CN107841351A - Alcohol-based fuel - Google Patents

Alcohol-based fuel Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107841351A
CN107841351A CN201711167826.7A CN201711167826A CN107841351A CN 107841351 A CN107841351 A CN 107841351A CN 201711167826 A CN201711167826 A CN 201711167826A CN 107841351 A CN107841351 A CN 107841351A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
alcohol
steam
based fuel
parts
handled
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201711167826.7A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
陶积勇
卢昌锐
周顺
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Guilin Ganlong Environmental Protection Equipment Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Guilin Ganlong Environmental Protection Equipment Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Guilin Ganlong Environmental Protection Equipment Co Ltd filed Critical Guilin Ganlong Environmental Protection Equipment Co Ltd
Priority to CN201711167826.7A priority Critical patent/CN107841351A/en
Publication of CN107841351A publication Critical patent/CN107841351A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1225—Inorganic compounds halogen containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
    • C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1691—Hydrocarbons petroleum waxes, mineral waxes; paraffines; alkylation products; Friedel-Crafts condensation products; petroleum resins; modified waxes (oxidised)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1857—Aldehydes; Ketones

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses alcohol-based fuel, is made up of the composition of following weight parts：85.0 96.0 parts of methanol, 2.0 6.0 parts of ethanol, 1.0 5.0 parts of butanone, 1.0 2.0 parts of paraffin oil, 0.5 2.0 parts of water, 0.1 0.2 parts of iron chloride, 1.5 2.5 parts of additive；The additive is obtained by following preparation methods：1. Steam explosion treatment：The loguat leaf residue that water was extracted, it is put into the processing of steam blasting tank；2. distillation is handled：1. material that step is obtained is put into distiller, in distiller bottom, heating burning or is passed through steam, and when hot steam is filled in distiller, steam is introduced into condenser by condenser pipe, then passes through oil water separator, collects oil phase；3. high-shear homogenizing machine is handled：2. oil phase that step is obtained is handled by high-shear homogenizing machine, and nano-emulsion is made, and obtains additive.

Description

Alcohol-based fuel
Technical field
The present invention relates to fuel area, and in particular to alcohol-based fuel.
Background technology
Alcohol-based fuel is exactly the fuel configured using alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, butanol) material as main body.It is with liquid Or existing for solid form.It is also a kind of biomass energy, is various countries as nuclear energy, solar energy, wind power energy, hydraulic energy The environment protection clean energy that government widelys popularize at present.In face of the exhaustion of fossil energy, alcohol-based fuel is most potential new replaces It is deep to be favored by every industry or trade's tissue for the energy.
The research of present alcohol-based fuel is a lot, such as Chinese patent CN103184081A, discloses a kind of alcohol-group fuel oil, by The component composition of following parts by weight：Methanol 70-75 parts, dimethylbenzene 4-6 parts, No. 200 solvent naphtha 4-6 parts, paraffin oil 4-6 parts are sweet Oily 4-6 parts, water 5-10 parts.But Shortcomings, first, dimethylbenzene has toxicity, secondly, adds water in order to reduce cost, So that methanol content makes fuel value very low below 75% in fuel.Although in alcohol radical liquid fuel, can contain appropriate Water, it is aqueous to improve flash temperature, the danger caught fire is reduced, but moisture is mixed into fuel, two are shown to metal erosion Individual aspect：First, moisture can directly cause the chemical nuclear power chemical attack of metal；Second, such as some sulfur-bearings and acidity in fuel When corrosive deposit is dissolved in water, then accelerate corrosion of metal process.Harm of the free water to metal in fuel is very big, its energy Corrode various steel components, such as steel oil tank, oil drum, pipeline, valve and other parts.The micro-moisture being dissolved in fuel can only Cause low content steel corrosion.Moisture has stronger corrosiveness to low-alloy steel, also corrodes the non-ferrous metal such as copper and zinc, to green grass or young crops Copper does not produce corrosion.And for example Chinese patent CN103911189A, while the content of methanol is improved, reduce containing for moisture Amount, but in reality in use, it has also been found that some problems, for example, no in product add specialist additive, cause fuel not Fully, black smoke, carbon distribution, black-cooking pot bottom be present, no raffinate residue, occur the problems such as smoked people, dazzling in use.
In the prior art, many alcohol-based fuel producers declare to the addition of stabilizer, emulsifying agent in fuel, calorific value after burning Height, discharge amount of exhaust gas are extremely low.Although some manufacturing enterprises boast fantastically the emulsifying agent added, actually various The so-called stabilizer being exclusively formulated, emulsifying agent are often the mixture of the chemicals such as flavor enhancement, coloring agent, metal ion, and one As be all 6-9 kinds industrial chemicals dissolving after mixing liquid, the relation with environmental emission reduction in combustion process is not too big.Part Producer declares to have it is possible to additionally incorporate additive in alcohol-based fuel to improve calorific value, can greatly improve the calorific value of fuel. But in fact, unless disregard into local other fuel for adding high heating value, otherwise, only add based on all kinds of industrial chemicals Additive alcohol-based fuel low heat value can only be made to be changed in a small range, the alcohol-based fuel low heat value after adjustment is difficult often Break through 27MJ/kg.In actual use, rear kitchen personnel not only have carbon distribution after generally reflecting fuel combustion, and flue gas is smoked Eye, it is necessary to force air draft ability normal work with blower fan, problem is still present.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, there is provided alcohol-based fuel, after alcohol-based fuel burning can be improved Environment, the alcohol-based fuel can be used for external-burning combustion field, alternative diesel oil and traditional fuel oil.
To reach above-mentioned purpose, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions, alcohol-based fuel, by following weight parts Composition is made：
The additive is obtained by following preparation methods：
1. Steam explosion treatment：The loguat leaf residue that water was extracted, it is put into the processing of steam blasting tank；
2. distillation is handled：1. material that step is obtained is put into distiller, in distiller bottom, heats burning or is passed through steaming Vapour, when hot steam is filled in distiller, steam is introduced into condenser by condenser pipe, then by oil water separator, Collect oil phase；
3. high-shear homogenizing machine is handled：2. oil phase that step is obtained is handled by high-shear homogenizing machine, and nano-emulsion is made, Obtain additive.
Of the present invention to be put into the processing of steam blasting tank, preferably burst pressure 3.0-3.5Mpa, the dwell time maintains 150-200s。
High-shear homogenizing machine processing of the present invention, preferred linear velocity 30-40m/s, time 3-5min.
In the present invention, ethanol, butanone are added, calorific value can be increased, reach good combustion efficiency, while alcohol can be changed The proportion of base fuel.The proportion of paraffin oil is lighter than methanol, and boiling point is very high about 110 DEG C, and paraffin oil will not be dissolved by methanol, Methanol is directly contacted with air to volatilize, and iron chloride is added in the present invention and can be very good to avoid such case, can improve alcohol Intersolubility in base fuel system, prevent from being layered so that paraffin oil and methanol in alcohol-based fuel are combined closely, and are carried so as to reach The purpose of high-flash, it is contemplated that cost factor, paraffin oil addition should not be too big.
Compared with prior art, the advantage of the invention is that：
1st, in the prior art, some producers add dimethyl ether (DEM) and higher alcohols as additive, but not only need multiple It miscellaneous technique, also can greatly improve the production cost of alcohol-based fuel.And the additive arrived of the present invention, have to belong to and compare water Gently, calorific value height, safety and environmental protection, difficult volatilization, flammable but nonflammable, energy completely burned noresidue oil-based liquid organic matter, as The additive of alcohol-based fuel, it is very suitable.
2nd, prior art, usually simple not only reduces alcohol radical combustion by addition calorific value enhancer, increase hydrocarbon content The security performance of material, and the rising of alcohol-based fuel cost price is result in, it is unfavorable for the popularization of alcohol-based fuel.The addition of the present invention Agent, it, which is acted on, mainly functionally improves fuel combustion operating mode, such as reduces consumption, increase flammability, security, reduces corrosion Property, flue gas when preventing from using smokes eye.Moreover, the additive of the present invention have passed through high-shear homogenizing machine processing, with nano-emulsion Form adds alcohol-based fuel as additive, is that obtained alcohol-based fuel is easily atomized, vaporizes, evaporated.
3rd, additive of the invention derives from the residue of plant extracts, many plant extracts, after entering water extraction, one As be as offal treatment, it is and of the invention, especially choose the plant residue after water extraction, it is residual compared to the plant after alcohol extracting Slag, also have the liposoluble constituent such as substantial amounts of essential oil to exist in the plant residue after water extraction, day of the present invention by steam blasting at Reason, distillation processing, high-shear homogenizing machine processing, the plants essential oil in residue after vegetation water is extracted can be fully discharged, is accomplished To twice laid, kill two birds with one stone.
Embodiment
With embodiment, the invention will be further described below, but the invention is not limited in these embodiments.
Embodiment 1：
Alcohol-based fuel is prepared, alcohol-based fuel is obtained according to following components and ratio mixing (stirring at room temperature)：
The additive is obtained by following preparation methods：
1. Steam explosion treatment：The loguat leaf residue that water was extracted, it is put into steam blasting tank, burst pressure 3.0- 3.5Mpa, dwell time maintain 150-200s；
2. distillation is handled：1. material that step is obtained is put into distiller, in distiller bottom, heats burning or is passed through steaming Vapour, when hot steam is filled in distiller, steam is introduced into condenser by condenser pipe, then by oil water separator, Collect oil phase；
3. high-shear homogenizing machine is handled：2. oil phase that step is obtained is handled by high-shear homogenizing machine, linear velocity 30- 40m/s, time 3-5min, is made nano-emulsion, obtains additive.
Embodiment 2：
Alcohol-based fuel is prepared, alcohol-based fuel is obtained according to following components and ratio mixing (stirring at room temperature)：
The additive is obtained by following preparation methods：
1. Steam explosion treatment：The loguat leaf residue that water was extracted, it is put into steam blasting tank, burst pressure 3.0- 3.5Mpa, dwell time maintain 150-200s；
2. distillation is handled：1. material that step is obtained is put into distiller, in distiller bottom, heats burning or is passed through steaming Vapour, when hot steam is filled in distiller, steam is introduced into condenser by condenser pipe, then by oil water separator, Collect oil phase；
3. high-shear homogenizing machine is handled：2. oil phase that step is obtained is handled by high-shear homogenizing machine, linear velocity 30- 40m/s, time 3-5min, is made nano-emulsion, obtains additive.
Embodiment 3：
Alcohol-based fuel is prepared, alcohol-based fuel is obtained according to following components and ratio mixing (stirring at room temperature)：
The additive is obtained by following preparation methods：
1. Steam explosion treatment：The loguat leaf residue that water was extracted, it is put into steam blasting tank, burst pressure 3.0- 3.5Mpa, dwell time maintain 150-200s；
2. distillation is handled：1. material that step is obtained is put into distiller, in distiller bottom, heats burning or is passed through steaming Vapour, when hot steam is filled in distiller, steam is introduced into condenser by condenser pipe, then by oil water separator, Collect oil phase；
3. high-shear homogenizing machine is handled：2. oil phase that step is obtained is handled by high-shear homogenizing machine, linear velocity 30- 40m/s, time 3-5min, is made nano-emulsion, obtains additive.
Comparative example 1：
Alcohol-based fuel is prepared, alcohol-based fuel is obtained according to following components and ratio mixing (stirring at room temperature)：
Comparative example 2：
Alcohol-based fuel is prepared, alcohol-based fuel is obtained according to following components and ratio mixing (stirring at room temperature)：
The additive is obtained by following preparation methods：
1. Steam explosion treatment：The loguat leaf residue that water was extracted, it is put into steam blasting tank, burst pressure 3.0- 3.5Mpa, dwell time maintain 150-200s；
2. distillation is handled：1. material that step is obtained is put into distiller, in distiller bottom, heats burning or is passed through steaming Vapour, when hot steam is filled in distiller, steam is introduced into condenser by condenser pipe, then by oil water separator, Oil phase is collected, obtains additive.
Experimental example：
Combustion characteristics Experimental comparison's research is carried out to embodiment 3, the alcohol-based fuel of comparative example, 0# diesel oil.Fuel oil passes through Pipeline enters combustion chambers burn by burner nozzle, heats 20kg water, and water temperature is from 40 DEG C to 80 DEG C, and air is by air blower from combustion Combustor side walls drum people combustion chamber, flue gas caused by burning is discharged into air by flue, and extracts flue gas with smoke sampling device and pass through cigarette The qi leel analyzer measurement (average value of test data when the numerical value of flue gas is 40 DEG C, 50 DEG C, 60 DEG C, 70 DEG C, 80 DEG C, by relatively empty Gas consumption coefficient is that 1.1 conversions draw alcohol-based fuel burning, the relative amount of diesel combustion smoke components).
By document, it is 45% to calculate alcohol-based fuel combustion thermal efficiency, and the diesel combustion thermal efficiency is 26%, Ke Yifa Existing alcohol-based fuel combustion thermal efficiency is significantly larger than the diesel combustion thermal efficiency, and the unit mass calorific value (14-27MJ/ of alcohol-based fuel Kg) far below fossil fuel energies such as the diesel oil (42.9MJ/kg) of people's custom.From upper table it can be found that because diesel oil calorific value is 2 times or so of alcohol-based fuel calorific value, heating water temperature to same temperature, the time required for the burning alcohol-based fuel of embodiment 3 is only 0.67 times the time required to being only burning diesel oil, the fuel consumption of the alcohol-based fuel of embodiment 3 is 1.62 times of diesel oil fuel consumption, with reference to Diesel oil, the alcohol-based fuel of embodiment 3 into seeing originally, use the alcohol-based fuel of embodiment 3 on the premise of same effectively heat energy is obtained More economically.
By embodiment 3 and comparative example 1, the comparison of comparative example 2, compare from time and fuel consumption, there is 8-10% The lifting of left and right, reason is that the additive of embodiment 3 have passed through high-shear homogenizing machine processing, as adding in the form of nano-emulsion Add agent add alcohol-based fuel, so as to get alcohol-based fuel be easily atomized, vaporize, evaporate, meanwhile, reduce CO generation, also change Smoked eye, dazzling problem when being apt to use.

Claims (3)

1. alcohol-based fuel, it is characterised in that：It is made up of the composition of following weight parts：
The additive is obtained by following preparation methods：
1. Steam explosion treatment：The loguat leaf residue that water was extracted, it is put into the processing of steam blasting tank；
2. distillation is handled：1. material that step is obtained is put into distiller, in distiller bottom, heats burning or is passed through steam, When hot steam is filled in distiller, steam is introduced into condenser, then by oil water separator, receive by condenser pipe Collect oil phase；
3. high-shear homogenizing machine is handled：2. oil phase that step is obtained is handled by high-shear homogenizing machine, and nano-emulsion is made, and is obtained Additive.
2. alcohol-based fuel according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described is put into the processing of steam blasting tank, burst pressure Power 3.0-3.5Mpa, dwell time maintain 150-200s.
3. alcohol-based fuel according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described high-shear homogenizing machine processing, linear velocity 30- 40m/s, time 3-5min.
CN201711167826.7A 2017-11-21 2017-11-21 Alcohol-based fuel Pending CN107841351A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201711167826.7A CN107841351A (en) 2017-11-21 2017-11-21 Alcohol-based fuel

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201711167826.7A CN107841351A (en) 2017-11-21 2017-11-21 Alcohol-based fuel

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN107841351A true CN107841351A (en) 2018-03-27

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Country Status (1)

Country Link
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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1493669A (en) * 2002-10-29 2004-05-05 符树庆 Vegeteble oil derivative liqid fuel oil environmental protection energy saving additive
US20060201056A1 (en) * 2000-04-14 2006-09-14 Oryxe Energy International, Inc. Biodiesel fuel additive
CN103265981A (en) * 2013-05-20 2013-08-28 清远市精旺环保设备有限公司 Alcohol-based fuel combustion improver and alcohol-based fuel
CN103911189A (en) * 2014-04-10 2014-07-09 桂林市淦隆环保科技有限公司 Alcohol-based fuel

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060201056A1 (en) * 2000-04-14 2006-09-14 Oryxe Energy International, Inc. Biodiesel fuel additive
CN1493669A (en) * 2002-10-29 2004-05-05 符树庆 Vegeteble oil derivative liqid fuel oil environmental protection energy saving additive
CN103265981A (en) * 2013-05-20 2013-08-28 清远市精旺环保设备有限公司 Alcohol-based fuel combustion improver and alcohol-based fuel
CN103911189A (en) * 2014-04-10 2014-07-09 桂林市淦隆环保科技有限公司 Alcohol-based fuel

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
张晓阳等: "《纤维素生物质水解与应用》", 31 December 2012, 郑州大学出版社 *

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