 to about 799 g of ignition promoter; from about 0.001 to about 60 g of plant extract, synthetic form of plant extract, or 3.785 liters (gallon) of fuel containing biodiesel There are fuel compositions containing these mixtures. In certain embodiments, the fuel composition further comprises 2-ethylhexyl nitrate. In certain embodiments comprising 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, the amount of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate is from about 1 ppm to about 5000 ppm.
In another aspect of the invention, the method comprises burning a fuel obtained by mixing biodiesel fuel with a fuel additive, wherein the fuel additive includes a first component including an ignition accelerator; and a plant extract, plant There is a method for reducing pollutant emissions in the combustion of biodiesel fuel characterized in that it comprises a second component selected from the group consisting of synthetic forms of extracts and mixtures thereof.
In another aspect of the present invention, the method comprises adding an additive to a fuel comprising biodiesel fuel, the additive comprising a first component comprising an ignition accelerator; plant extract, plant extract synthesis A biodiesel fuel comprising: a second component selected from the group consisting of a form and a mixture thereof; and at least one oil selected from the group consisting of a meadow foam oil, jojoba oil, and a mixture thereof There is a method for enhancing the lubricity of the fuel containing the fuel.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated that the disclosed concepts and specific embodiments can be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other configurations for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be understood that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the invention as set forth in the claims. The novel features believed to be features of the present invention both in terms of construction and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Would be understandable. However, it should be clearly understood that each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description only and is not intended to define the limitations of the invention.

(Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention)
Introduction The following description and examples describe preferred embodiments of the invention in detail. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many variations and modifications of this invention that fall within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the description of preferred embodiments should not be deemed to limit the scope of the invention.
Although described in connection with additives and methods for reducing emissions from the combustion of diesel fuel that may include biodiesel, the additives and methods according to embodiments of the present invention may be used with other hydrocarbon fuels such as petroleum It can also be applied to alternative fuels that may not contain diesel fuel derived from or biodiesel. The additives and methods may also have applications for gasoline fuel, residual fuel and other hydrocarbon fuels. Applications for fuels including biodiesel are a preferred embodiment.

Diesel fuel derived diesel fuel contains a proportion of crude oil distilled within a temperature range of approximately 150 ° C. to 370 ° C. (698 ° F.), which is higher than the boiling range of gasoline. Diesel fuel can also be obtained from synthetic fuels such as shale oil, Fischer-Tropsch fuel derived from synthesis gas, coal liquefaction products and the like. Any diesel fuel source has become potentially suitable as a base fuel for mixing with biodiesel.
Diesel fuel is ignited in an internal combustion engine cylinder by heating air under high pressure (as opposed to motor gasoline ignited by electric sparks). Because of this ignition method, it is generally preferable for a diesel fuel having a good high cetane number. Diesel fuel is closer to a lighter heating oil in boiling range and composition. In general, there are two grades of diesel fuel defined by ASTM: Diesel 1 and Diesel 2. Diesel 1 is a kerosene type fuel that is lighter and volatile than diesel 2 and burns more cleanly. Diesel 1 is used in engine applications with frequent fluctuations in speed and load. Diesel 2 is used in industrial and weight transfer services.
Suitable diesel fuels can include both high and low sulfur fuels. Low sulfur fuels generally include fuels containing 500 ppm (by weight) or less of sulfur, 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, It may contain low amounts of sulfur of 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 20, or 5 ppm or less, or even 0 ppm sulfur, for example in the case of synthetic diesel fuel. High sulfur diesel fuels typically include fuels containing more than 500 ppm sulfur, for example, high amounts of sulfur of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5% by weight or more. A diesel fuel containing a low amount of sulfur may provide a lower lubricity than a diesel fuel containing a high amount of sulfur.
Fuel boiling in the range of approximately 150 ° C. to 330 ° C. works best in diesel engines because it is completely consumed during combustion and is free of fuel waste and excess emissions. Paraffins provide the best cetane number and are generally preferred in diesel blends. The higher the paraffin content of the fuel, the easier it will burn, resulting in faster warm-up and complete combustion. Heavier crude components that boil in higher ranges can also be used, although less desirable. Naphthenes are the next lightest components, and aromatics are the heaviest fraction found in diesel fuel. The use of these heavy components helps to minimize diesel fuel waxing. At low temperatures, paraffins tend to solidify and plug the fuel filter.

Biodiesel example, as described in the website of National Biodiesel Board (www.biodiesel.org), biodiesel is a product which may include monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats . Biodiesel can be produced by acid or base catalyzed transesterification of the oil and alcohol. Methanol is commonly used as the alcohol, but other alcohols may be suitable.
Certain old diesel engines may be able to burn unesterified vegetable or animal fats. The term biodiesel as used herein includes both biodiesel (esterified oil or fat) and non-esterified oil or fat. The term biodiesel as used herein generally covers esterified and non-esterified oils and fats and is broader than the usual terms.
The term “ordinary biodiesel” or “esterified biodiesel” may be used when the term biodiesel is to be limited to the ordinary meaning of including only esterified oils and fats.
Conventional biodiesel and non-esterified biodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel used in automobiles. Blends are generally labeled “BXX”, where XX is the percent biodiesel in the blend. For example, B20 is 20% biodiesel, 80% normal diesel. B100 is 100% biodiesel. The term biodiesel is technically a pure fuel produced by a transesterification process, which biodiesel is ordinary biodiesel. Blends are more appropriately noted as BXX. Although B20 is generally described as “biodiesel”, the term B20 may be preferred to distinguish it from B100 of pure biodiesel.
Conventional esterified biodiesel fuels can be used in diesel vehicles with or without blending. For example, B100 is an acceptable fuel for most common diesel vehicles. The viscosity of non-esterified biodiesel fuel is generally too high for use without a blend. By blending non-esterified biodiesel fuel, the viscosity can be reduced. A blend of non-esterified biodiesel fuel is generally preferred. Biodiesel can be any amount of petroleum-based diesel, for example, but not limited to, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% etc. may be blended.

バイオディーゼル(B100)およびB20の燃焼からの炭化水素、一酸化炭素および粒状物の放出は、通常のディーゼル燃料の燃焼からの相応する放出物よりも有意に低い。バイオディーゼルおよびバイオディーゼルブレンドにおけるNO_x放出は通常のディーゼルにおけるよりも僅かに高くあり得るけれども、NO_x放出は、エンジン群および試験手順によって変動し得る。 Table 1 below shows emission data for both normal biodiesel (B100) and normal B20 compared to normal diesel. The data was reported on the National Biodiesel Board website (www.biodiesel.org) based on an EPA report entitled “A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions”. Data on non-esterified biodiesel have not been reported.

Table 1: Average biodiesel emissions compared to conventional diesel

The emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulates from biodiesel (B100) and B20 combustion are significantly lower than the corresponding emissions from conventional diesel fuel combustion. Though _the NO _x releasing in biodiesel and biodiesel blends can be slightly higher than in conventional diesel, _the NO _x releasing can vary by engine group and test procedures.

As shown in the examples below, emissions from the combustion of fuel containing biodiesel and additives according to embodiments of the present invention include the same fuel without additives according to embodiments of the present invention. It can be lower than emissions from fuel combustion.
“B20 with additive” in the last column of Table 1 shows the release data from Example 1 for B20 with additive according to each embodiment of the present invention. The release of all the emission types in Table 1 for B20 with additives according to each embodiment of the present invention was lower than the emission in B20 alone.
The reduction of emissions in B20 with additives according to embodiments of the present invention compared to B20 alone ranges from a 6% reduction in particulate emissions to a 13% reduction in hydrocarbon emissions. The additive according to each embodiment of the present invention was effective in reducing all four of the emissions types compared to B20 alone. The reduction in emissions compared to normal diesel was 5-37%.
_The NO _x releasing at B20 is was 2% higher than _the NO _x releasing in conventional diesel. _The NO _x releasing in B20 containing additive according the embodiment of the present invention, 5% than _the NO _x releasing from conventional diesel fuel low, was 7% lower than _the NO _x releasing at B20.
Additives according to embodiments of the present invention are effective in reducing emissions of diesel fuel, including biodiesel, as compared to both regular diesel and B20.

Additive The additive according to each embodiment of the present invention is at least one selected from the group consisting of a first component containing at least one ignition accelerator, a plant extract, a synthetic form of a plant extract, and a mixture thereof. And at least one second component comprising the substance. A synthetic form of a plant extract as used herein refers to one or more synthetically produced compositions that are naturally produced in the plant extract. Synthetic compositions include, for example, carotenoids, xanthophylls, chlorophylls, or color bodies.
The additive may further include additional components such as, but not limited to, long chain fatty acids or esters and / or solvents. As used herein, the term “long chain” refers to a molecule having a carbon chain of about 16 or more carbon atoms. The long chain fatty acid or ester may comprise, for example, meadow foam oil, jojoba oil or mixtures thereof. Other oils that may contain long chain fatty acids or esters may also be suitable. Combined chain fatty acids or esters may also be suitable. Other ingredients such as cetane improvers, stabilizing compounds or other ingredients may be added as further ingredients.
Long chain fatty acids or esters and solvents are optional components of the additive according to embodiments of the present invention. Additives that can include long chain fatty acids or esters in addition to the first and second components are a preferred embodiment.

Ignition Accelerator The additive according to embodiments of the present invention may include at least one ignition accelerator as the first component. The ignition promoter can be an organic nitrate or peroxide. Peroxides are generally preferred as ignition promoters in the additives according to embodiments of the present invention.
Organic nitrate ignition accelerator When the ignition accelerator is an organic nitrate, preferred organic nitrates are substituted or unsubstituted having up to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably 2-10 carbon atoms Alkyl or cycloalkyl nitrates. The alkyl group may be either linear or branched. Specific examples of nitrate ester compounds suitable for use in preferred embodiments include, but are not limited to, methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, allyl nitrate, n-nitrate. Butyl, isobutyl nitrate, sec-butyl nitrate, tert-butyl nitrate, n-amyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, 2-amyl nitrate, 3-amyl nitrate, tert-amyl nitrate, n-hexyl nitrate, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, n -Heptyl, sec-heptyl nitrate, n-octyl nitrate, sec-octyl nitrate, n-nonyl nitrate, n-decyl nitrate, n-dodecyl nitrate, cyclopentyl nitrate, cyclohexyl nitrate, methyl cyclohexyl nitrate, isopropyl cyclohexyl nitrate, and 1 -Methoxypropyl-2-nitrate, 1-ethoxypropyl-2 nitrate, 1-isopropoxybutyl nitrate, 1-eth There esters of alkoxy substituted aliphatic alcohols such Yo of shea butyl nitrate and the like. Preferred alkyl nitrates are ethyl nitrate, propyl nitrate, amyl nitrate and hexyl nitrate. Another preferred alkyl nitrate is a mixture of primary amyl nitrate or primary hexyl nitrate. Primary means that the nitrate radical functionality is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to two hydrogen atoms. Examples of primary hexyl nitrate include n-hexyl nitrate, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN), 4-methyl-n-pentyl nitrate, and the like. The production of nitrate esters can be performed by any commonly used method such as, for example, esterification of a suitable alcohol or reaction of a suitable alkyl halide with silver nitrate.
The organic nitrate ignition accelerator 2-ethylhexyl nitrate is a typical organic nitrate ignition accelerator. The organic nitrate ignition accelerator is preferably used in the fuel composition at a final concentration of 1 to 5000 ppm, although other amounts are useful and within the scope of the present invention.
Conventional Ignition Accelerator In a preferred embodiment, a conventional ignition accelerator may be used as the first component ignition accelerator in the additive according to each embodiment of the present invention. Typical ignition accelerators include, but are not limited to, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), cumene hydroperoxide, di-oleal peroxide, soy hydroperoxide, and diethyl There is a peroxide. Other organic peroxides and hydroperoxides may also be suitable. DTBP is a typical ignition promoter.
In one embodiment, the additive according to each embodiment of the present invention may include an organic nitrate ignition accelerator in addition to a conventional ignition accelerator. In one embodiment, the additive according to each embodiment of the present invention may comprise both di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN). 2-EHN can alternatively be added to the diesel fuel separately from the additive.

Second component plant extract The second component of the additive according to each embodiment of the present invention is at least selected from the group consisting of plant extracts, synthetic compositions similar to components of plant extracts, and mixtures thereof. One substance may be included. A plant extract or a synthetic composition that is similar to a plant extract may comprise at least one carotenoid and / or at least one chlorophyll component. The second component can include synthetic carotenoids or chlorophylls as well as natural carotenoids or chlorophylls.
Carotenoids are fat-soluble pigments derived from a 40 carbon polyene chain. The chain can be terminated with a ring and can also include oxygen-containing groups. Hydrocarbon carotenoids are known as carotenes, and oxygenated derivatives of carotenoids are known as xanthophylls.
Beta-carotene is a natural carotenoid that is present in many fruits and vegetables such as carrots, spinach, peaches, apricots and sweet potatoes.
“Iso-Mixtene”, a product of DSM Chemicals (formerly Roche Vitamins), is an intermediate in the synthesis of pure trans -beta-carotene. Iso-Mixtene is a mixture of isomeric forms of about 89-98% trans beta carotene and about 1.4 to about 11% cis beta carotene. Iso-Mixtene may be suitable as the second component in the additive according to embodiments of the present invention.
Carotenoids are biological antioxidants that can protect cells and tissues from free radicals.

The term plant extract “plant extract” or “vegetable oil extract” as used herein is a broad term, including but not limited to n-hexane, other suitable non-polar solvents or polar Used in its usual sense as a component present in plant material that is extractable in a solvent. The term “extractable” is a broader term than “soluble”. Certain plant materials can be extracted in a solvent even if their components cannot be soluble in the solvent.
The plant extract may contain, for example, plastids or plastid components. A chromophore is a collection of molecules that impart color to a system. In the botanical sense, the classical plastids are chloroplasts (literally referred to as plastids), ie cells that contain chlorophyll, proteins, and other pigments and structures that are required in the process of photosynthesis. It is an organelle. The entire organelle can be transported as an entity.
The plant extract may preferably comprise an extract from the green part of the plant. An extract of a non-green plant part may be a less desirable plant extract than an extract of the green part of the plant. For example, extracts from bark or other parts that are not green are generally less suitable for use as plant extracts in additives according to embodiments of the present invention than extracts from the green part of plants I don't get it.
Chlorophyll can be used as a substitute for all or part of plant extracts or in addition to plant extracts. The plant extract may contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a green pigment in plants that accomplishes photosynthesis, a process where carbon dioxide and water combine to produce glucose and oxygen. Plant extracts also include, but are not limited to, organometallics, antioxidants, oils, lipids, heat stabilizers, or starting materials for these types of products, as well as mainly low to high molecular weight. It also typically contains many other compounds, such as approximately 300 other compounds including antioxidants.

In a preferred embodiment, the second component may comprise, for example, a plant extract from vetch, legumes, hops, barley or alfalfa. Plant extracts from vetch are preferred in many embodiments, but in other embodiments, in whole or in part, but not limited to, alfalfa, hop extract, bovine extract, barley extract, green Clover extract, wheat extract, green grain extract, green food extract, green hedge or green leaf or green grass extract, any flower that contains green part, leaves of plants of any member of legumes Or it may be desirable to replace with other plant extracts such as green part, chlorophyll or chlorophyll-containing extracts, or combinations or mixtures thereof. Suitable legumes include Lima bean, Kidney bean, Pinto bean, Red bean, Soybean, Great northern bean, Lentil, navy bean, Black turtle bean, Pea There is a bean selected from the group consisting of chickpea and cowpea. Suitable cereals include boar, clover, wheat, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, flaxseed, tritcale, rice, corn, spelled wheat, millet, amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa, kamut and tef.
Particularly preferred plant extracts are those derived from plants that are members of the family of legumes (Fabaceae (Leguminosae)), also commonly referred to as the pulse family and also the pea or legume family . There are over 700 genera and over 17,000 species of legumes, including shrubs, woody and herbaceous. This family is classified into three subfamilies: Mimosoideae, which are primarily tropical woody and shrubs; Caesalpinioideae, including tropical and subtropical shrubs; and peas and Legume subfamily (Papilioniodeae) including legumes. A common feature of most members of the legumes is the presence of nodules containing nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Many members of the legume also accumulate high amounts of vegetable oil in their seeds. In the leguminous family, to name a few, red plant (lead-plant), American yam, American white potato, Canadian lotus, indigo, soybean, pale vetchling, marsh vetchling, bainy pea , Round head bush clover, perennial lupine, hop clover, alfalfa, white sweet clover, yellow sweet clover, white prairie clover, purple locust clover, common locust, wild adzuki beetle, purple clover, white clover, crow pea, hairy vetch, There are peas, chickpeas, string greens, safflower beans, green beans, lentils, fava beans, lentils, peanuts or peanuts, and cowpeas.

Plant extracts can be obtained using extraction methods well known to those skilled in the art. A solvent extraction method is generally preferred. Any suitable extraction solvent that can separate the oil and oil-soluble fraction from the plant material may be used. Polar or non-polar solvents can be used. Nonpolar extraction solvents can be most frequently and commonly used. Polar solvents can be used in alternative embodiments. The solvent can be a single solvent or a mixture of two or more solvents. The plant extract may be extractable in the solvent even if the plant extract cannot be soluble in the solvent.
Suitable nonpolar solvents include, but are not limited to, cyclic, straight chain and branched chain alkanes containing from about 5 to 12 carbon atoms. Specific examples of acyclic alkane extractants include pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, mixed hexane, mixed heptane, mixed octane, isooctane and the like. Examples of cycloalkane extractants include cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, methylcyclohexane, and the like. Alkenes such as hexene, heptene, octene, nonene and decenes are suitable for use as well as aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene. Halogenated hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, trichloroethane and trichlorotrifluoroethane may also be used. Generally preferred nonpolar solvents are C6-C12 alkanes, especially n-hexane.
Suitable polar solvents include but are not limited to acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, other ketones, methanol, ethanol, other alcohols, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, or any other suitable polar solvent. .

Hexane extraction is the most commonly used method for extracting oil from seeds. Hexane extraction is a highly effective extraction method that extracts virtually all oil-soluble fractions in plant material. In a typical hexane extraction, plant material is subdivided. Herbs and green leafy plants can be cut into small pieces. Seeds typically grind or flake. Plant material is typically exposed to hexane at elevated temperatures. Hexane is a highly flammable, colorless and volatile solvent that extracts the extractable components of plant material and typically dissolves the oil, leaving only a few weight percent of the oil in the remaining plant material. is there. The plant extract / solvent mixture may be heated, for example by a steam bath or other suitable heating means, to flush the hexane. Hexane can also be removed by evaporation under reduced pressure with or without heating. The resulting extract may be suitable for use in the preferred embodiment formulations.
Vegetable oil extracts used in edible or cosmetic products typically undergo further processing steps to obtain refined oils by removing impurities that can affect appearance, storage stability, flavor, and the like. These impurities can include phospholipids, sticky gums, free fatty acids, colored pigments and fine plant particles. Various methods such as water precipitation or precipitation with aqueous organic acid solutions are used to remove these by-products. Coloring compounds are typically removed by bleaching, typically by passing the oil through an adsorbent such as diatomaceous earth. Deodorization can also typically be performed by steam distillation. Such additional processing steps are generally not necessary. However, oils subjected to such treatment may be suitable for use as plant extracts in additives according to preferred embodiments.
Other preferred extraction methods typically include, but are not limited to, supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide. Other gases such as helium, argon, xenon and nitrogen may also be suitable for use as solvents in the supercritical fluid extraction process.
Any other suitable method, such as but not limited to mechanical pressing, can also be used to obtain the desired plant extract fraction. The mechanical squeezing method, also known as the squeezer squeezing method, extracts oil by crushing seed or oil-containing material into pulp and using a continuous drive screw that squeezes the oil from this pulp. The friction generated in this process can generate a temperature of about 50 ° C. to 90 ° C., or external heat may be applied. The cold pressing method generally refers to a mechanical pressing method performed at a temperature of 40 ° C. or less, and does not apply external heat.

The yield of plant extract or vegetable oil extract that can be obtained from plant material depends on a number of factors, but basically depends on the oil content of the plant material. For example, the typical oil content of Vetch (hexane extraction, dry basis) is approximately 4-5% by weight, while the oil content of barley is approximately 6-7.5% by weight, and the oil content of alfalfa is approximately 2 to 4.2% by mass.
The most preferred form of solvent extraction material comprises a material having a paste or mud consistency after extraction, ie a solid or semi-solid rather than a liquid after extraction. Such pastes typically contain a high concentration ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b in the extract. The color of such materials is generally deep black green with some fluorescence throughout the material. Such materials can be recovered from many or all plant sources listed in the legumes. While such a form is generally preferred in most embodiments, in some other embodiments a liquid or some other form may be preferred.
There are several forms of chlorophyll. All plants, algae and cyanobacteria that carry out photosynthesis contain chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b is produced only in green algae and plants. Chlorophyll c is found only in photosynthetic members of the chromista world and in dinoflagellates. Chlorophyll c differs from other chlorophylls in that it is unsaturated at positions 17 and 18. In addition, chlorophyll c has a free acid at position 17. Many chlorophylls have an ester group at position 17.
Chlorophyll a and b differ from each other in having different side chains. The side chain at position 7 of chlorophyll a is —CH ₃ , whereas the side chain of chlorophyll b is —CHO. The absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b complement each other in that they absorb sunlight at different wavelengths. Both chlorophylls absorb very little light in the green region of 500-600 mm. This is why the plant is green.

Higher plants generally have a chlorophyll a / b ratio of about 1.3 to 1.4, while the green alga LHC II has a chlorophyll a / b ratio of 0.7 to 2.7. Prochlorococcus marinus is a photosynthetic prokaryote containing divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a and b (DV-Chl a and b). The MED4 strain has a DV-Chl a / b ratio ranging from 11.4 to 15.0, while the SS120 strain has a DV-Chl a / b ratio ranging from 1.1 to 2.2 (F. Partensky, J. La Roche, K. Wyman, and PG Falkowski, Photosynthesis Research 51 , 109 (1997)). Thus, the chlorophyll a / b ratio can vary over a considerable range, especially in the divinyl chlorophyll derivatives contained in Prochlorococcus marinus.
The chlorophyll a / b ratio and the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid species can vary in a single plant species when the plant is stressed. Chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves of plants can be reduced in response to stresses such as dehydration, flooding, freezing, ozone, herbicides, competition, disease, insects and exogenous dysfunction (GA Carter and AK Knapp, Am J. of Botany 88 , 677 (2001)).
For example, the chlorophyll concentration and the chlorophyll a and b concentrations can vary depending on the light intensity received by the plant. In general, chlorophyll concentrations are lower in plants exposed to sunlight. The total chlorophyll concentration (chlorophyll a and b) in mahogany plants exposed to sunlight was about 1.78 μmol.g ^-1 whereas the total chlorophyll concentration in mahogany plants placed in the shade was 3.15 μmol.g ^-1 (JF de Carvalho Goncalves, RA Marenco, and G. Vieira, R. Bras. Fisiol. Veg. 13 , 149 (2001)). The total chlorophyll concentration in mahogany plants placed in the shade was about 75% higher than the total chlorophyll concentration in mahogany plants exposed to sunlight. Corresponding concentrations in Tonka bean plants exposed to sunlight and shade differed by 2.45 and 3.93 μmol.g ⁻¹ , 60%, respectively.
Chlorophyll a / b ratios in mahogany plants placed in sunlight and shade were 1.87 and 1.62, respectively. The corresponding ratios in Tonbean plants produced in sunlight or shade were 2.6 and 2.85.

Also, the chlorophyll / carotenoid ratio varies depending on the plant that produces it in sunlight and shade. Mahogany plants produced in sunlight had a chlorophyll / carotenoid ratio of 2.06, whereas mahogany plants produced in the shade had a chlorophyll / carotenoid ratio of 3.89. The chlorophyll / carotenoid ratio in tonbean plants produced in sunlight and shade was 2.97 and 3.25, respectively (de Carvalho Goncalves et al.). According to Gonvalves et al., Either chlorophyll or carotenoid synthesis can enhance acclimation to higher radiation. The change in chlorophyll / carotenoid ratio in mahogany was greater than that in Tonka bean plants. Gonvalves et al. Suggested that Tonka bean plants have a different response from mahogany in sunlight acclimation. Tonka bean plants have thick and hard leaves as opposed to mahogany's thin and soft leaves.
We believe that the effects of plant extracts in reducing emissions from diesel fuels, including biodiesel, depend on total chlorophyll concentration and / or chlorophyll a / b ratio. We believe that plant extracts from plants that grow under stress conditions provide better emission reductions.
A plant extract having a chlorophyll a / b ratio in the range of about 0.7 to about 15 may be suitable as a plant extract in an additive according to embodiments of the present invention, wherein the chlorophyll a / b ratio is And the divinyl derivative of b and the ratio of chlorophyll a and b.
The chlorophyll a / b ratio may more preferably be in the range of about 0.1 to about 80, even more preferably in the range of 0.7 to about 5, and most preferably in the ratio of about 1.3 to about 3.
The chlorophyll / carotenoid ratio can be in the range of about 0.1-100, more preferably in the range of about 0.5 to about 50, and even more preferably in the range of about 2 to about 20.
Synthetic components of plant extracts, such as synthetic carotenoids, chlorophylls or xanthophylls, can be used instead of or in addition to natural plant extracts.

β-carotene β-carotene can be added to the above additives as a separate component as required, or present in one of the other base components, eg, one of each component of the plant extract Or can be naturally produced. β-carotene is a high molecular weight antioxidant. In plants, β-carotene functions as a scavenger for oxygen radicals and protects chlorophyll from oxidation. Although not wishing to be limited to any particular mechanism, β-carotene in the preferred embodiment formulation can remove oxygen radicals in the combustion process or can be present in the combustion air / fuel stream We believe it can act as an oxygen solubilizer or oxygen scavenger for fresh oxygen.
β-carotene can be natural or synthetic. In a preferred embodiment, β-carotene is used in an equivalent form to vitamin A having a purity of 1,600,000 units of vitamin A activity. Vitamin A with a lower purity may also be suitable for use on condition that the amount used is adjusted to obtain equivalent activity. For example, if the purity is 800,000 units of vitamin A activity, the amount used is doubled to obtain the desired activity.
β-carotene may be present as a cetane improver in a preferred embodiment. β-carotene can be added to the fuel formulation as a separate component, or can be present in another component, such as a vegetable oil extract, or produced naturally. β-carotene can be just a cetane modification additive to the fuel or it can be present as part of the fuel additive package. β-carotene is a high molecular weight antioxidant. In plants, β-carotene functions as a scavenger for oxygen radicals and protects chlorophyll from oxidation. Β-carotene can also be present as a second component in the fuel additive according to embodiments of the present invention.
β-carotene can be natural or synthetic. In a preferred embodiment, β-carotene is used in an equivalent form to vitamin A having a purity of 1,600,000 units of vitamin A activity. Vitamin A with a lower purity may also be suitable for use on condition that the amount used is adjusted to obtain equivalent activity. For example, if the purity is 800,000 units of vitamin A activity, the amount used is doubled to obtain the desired activity.
A precursor or derivative of β-carotene, such as vitamin A, may be suitable for use in the preferred embodiment. Although not wishing to be limited to any particular mechanism, the precursors or derivatives of β-carotene or carotenes or carotenoids in the preferred embodiment formulations can remove oxygen radicals in the combustion process, or the combustion air / It is believed that it can act as an oxygen solubilizer or oxygen scavenger for the available oxygen present in the fuel stream.

Although β-carotene is preferred in many embodiments, in other embodiments, β-carotene is replaced with another carotene or carotenoid or another carotene or carotenoid precursor or derivative, such as α- Substitution with carotenes or carotenoids may also be desirable. Also, but not limited to, additional carotenoids derived from α-carotene or algae xeaxabthin, clipotoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, broccoli concentrate, spinach concentrate, tomato concentrate, kale concentrate, cabbage concentrate , Cabbage concentrate and phospholipid, green tea extract, milk thistle extract, curcumin extract, quercetin, bromelain, cranberry and cranberry powder extract, pineapple extract, pineapple leaf extract, rosemary extract, grape seed extract , Ginkgo biloba extract, polyphenols, flavonoids, root ginger extract, hawthorn berry extract, bilberry extract, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), marigold oil extract; carrot, fruit, vegetable, flower, Grass, natural cereals, wood leaves Shrubs, hay, any or all of the oil extract of leaves of any endogenous plant or a woody; and another component, such as combinations or mixtures may complement β- carotene.
Plant carotenoids with a guaranteed potency such as lycopene, lutein, carotenoids containing α-carotene, carrots or other carotenoids from algae, betatene, and natural carrot extracts are particularly preferred. . In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the β-carotene substitute is present in an amount sufficient to provide equivalent vitamin A activity with respect to the preferred amount of β-carotene. However, in other embodiments, vitamin A activity may not be a preferred method of determining the amount of substitute, or the substitute may not have equivalent vitamin A activity.

  In addition to adding β-carotene in liquid form to the fuel formulation, β-carotene (or other carotenes or carotenoids, or precursors or derivatives of carotenes or carotenoids) is in solid form, for example dehydrated or encapsulated Alternatively, it can be added in solid form. The storage or storage of solutions or suspensions of β-carotene or other plant-based materials has great benefits such as reduced weight and storage space, increased stability and oxidation resistance. The dehydrated form of β-carotene can be obtained by methods such as freeze-drying, vacuum or air drying, lyophilization, spray drying, fluid bed drying and other storage and dehydration methods known in the art. Can be manufactured. The dehydrated form of β-carotene may be added to the fuel in dehydrated form or as a reconstituted liquid in a suitable solvent. In a preferred embodiment, solids containing β-carotene are added to the fuel to be added. Suitable solid forms include, but are not limited to, tablets, granules, powders, encapsulated solids and / or encapsulated liquids. Additional components may also be present in the solid form. Any suitable encapsulating material may be used, preferably a polymer or other material that is soluble in the fuel to be spiked. The encapsulating material dissolves in the fuel and releases the encapsulated material. The tablets preferably dissolve in an acceptable time in the fuel or diluent. Solubilizing agents can be included in the tablets, for example, small granules or particles of the active ingredient can be present in a highly soluble matrix in the fuel. A combination of solid addition and liquid addition methods can be used, and the solid can be added to the fuel or diluent at any preferred time.

The following ingredients may be used in combination with β-carotene in a preferred embodiment cetane improver: all types of butylated hydroxytoluene, lycopene, lutein, carotenoids; carrots, beets, hops, grapes, marigolds, Oil extracts from fruits, vegetables; palm oil, palm kernel oil, palm tree oil, peppers, cottonseed oil, rice bran oil; any plant whose natural breeding color is natural orange, red, purple or yellow; Or any other substance that is a natural oxygen scavenger but remains essentially organic. In certain embodiments, it may be preferable to replace β-carotene in whole or in part with one or more of these components.
Oil extracted from the following products can also be used in combination with β-carotene: additional carotenoids from α-carotene and the alga xeaxabthin, clipotoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, broccoli concentrate, spinach Concentrate, tomato concentrate, kale concentrate, cabbage concentrate, Brussels sprouts concentrate and phospholipids. In addition, green tea extract, milk thistle extract, curcumin extract, quercetin, bromelain, cranberry and cranberry powder extract, pineapple extract, pineapple leaf extract, rosemary extract, grape seed extract, ginkgo biloba extract, polyphenol , Flavonoids, root ginger extract, hawthorn berry extract, oil extract from bilberry extract; butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), marigold oil extract, hop oil, jojoba oil extract; Oil extract of any or all of carrots, fruits, vegetables, flowers, grass, natural cereals, wood leaves, shrub leaves, hay, human and animal feedstock and weeds; or without limitation Any fresh water such as squalene, sharks containing squalane or oil extract of seawater fish, all fresh water And marine fish oil, and fish oil extracts, or animal oil extraction, such as whales.
In certain embodiments, the cetane improver carotenes or carotenoids, or precursors or derivatives of carotenes or carotenoids are present in combination with one or more conventional cetane improvers, such as alkyl nitrates. If further cetane improver is present, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate is particularly preferred. However, although pure 2-ethylhexyl nitrate is desirable, it should be understood that other alkyl nitrates or other grades of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate are suitable. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will be aware that other alkyl nitrates or conventional cetane improvers or ignition accelerators as described above function similarly to 2-ethylhexyl nitrate and can therefore be substituted. Desirably, many different formulations of cetane improvers can be prepared, each having a different alkyl nitrate or two or more alkyl nitrates and / or a ratio of alkyl nitrate to β-carotene.

The above plant extracts, carotenes, carotenoids, iso-Mixtene, chlorophyll, diesel, biodiesel or other components of a diesel fuel containing a stabilizing compound or antioxidant biodiesel may be sensitive to oxidation. Oxidation can degrade fuel performance.
At least one stabilizing compound or antioxidant can be added to diesel fuel, including biodiesel, to stabilize each component against oxidation. For example, US Pat.No. 6,630,324 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) describes dissolving or preparing β-carotene in a solvent under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen, helium or argon. Disclosure. Β-carotene dissolved or prepared under an inert atmosphere is referred to as “non-oxygenated β-carotene”. An inert atmosphere may protect β-carotene and / or other components from oxidation. Also, PCT publication WO01 / 79398 filed on April 12, 2001, US patent application No. 10 / 084,602 filed on February 26, 2002, filed February 26, 2002 U.S. Patent Application No. 10 / 084,603, U.S. Patent Application No. 10 / 084,237 filed on February 26, 2002, U.S. Patent Application No. 10 / 084,835 filed on Feb. 26, 2002, February 2002 U.S. Patent Application No. 10 / 084,601 filed on May 26, U.S. Patent Application No. 10 / 084,836 filed on Feb. 26, 2002, U.S. Patent Application No. 10 filed on Feb. 26, 2002 / 084,579, U.S. Patent Application No. 10 / 084,243 filed on February 26, 2002, U.S. Patent Application No. 10 / 084,833 filed on February 26, 2002, filed on Feb. 26, 2002 US Patent Application No. 10 / 084,236, US Patent Application No. 10 / 084,831 filed on February 26, 2002, PCT Application US02 / 06137 filed on February 26, 2002, and 2002 See also Canadian Application No. 2,273,327, filed February 26 It should be; these applications, all of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In a preferred embodiment, a cetane improver comprising carotene can be formulated by the following method. Under an inert atmosphere (eg, nitrogen, helium or argon), 3 grams of β-carotene (1,600,000 international units of vitamin A activity per gram) is dissolved in 200 ml of a hydrocarbon carrier containing toluene. β-carotene is preferably dissolved with heating and stirring. Β-carotene dissolved or prepared under an inert atmosphere is referred to as “non-oxygenated β-carotene”. Alternatives or complements to β-carotene, such as other carotenes or carotenoids or caroten or carotenoid precursors or derivatives, are referred to as “non-oxygenated carotenes or carotenoids or caroten or carotenoid precursors or derivatives”. Next, about 946 milliliters of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate 100% solution is added to the mixture and toluene is added to obtain a total volume of 3.785 liters.

In a broad sense, the inert atmosphere can be regarded as a stabilizing compound or antioxidant that stabilizes the components against oxidation. Other more common stabilizing compounds are described below.
Other stabilizing compounds or antioxidants are disclosed, for example, in publication number US 2005/0160662 A1, filed June 10, 2003, US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 517,901; This is incorporated herein by reference. In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizing compound of the above mentioned 901 application is a quinoline component, preferably 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline, commonly referred to as etioxyquin. Containing. This compound is sold under the trade name SANTOQUIN ^R from Solutia Inc. of St. Louis, Missouri. SANTOQUIN ^R is widely used as an antioxidant for animal feed and feed.
Other suitable stabilizing compounds for β-carotene, carotenes, carotenoids, diesel, biodiesel or other components of diesel fuel including biodiesel according to embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to: Butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene; gallic acid esters such as octyl gallate, dodecyl gallate and propyl gallate; but not limited to methyl linolenate, methyl oleate, methyl stearate Fatty acid esters, and other esters such as ascorbyl palmitate; disulfuram; tocopherols such as gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol, and tocopherol derivatives and precursors Deodorized extract of rosemary; propionate and thiopropionate esters such as lauryl thiodipropionate or dilauryl thiodipropionate; beta-lactoglobulin; ascorbic acid; phenylalanine, cysteine, tryptophan, methionine, glutamic acid, Amino acids such as glutamine, arginine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine, serine, histidine, threonine, asparagine, glycine, aspartic acid, isoleucine, valine and alanine; 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl, also referred to as tanan Piperidinooxy; 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-oxyl, also called tanol; dimethyl-p-phenylaminophenoxyasilane; di-p-anisyl azoxides ; 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-ethoxy -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline; dihydrosantoquin; santokin; p-hydroxydiphenylamine and its carbonates, phthalates and adipates; and diludin, ie 1,4-dihydropyridine There are derivatives.

Although not wishing to be bound by any particular mechanism or theory, the stabilizing compound is a fuel carotene, carotenoids, diesel, biodiesel, plant extract comprising biodiesel and additives according to embodiments of the present invention. It is believed that it can act as a preservative or stabilizer by inhibiting the oxidation of objects, ignition suppressors or other components. Fuels that may contain carotene, for example, as described in application Ser. No. 10 / 789,836 filed Feb. 27, 2004, when a stabilizing compound such as etioxiquine is present in combination with beta-carotene. It may not be necessary to produce the additive under an inert atmosphere. Also, as described in the 836 application, the combination of a stabilizing compound such as ethixquine with a cetane improver such as beta-carotene can result in a synergistic increase in cetane number.
Other substances having antioxidant properties, including phenolic antioxidants, amine antioxidants, sulfurized phenolic compounds, organic phosphites, and the like as listed separately in this application are also included in the preferred embodiment formulations, It may be suitable for use as either a substitute for β-carotene or as an additional component. Preferably, the antioxidant is oil soluble. If an antioxidant is insoluble or only slightly soluble in an aqueous solution, it is desirable to use a surfactant to improve its solubility.
Suitable thermal stabilizers known in the art include 2-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert-butyl suitable for use as stabilizers for middle distillate fuels. There are liquid mixtures of alkylphenols such as -4-n-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol (provided by Hanlon et al. US Pat. No. 5,076,814 and US Pat. No. 5,024,775). Other commercially available hindered phenolic antioxidants that also exhibit thermal stability effects include 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, 2.2 '-Methylene-bis (6-t-butyl-4-methylphenol), n-octadecyl 3- (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 1,1,3-tris (3 -t-butyl-6-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) butane, pentaerythrityltetrakis [3- (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate], di-n-octadecyl (3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) phosphonate, 2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) mesitylene, and tris (3,5-di-t -Butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate (US Pat. No. 4,007,157, US Pat. No. 3,920,661). The term heat stabilizer can be a broader term than “stabilizer” or “antioxidant”. Resistance to oxidation can be in the form of heat stability.

  Other thermal stabilizers include pentaerythritol, (3-alkyl-4-hydroxyphenol) -alkanoic acids and alkylthioalkanoic acids, which are useful as stabilizers for organic substances that are usually susceptible to oxidative and / or thermal degradation. Or pentaerythritol co-esters derived from lower alkyl esters of such acids (US Pat. Nos. 4,806,675 and 4,734,519 to Dunski et al.); Reaction products of malonic acid, dodecyl aldehyde and tallow amine (US Pat. No. 4,670,021 to Nelson et al.); Hindered phenyl phosphites (US Pat. No. 4,207,229 to Spivack); hindered piperidine carboxylic acids and metal salts thereof (US to Granty et al. Patents US Pat. No. 4,191,829 and US Pat. No. 4,191,682); 2,6-dihydroxy-9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane Derivatives (US Pat. No. 4,000,113 granted to Stephen); Bicyclic hindered amines (US Pat. No. 3,991,012 granted to Ramey et al.); Sulfur-containing derivatives of dialkyl-4-hydroxyphenyl triazines (Dexter et al. Granted US Pat. No. 3,941,745); bicyclic hindered amino acids and metal salts thereof (US Pat. No. 4,051,102 granted to Ramey et al.); Trialkyl-substituted hydroxybenzyl malonates (US patent granted to Spivack). 4,081,475); hindered piperazine carboxylic acids and their metal salts (US Pat. No. 4,089,842 to Ramey et al.); Pyrrolidine dicarboxylic acids and esters (US Pat. No. 4,093,586 to Stephen); N, N Metal salts of di-substituted β-alanine (US Pat. No. 4,077,941 to Stephen et al.); Hydrocarbyl thioalkylene phosphites (US Pat. No. 3,524,909); Alkoxybenzylacetic thio alkylene phosphites have (U.S. Pat. No. 3,655,833) and the like.

Certain compounds can function as both antioxidants and heat stabilizers. Thus, in certain embodiments, a hydrophobic vegetable oil extract is heat stable rather than two different compounds: one compound that provides thermal stability and another compound that provides antioxidant activity. It may be preferable to produce a formulation containing a combination of a single compound that provides both antioxidant and antioxidant activity. Examples of compounds known in the art to provide both some oxidation resistance and thermal stability include substituted or unsubstituted diphenylamines, dinaphthylamines and phenylnaphthylamines such as N , N'-diphenylphenylenediamine, p-octyldiphenylamine, p, p-dioctyldiphenylamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N- (p-dodecyl) phenyl-2-naphthylamine, di -1-naphthylamine and di-2-naphthylamine; phenothazines such as N-alkylphenothiazine; imino (bisbenzyl); 6- (t-butyl) phenol, 2,6-di- (t-butyl) phenol, 4- Examples include hindered phenols such as methyl-2,6-di- (t-butyl) phenol and 4,4′-methylenebis (-2,6-di- (t-butyl) phenol).
Certain lubricating fluid base stocks are known to exhibit high thermal stability in the art. Such base stocks can impart thermal stability to the formulations of the preferred embodiment, and as such can replace all or part of jojoba oil. Suitable base stocks include polyalphaolefins, dibasic acid esters, polyol esters, alkylated aromatics, polyalkylene glycols and phosphate esters.

Various compounds known for use as antioxidants oxidation inhibitor may be used in fuel formulations of various embodiments. These compounds include, among others, phenolic antioxidants, amine antioxidants, sulfurized phenolic compounds and organic phosphites. For best results, the antioxidant is mainly or totally (1) 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4- Hindered phenol antioxidants such as dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 4,4-methylenebis (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) and mixed methylene bridged polyalkylphenols, or (2) cycloalkyl-di- Any aromatic amine antioxidants such as lower alkyl amines and phenylene diamines, or a combination of one or more such phenolic antioxidants and one or more such amine antioxidants. Especially preferred are combinations of tertiary butylphenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol and o-tert-butylphenol. N, N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine and N, N'-di-lower alkylphenylenediamines such as analogs thereof, and such phenylenediamines and tertiary butylphenols A combination with is also useful.
The compound 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline, commonly referred to as ethixquine, is a preferred embodiment of a thermal stabilizer, stabilizing compound or antioxidant. This compound is sold under the trade name SANTOQUIN ^R from Solutia Inc. of St. Louis, Missouri.
The terms heat stabilizer, stabilizing compound and antioxidant are closely related. As used herein, the term “stabilizing compound” is meant to include thermal stabilizers, stabilizing compounds and antioxidants.

Optional components of the additive according to each embodiment of the present invention The additive according to each embodiment of the present invention comprises at least one ignition promoter first component and a plant extract, a synthetic composition that is similar to a plant extract and In addition to at least one second component selected from the group consisting of these mixtures, additional components may be included.
For example, the additive further includes components including long chain fatty acids or esters or mixtures thereof, such as, but not limited to, meadow foam oil, jojoba oil or mixtures thereof. Combined chain fatty acids or esters can also be used as optional components including long chain fatty acids or esters.
The additive may further contain a solvent as an additional component. Both the component containing a long chain fatty acid or esters and the component containing a solvent are optional components. Both optional components are preferred components of the additive according to each embodiment of the present invention.
The stabilizing compound is another optional component of the additive. The optional stabilizing compound can also be added to the fuel separately from the fuel additive according to embodiments of the present invention.
Meadow Foam Oil Meadowfoam is an annual plant native to the northwestern United States. The botanical name of this plant is Limnanthes alba. This plant is called "meadow foam" because the white flower field of the flowering plant resembles a meadow.
Meadowfoam seeds may contain about 20-30% oil. The oil can be removed by crushing the seeds and using a solvent extraction method. Meadowfoam oil may contain more than 98% long chain fatty acids. The long chain fatty acids have a very high amount of monounsaturation and a very low amount of polyunsaturation. Meadowfoam oil is one of the most stable vegetable oils known. Meadowfoam is most similar to high eulate rapeseed oil (Dan Burden, Ag Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University, November 2003). Rapeseed oil is slightly more saturated than Meadowfoam oil (EA Oelke, ES Oplinger, CV Hanson, KA, Kelling, Alternative Field Crops Manual, University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension, University of Minnesota, Center for Alternative Plant & Animal Products and the Minnesota Extension Service).

The stability of Meadowfoam oil is unlikely to be due to common antioxidants. One possible explanation for the oxidative stability of meadow foam oil may be its unusual fatty acid plasticity. The main fatty acid from Meadowfoam oil is 5-eicosenoic acid, almost 5 times more stable to oxidation than the most common fatty acid oleic acid, and 16 times more stable than other monounsaturated fatty acids It has been found that See “Oxidative Stability Index of Vegetable Oils in Binary Mixtures with Meadowfoam Oil,” Terry, et al., United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1997.
The typical fatty acid composition of meadow foam oil is about 58-64% C20: 1 (Δ5), 3-6% C22: 1 (Δ5), 10-14% C22: 1 (Δ13) and 15- 21% C22: 2 (Δ5Δ13).
The Oil Stability Index (OSI) has become the most widely used method for assessing the stability of lipid substances. OSI analysis involves exposing the oil to a stream of air at a specific temperature. The final result is recorded as the number of hours required to overcome oil resistance at the specified temperature.
The OSI value of Meadowfoam oil was higher than that of the other oils. The meadowfoam.com website suggested that the high stability of Meadowfoam seed oil was due to the presence of naturally produced tocopherols (antioxidants) and the absence of polyunsaturated fatty acids that would be susceptible to oxidation. Tocopherol can be regarded as a stabilizing compound and makes the meadow foam oil stable against oxidation.
Meadowfoam oil can also be used to enhance the stability of other oils by blending meadowfoam oil with other oils.

Jojoba oil In one embodiment, the additive according to each embodiment of the present invention may also include jojoba oil in addition to or in place of the optional medofoam oil as a long chain component. Jojoba oil is a liquid that has antioxidant properties and can withstand extremely high temperatures without losing its antioxidant capacity. Jojoba oil is a liquid wax ester mixture extracted from ground or crushed seeds from shrubs native to Arizona, California and Northern Mexico. The jojoba oil source is the Simmondsia chinensis shrub species commonly referred to as jojoba plants. The plant is a woody evergreen shrub with thick and hard turquoise leaves and dark brown nut-like fruits. Jojoba oil can be extracted from fruits by conventional pressing or solvent extraction methods. The oil is transparent and golden. Jojoba oil is almost completely composed of monounsaturated linear acids with high molecular weight (C16-C26) and wax esters of alcohols. Jojoba oil is typically defined as a liquid wax ester having the general formula RCOOR '', where RCO stands for oleic acid (CIS), eicosanoic acid (C20) and / or erucic acid (C22) "-OR" represents an eicosenyl alcohol (C20), dococenyl alcohol (C22) and / or tetracenyl alcohol (C24) component. A pure ester or mixed ester having the formula RCOOR "(wherein R is a C20-C22 alkyl (alkenyl) group and R '' is a C20-C22 alkyl (alkenyl) group) It may be a part of a suitable alternative. Most preferred are acids and alcohols containing monounsaturated linear alkenyl groups.
Although not wishing to be limited to any particular mechanism, jojoba oil prevents pre-oxidation of the vegetable oil extract and / or β-carotene component of the blend prior to combustion by imparting thermal stability to the blend. Or believe that it can act to delay. Jojoba oil generally lowers cetane in fuel. In formulations where higher cetane numbers are preferred, it may generally be preferred to reduce the jojoba oil content in the formulation.

Meadowfoam oil or jojoba oil may be used in the lubricant. In one embodiment in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an additive comprising meadow foam oil or jojoba oil can enhance the lubricity of diesel fuel. For example, additives including meadow foam oil and / or jojoba oil may enhance the life of engine components such as fuel pumps.
The lubricity of additives including meadow foam oil can be important in light of the fact that low emission diesel fuels can generally have low sulfur content. Low sulfur diesel generally suffers from poor lubricity. Biodiesel is an extremely low sulfur diesel fuel. In one embodiment, Meadowfoam oil as an optional component in the additive according to each embodiment of the present invention can provide a lubricity addition to diesel fuel, including biodiesel.
Meadowfoam oil or jojoba oil is a preferred optional component of the additive according to embodiments of the present invention, although other oils including long chain fatty acids or esters may be suitable. Optional components comprising long chain fatty acids or esters may be selected from the group consisting of meadow foam oil, jojoba oil, natural or synthetic long chain fatty acids, natural or synthetic long chain fatty acid esters, and mixtures thereof. Long chain fatty acids and / or esters can be pure compounds or mixtures.

Solvents Suitable solvents for use with the preferred embodiment formulations are miscible or compatible with one or more components of the formulation. Preferred solvents include aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene and the like, and nonpolar solvents such as cyclohexane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and the like. Suitable solvents may also include base fuels such as diesel 1, diesel 2, biodiesel and the like. Depending on the material to be solvated, other liquids such as oxygenates, carrier fluids or even additives as listed herein may be suitable for use as the solvent. Aromatic solvents or carrier fluids may generally be preferred.
Aromatic 100 and Aromatic 150 are examples of suitable solvents; however, other solvents may be suitable. According to ExxonMobil Chemical Sales Specification Rev 11 (03/01), Aromatic 100 contains a minimum of 98.0 vol% aromatics, has a minimum IBP of 154 ° C and a maximum DP of 174 ° C. Aromatic 150 contains a minimum of 98.0 vol% aromatics, has an IBP of 179 ° C and a maximum DP of 213 ° C.
The examples of Aromatic 100 and Aromatic 150 as solvents are merely exemplary and are not meant to be limiting.
The amount of solvent may preferably be an amount sufficient to retain the components dissolved in the fuel. The optimum amount of solvent depends on the cost of each component, fuel blend and solvent. The cost of the solvent can be higher than other fuel components. Advantageously, the amount of solvent can be minimized to minimize costs. The cost of the solvent cannot be a factor when the solvent is diesel or biodiesel.

Amounts of additive components according to embodiments of the invention Additives for reducing emissions from combustion of diesel fuel containing biodiesel are similar to ignition promoters, plant extracts, and plant extract components And at least one substance selected from the group consisting of a composition and a mixture thereof. The ignition promoter can preferably be an organic peroxide or an organic hydroperoxide. In one embodiment, organic nitrate ignition accelerators may also be used.
When the ignition promoter is di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), the additive is about 0.32 to about 799 g DTBP and about 0.001 to about 60 g plant extract per 3.785 liters (1 gallon) of diesel fuel. Or it may comprise a synthetic composition similar to a plant extract, and the diesel fuel capacity is the total capacity of the diesel fuel including both diesel fuel and biodiesel. More preferably, the additive may comprise from about 0.32 to about 80 g DTBP and from about 0.001 to about 6 g plant extract or a synthetic composition similar to a plant extract per 3.785 liters (gallon) of diesel fuel. . Most preferably, the additive comprises from about 9.5 to about 30 g DTBP and from about 0.002 to about 0.6 g plant extract or synthetic composition similar to plant extract per 3.785 liters (gallon) of diesel fuel. obtain.
If other ignition accelerators are used, the amount in the additive can be determined by one skilled in the art. The amount can be similar to the above amount of DTBP.

Meadowfoam oil, jojoba oil and / or solvent are optional components of additives according to embodiments of the present invention. When meadowfoam oil, jojoba oil, or a mixture of meadowfoam oil and jojoba oil is present in an additive according to embodiments of the present invention, the additive is about 0.001 to about 3.785 liters (gallon) of diesel fuel. About 0.544 g of Meadowfoam oil and / or jojoba oil, more preferably about 0.001 to about 0.05 g of Meadowfoam oil and / or jojoba oil, most preferably 3.785 liters of diesel fuel per 3.785 liters (gallon) of diesel fuel About 0.002 to about 0.03 g of Meadowfoam oil and / or jojoba oil may be included per (gallon).
When a solvent is present in an additive according to embodiments of the present invention, the additive is about 0.12 to about 106 grams of solvent per 3.785 liters (1 gallon) of diesel fuel, more preferably 3.785 liters (1 About 0.12 to about 10.6 grams of solvent per gallon), and most preferably about 0.23 to about 10.6 grams of solvent per 3.785 liters (1 gallon) of diesel fuel.
It should be understood that the plant extract in the additive may be replaced in whole or in part with a synthetic plant extract. Meadowfoam oil and / or jojoba oil may also be substituted in whole or in part with synthetic long chain fatty acids or esters.
When the additive comprises 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN), the additive is about 0.025 to about 19 g of 2-EHN, more preferably 3.785 liters of diesel fuel, per 3.785 liters (1 gallon) of diesel fuel. From about 0.075 to about 15.2 g 2-EHN per gallon, most preferably from about 0.12 to about 11.4 g 2-EHN per 3.785 liters (1 gallon) of diesel fuel.
In one embodiment, the additive is a fuel comprising about 1 ppm to about 5000 ppm 2-EHN, more preferably about 2 ppm to about 4000 ppm 2-EHN, most preferably biodiesel in a fuel comprising biodiesel. Sufficient 2-EHN may be included to provide about 5 ppm to about 3000 ppm of 2-EHN.
In one embodiment, 2-EHN as an optional component may be added to the diesel fuel separately from the additive.

Method for reducing pollutant emissions in the combustion of diesel fuel containing biodiesel The method for reducing pollutant emissions in the combustion of diesel fuel containing biodiesel is used to drive diesel fuel containing biodiesel and additives according to embodiments of the present invention. Including burning in. The method may further include adding the additive to the diesel fuel, and the additive is added to the diesel fuel prior to burning the diesel fuel.
Emissions from automobiles burning biodiesel and diesel fuel containing additives according to embodiments of the present invention will be the same fuel without additives according to embodiments of the present invention, as shown in the examples below. It can be reduced compared to emissions from the car to be burned.
The additive includes at least one ignition accelerator and at least one substance selected from the group consisting of plant extracts, synthetic compositions similar to the components of plant extracts, and mixtures thereof. And a second component.

A method for enhancing the lubricity of diesel fuel including biodiesel is provided. Biodiesel fuel may have a low sulfur level. Diesel fuel having a low sulfur level can have low lubricity. The method includes adding an additive to the diesel fuel, wherein the additive is at least one ignition promoter; a plant extract, a synthetic composition that is similar to the components of the plant extract, and mixtures thereof And at least one second component comprising at least one substance selected from the group consisting of; and at least one oil selected from the group consisting of meadowfoam oil, jojoba oil, and mixtures thereof.
The ignition accelerator may comprise an organic nitrate or peroxide. The ignition accelerator is preferably a peroxide. In an exemplary embodiment, the ignition promoter can include di-t-butyl peroxide. Other organic peroxides may be suitable.
Meadowfoam oil or jojoba oil in the additive can enhance the lubricity of diesel fuel.

(Example)
Hereinafter, embodiments of various aspects of the present invention will be described specifically by way of examples. These examples are not meant to limit the scope of the claims.
Example 1
A solution containing bovine butterfly extract and meadowfoam oil was prepared by mixing 995 mL Aromatic 150, 5 mL meadowfoam oil and 5.1 g bovine extract (hexane extraction). The solution is referred to in the following examples as “Additive 2” or “Bovine Rabbit Extract Meadow Foam Stock Solution” or “Extract Additive”.
Table 2 below is an inventory of the processing mixtures produced:

Table 2: Processing mixture

Table 3 below shows the results of the release of various contaminants using the above treated product produced with the above Bovine Rabbit / Meadow Foam additive (Additive 2 or extract additive). Baseline for untreated B20 biodiesel was measured on day 1. This baseline was used as a reference to determine emission reduction in the spiked sample. The average weight in Table 3 was calculated using a weighing coefficient of 1/7 for the low temperature start result and 6/7 for the high temperature start result. The table shows data for total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) and particulates (PM). The unit is ppm except for PM. The unit of the granular material is g / BHp-hr (brake horsepower / gram per hour).

Table 3

Table 4 below shows the emissions changes for the various treatments compared to the baseline B20 data. The change is the difference between the emissions in each treatment compared to the average emission in the B20 baseline test. The first number in the emissions change table (Table 4) is the difference (Δ) between the emissions in each treatment and the baseline emissions for the average emissions in the B20 base fuel. The second number is the percent difference (% Δ) between the emissions and baseline B20 emissions in each treatment.

Table 4

All treatments reduced the release of all regulated contaminants. Although there was a slight increase in CO ₂ emissions over that of the pure B20 base, carbon dioxide emissions in diesel exhaust are currently unregulated.
The emission reduction with additives according to embodiments of the present invention is shown in treatments 4, 5 and 6. Total hydrocarbon emissions were reduced by 27-20% with the additive of the present invention compared to baseline B20. CO emissions were 6.01 to 8.03%, NO _x was 3.40 to 4.73%, and particulates were 4.59 to 8.16%, compared to base B20 without additives according to embodiments of the present invention. The additive according to each embodiment of the present invention was effective in reducing total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, NO _x and particulate emissions compared to base B20 fuel.

  The above description discloses several methods and materials of the present invention. The present invention is subject to modifications in methods and materials, such as changes in the choice of base fuel, the components selected for the base formulation, and the blending of the fuel and additive mixture. Such modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reviewing the present disclosure and practicing the invention disclosed herein. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but that the invention be all that comes within the true scope and spirit of the invention as embodied in the claims. It shall extend to corrections and changes. All documents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Claims (26)

Fuel additive for biodiesel fuel characterized by comprising:
A first component comprising an ignition accelerator; and
A second component selected from the group consisting of plant extracts, synthetic forms of plant extracts, and mixtures thereof.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, wherein the ignition accelerator includes a peroxide.   The peroxide is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, di-oleal peroxide, soy hydroperoxide, di-ethyl peroxide and any combination thereof. The fuel additive according to claim 2.   The fuel additive of claim 2, wherein the peroxide comprises di-tert-butyl peroxide.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, further comprising a third component, wherein the third component is selected from the group consisting of a long-chain fatty acid, a long-chain fatty acid ester, and any combination thereof.   6. The fuel additive according to claim 5, comprising a combined chain fatty acid, a synthetic long chain fatty acid ester, or both a synthetic long chain fatty acid and a synthetic long chain fatty acid ester.   The fuel additive according to claim 5, wherein the third component further comprises an oil selected from the group consisting of meadowfoam oil, jojoba oil, and combinations thereof.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, further comprising a solvent.   The fuel additive according to claim 8, wherein the solvent includes an aromatic solvent.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, further comprising an alkyl nitrate.   The fuel additive according to claim 10, wherein the alkyl nitrate comprises 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant extract comprises a green extract of a plant.   The fuel additive according to claim 12, wherein the green extract is chlorophyll.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant extract comprises an extract of a leguminous plant.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, carotenoids, chlorophyll, plastids, isomicten, and any combination thereof.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant extract comprises one or more chlorophylls.   17. The fuel additive according to claim 16, wherein the fuel additive has a ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b of about 0.1 to about 80.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, wherein the second component includes chlorophyll and carotenoid.   The fuel additive of claim 18, wherein the fuel additive has a ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid of from about 0.1 to about 100.   The fuel additive according to claim 1, further comprising a stabilizing component.   The stabilizing component is 2,2,4-trimethyl-6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline, ethoxyquinoline, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert-butyl. -4-n-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, 2.2'-methylene-bis (6-t-butyl-4-methylphenol), n-octadecyl 3- (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) Propionate, 1,1,3-tris (3-t-butyl-6-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) butane, pentaerythrityltetrakis [3- (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) Propionate], di-n-octadecyl (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) phosphonate, 2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) mesitylene , Tris (3,5- -t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate, N, N'-diphenylphenylenediamine, p-octyldiphenylamine, p, p-dioctyldiphenylamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N- (p-dodecyl) phenyl-2-naphthylamine, di-1-naphthylamine, and di-2-naphthylamine, phenothazines, N-alkylphenothiazines, imino (bisbenzyl), 6- (t-butyl) phenol, 2 , 6-Di- (t-butyl) phenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di- (t-butyl) phenol, 4,4'-methylenebis (-2,6-di- (t-butyl) phenol) The fuel additive according to claim 19, comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: diphenylamine, dinaphthylamine, and phenylnaphthylamine.   About 0.32 to about 799 g of ignition accelerator per 3.785 liters (1 gallon) of fuel containing biodiesel; about 0.001 to about 60 g of plant extract, synthetic form of plant extract or mixtures thereof Fuel composition.   23. The fuel composition according to claim 22, further comprising 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.   24. The fuel composition according to claim 23, wherein the amount of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate is about 1 ppm to about 5000 ppm. Combusting a fuel obtained by mixing biodiesel fuel with a fuel additive, the fuel additive comprising:
A first component comprising an ignition accelerator; and
A second component selected from the group consisting of plant extracts, synthetic forms of plant extracts, and mixtures thereof. A method for increasing the lubricity of a fuel containing biodiesel fuel, comprising adding an additive to a fuel containing biodiesel fuel, the additive comprising:
A first component comprising an ignition accelerator;
A second component selected from the group consisting of plant extracts, synthetic forms of plant extracts, and mixtures thereof; and
At least one oil selected from the group consisting of meadowfoam oil, jojoba oil, and mixtures thereof;