JP2009506054A - 疾患を処置するためのヘッジホッグ経路アンタゴニスト - Google Patents
疾患を処置するためのヘッジホッグ経路アンタゴニスト Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2005年8月22日に出願された米国仮出願第60/710,117号の利益を主張し、それらの内容は、参照することにより全体として組み込まれる。
ヘッジホッグ(Hh)シグナル経路は、動物の発生において重要であり、進化を通じて高度に保存されている。さらに、異常Hhシグナリングは、多くのヒトの癌の発生および成長に関連している。その結果、Hhシグナル経路は、新規の、無毒性の癌処置を開発するためのバイオテクノロジーおよび製薬会社の研究および開発の努力のターゲットであった。この取組みに大規模な資源が捧げられたにもかかわらず、癌治療に使用するために臨床的に試験することができるHh経路アンタゴニストが、未だ達成されていない。したがって、Hh経路アンタゴニストとして作用する薬剤の同定および開発の必要性が残っている。
本発明は、対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性を阻害する方法であり、有効量のヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩を対象に投与し、それにより対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性を阻害することを含む、前記方法を提供する。本発明の対象の化合物を、薬学的に許容しうる賦形剤を含む医薬製剤として処方してもよい。本発明は、神経組織、骨および軟骨形成および修復の調節、精子形成の調節、平滑筋の調節、肺、肝臓および原腸から生じる他の器官の調節、造血機能の調節、皮膚および毛の成長の調節などにわたる治療および化粧用途がある。さらに、対象の方法は、培養により提供された細胞(in vitro)で、または動物全体の細胞(in vivo)で行うことができる。例えば、PCT公開公報WO 95/18856およびWO 96117924(これらの明細書は、参照することにより本明細書に明示的に組み込まれる)参照。本発明の他の特徴および利点は、詳細な説明および特許請求の範囲から明らかである。
ある態様において、前立腺癌は、転移性前立腺癌である。
ある態様において、ヘッジホッグ経路活性に関連する状態は、癌ではない。
上記一面のある態様において、対象は、哺乳動物である。ある態様において、対象は、ヒトである。
ある態様において、細胞は、新生細胞ではない。
上記一面のある態様において、細胞は、哺乳動物細胞、より好ましくはヒト細胞である。
用語「異常シグナリング」とは、似たような条件下の正常な細胞における受容体活性に対する、細胞における異常な受容体活性を示すことを意図する。例えば、異常な活性は、非悪性の細胞と比較して、細胞、例えば悪性の細胞における過度または望ましくないレベルのヘッジホッグ経路活性であり得る。
「Hhシグナリングの障害」とは、過度なまたは望ましくないレベルのヘッジホッグ経路活性、例えば異常Hhシグナリング活性に関連する障害を意味する。ある態様において、異常Hh経路活性の障害は、過剰増殖の障害、例えば、癌または乾癬である。他の態様において、異常Hh活性シグナリングの障害は癌ではない。
用語「ヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト」とは、smoothenedの活性を低減させ、Hh経路標的である、patchedおよびGli1の活性を低減させる剤を示すことを意味する。Hh経路が活性であるとき、標的遺伝子の転写はより高く、Hh経路が不活性であるとき、標的遺伝子の転写はより低い。好ましいヘッジホッグアンタゴニストを、ptc機能喪失型および/またはsmoothened機能獲得型を克服するために使用することができ、後者はまた、smoothenedアンタゴニストと示される。本明細書において、用語「ヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト」は、ヘッジホッグタンパク質の正常な機能を直接阻害することにより作用し得るあらゆる剤のみならず、ヘッジホッグ経路活性を阻害する、したがってptcの機能を反復するあらゆる剤を示す。
用語「IC50」は、最大阻害濃度の半分の薬剤の用量を意味する。
本明細書において、「増殖する」および「増殖」は、有糸分裂している細胞を示す。
用語「LD50」は、試験の対象の50%の致死的な薬剤の用量を意味する。
用語「治療指数」とは、LD50/ED50と定義された薬剤の治療指数を示す。
用語「処置」は、予防、治療および治癒もまた包含することを意図する。
図1(A&B)は、前立腺癌モデルにおけるイトラコナゾール処置を示す2つのグラフである。A)2回用量(Tx37.5およびTx25mg/kg)での連日イトラコナゾール処置は、AT6.3転移モデルにおいてシクロパミンと同じくらい効果的に生存期間を延長する。B)無胸腺マウスにおける22RViヒト癌細胞からの既存の腫瘍のイトラコナゾール処置は、成長を遅くするか(Tx25mg/kg)、または完全な退行の原因となる(−100容量%;37.5mg/kg)。
本発明は、ヘッジホッグ(Hh)、patched(ptc)、またはsmoothened(smo)により調節されるシグナル伝達経路を、イトラコナゾールを含む選択された化合物により阻害することができるという発見に関するものである。いかなる特定の理論にしばられることも望まないが、これらの剤は、Hhシグナリング活性を阻害することにより、例えば、ヘッジホッグ、ptc、および/またはsmoothened介在シグナル伝達経路を活性化させるヘッジホッグ(Hh)、patched(ptc)、および/またはsmoothened(smo)の能力を妨害することにより、作用する。
ヘッジホッグ(Hh)遺伝子は最初に、ショウジョウバエにおける正常な分節パターン形成のためのその必要条件に基づき同定された(Nusslein-Volhard, C. and Wieschaus, E., Nature 287:795 801, 1980)。その機能は、初期胚セグメント内で隣接する細胞の同一性を調整するための局所シグナリング(Hooper, J. E., and Scott, M. P. Early Embryonic Development of Animals, pp. 1-48, 1992)、および多くの細胞の直径を横切って広がる角皮パターン形成における後の機能(Heernskerk, J. and DiNardo, S., Cell, 76:449 460, 1994)を含む。Hh遺伝子はまた、付属器および眼を含む成体構造の成虫(imaginal)前駆体のパターン形成において機能する(Mohler, J. Genetics, 120:1061 1072, 1988; Ma, et al., Cell, 75:927 938, 1993; Heberlein, et al., Cell, 75:913 926, 1993; Tabata, T. & Kornberg, T. D., Cell, 76:89 102, 1992; Basler, K. & Struhl, G., Nature, 368:208 214, 1994)。遺伝的および分子的証拠は、ヘッジホッグタンパク質が分泌され、細胞外シグナリングにおいて機能することを示している(Mohler, J., supra; Lee, et al., Cell, 71:33 50, 1992; Taylor, et al., Mech. Dev., 42:89 96, 1993)。
イトラコナゾールまたは(±)−cis−4−[4−[4−[4−[[2−(2,4−ジクロロフェニル)−2−(1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル−メチル)−1,3−ジオキソラン−4−イル]メトキシ]フェニル]−1−ピペラジニル]フェニル]−2,4−ジヒドロ−2−(1−メチルプロピル)−3H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−3−オン、または代わりに2−ブタン−2−イル−4−[4−[4−[4−[[(2R,4S)−2−(2,4−ジクロロフェニル)−2−(1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イルメチル)−1,3−ジオキソラン−4−イル]メトキシ]フェニル]ピペラジン−1−イル]フェニル]−1,2,4−トリアゾール−3−オンは、経口、非経口および局所使用のために開発された広範囲の抗真菌化合物であり、米国特許第4,267,179号に開示されており、これは、参照により、全体として組み込まれる。ジフルオロ類似体、サペルコナゾールまたは(±−)−cis−4−[4−[4−[4−[[2−(2,4−ジフルオロフェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イルメチル)−1,3−ジオキソラン−4−イル]メトキシ]フェニル]−1−ピペラジニル]フェニル]−2,4−ジヒドロ−2−(−1−メトキシプロピル)−3H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−3−オンは、Aspergillus種に対して改善された活性を有し、米国特許第4,916,134号に開示されており、これは、参照により、全体として組み込まれる。イトラコナゾールおよびサペルコナゾールの両方は、4つのジアステレオ異性体の混合物からなり、その調製および有用性は、WO 93/19061に開示されている。イトラコナゾールおよびサペルコナゾールのジアステレオ異性体は、[2R−[2−α,4−α,4(R*)]]、[2R−[2.α.,4.α.,4(S*)]]、[2S−[2.α.,4.α.,4(S*)]]および[2S−[2.α.,4.α.,4(R*)]]に指定される。
本発明はまた、ヘッジホッグ(Hg)シグナリングを拮抗する剤を同定するためのスクリーニングアッセイに関する。スクリーニング方法はまた、物理的に(例えば、立体的に)でない場合は機能的に、要望どおり、アンタゴニストまたはアゴニストとして作用する変異形、結合剤または遮断剤などを同定するのに有用である。
本発明の医薬組成物および処方物は、本明細書に開示されているヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト化合物の医薬組成物を含み(例えば、イトラコナゾールなどの表1の化合物)、哺乳動物に投与することができ、また、動物用組成物、例えば、動物用の使用、例えば、家畜または家庭用動物、例えば、イヌの処置に好適な対象の化合物の医薬製剤をも含み得る。以下に詳細に示すように、対象の方法は、それらのIC50値により直ちに同定することができるさまざまな異なるヘッジホッグアンタゴニストを使って行うことができることを意図する。
経鼻投与用に、透過する特定のバリアとして適切な浸透剤を処方物において使用する。かかる浸透剤は、一般的に当業者に知られている。
医薬組成物を、塩として提供してもよく、塩酸、硫酸、酢酸、乳酸、酒石酸、リンゴ酸、コハク酸などを含むが、これらに限定されない多くの酸と形成することができる。塩は、遊離塩基の形態に対応する水性のまたは他のプロトン性溶剤により溶けやすい傾向がある。他の場合、好ましい製剤は、pHの範囲が4.5〜5.5である1mM〜50mMのヒスチジン、0.1%〜2%のショ糖、2%〜7%のマンニトールの凍結乾燥粉末であってもよく、それは、使用前に緩衝液と組み合わせる。
本発明はまた、ヘッジホッグ経路活性を阻害するための医薬品の製造における化合物の使用を含み、ここで化合物は、表1に列挙した化合物から選択される。
ある態様において、本発明は、併用治療を意図した。例えば、イトラコナゾールは、治療において他の化合物と組み合わせて使用することができる。例えば、イトラコナゾールは、他の化合物と、例えば、1:1〜1:5〜5:1、1:1〜1:10〜10:1、1:1〜1:25〜25:1、1:1〜1:100〜100:1、1:1〜1:1000〜1000:1または1:1〜1:10,000〜10,000:1の範囲の比率で組み合わせて同時投与することができる。イトラコナゾールとの併用治療に使用することを意図した化合物は、抗アンドロゲン剤(フルタミド、ビカルタミド、およびニルタミドを含む)、LHRHアゴニスト、黄体形成ホルモン放出ホルモン(LHRH)アンタゴニスト、およびゲムシタビン(特に膵臓癌処置において)、プラチナ化合物(肺癌処置に用いられるシスプラチンなど)、ミトキサントロン、ドキソルビシン、ビンブラスチン、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル、リン酸エストラムスチン、およびエトポシドなどの化学療法剤を含む。本発明により意図した他の併用治療は、手術、例えば、腫瘍および/または周囲の組織の外科的除去、例えば、腫瘤のデバルキングと組み合わせたイトラコナゾールによる処置を含む。ある特定の例において、併用治療を、髄芽腫の処置に使用することができる。従来の髄芽腫などのある癌の処置は、放射線治療である。したがって、本発明の方法は、必要とする放射線の用量を低下させるおよび/または放射線単独と比較して処置の有効性を改善するために、放射線治療と共にイトラコナゾールを使用することを意図する。
既述のように、これらの化合物を、経口、経鼻投与を含む、例えばスプレー剤として、直腸、膣内、非経口、嚢内および局所投与、粉末剤、軟膏またはドロップとして、口腔および舌下投与を含むあらゆる好適な投薬ルートを含む治療のために、ヒトおよび他の動物に投与してもよい。
選択する投薬ルートに関係なく、好適な水和物の形で使用してもよい本発明の化合物、および/または本発明の医薬組成物を、以下に記載の薬学的に許容しうる剤形にまたは当業者に既知の他の従来の方法によって処方する。
選択された用量レベルは、用いられる本発明の特定の化合物、またはそのエステル、塩またはアミドの活性、投薬ルート、投与時間、用いられる特定の化合物の排せつ率、処置期間、用いられる特定の化合物と組み合わせて使われる他の薬剤、化合物および/または材料、処置する患者の年齢、性別、体重、状態、全身状態および過去の病歴、および医療分野で周知の同様の因子を含むさまざまな因子に依存するだろう。
一般的に、本発明の化合物の好適な日用量は、治療効果を生じさせるのに効果的な最も低い用量である化合物の量である。かかる有効用量は一般的に、上記の因子に依存する。一般的に、患者のための本発明の化合物の用量は、1日あたり体重1kgあたり約0.0001〜約100mgの範囲である。ある態様において、用量は、約1mg/kgおよび約500mg/kgの間、より好ましくは約5mg/kgおよび約50mg/kgの間である。
この処置を受ける患者は、必要とするあらゆる動物であり、霊長類、特にヒト、およびウマ科の動物、ウシ、ブタおよびヒツジなどの他の哺乳動物;および家禽および一般的なペットを含む。必要とする動物は、好ましい態様において、Hhシグナリングの障害に罹患しているまたは罹患しやすい対象である。
投与のための用量の範囲は、少なくとも従来の抗真菌治療に必要な量が必要である。量は、必要に応じて、医師が調整する。
本発明の治療方法で使用される好ましい化合物は、シグナリングアッセイにおいて、かかる標準のアッセイにおいて試験化合物なしで測定したHhシグナリングに対して少なくとも約10%〜15%のHhシグナリングの低下、より好ましくは対照に対して少なくとも約20%または25%のHhシグナリングの低下をもたらし(例えば、本明細書中の例を参照)、さらにより好ましくはかかる標準のアッセイにおける試験化合物なしのHhシグナリングに対して、少なくとも約20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%または100%の低下を誘導する。
ある態様において、細胞は、新生細胞ではない。
上記一面のある態様において、細胞は、哺乳動物細胞、より好ましくはヒト細胞である。
対象の方法により処置してもよい病気は、疥癬などの非ヒトに特異的な障害である。
本方法のある態様において、前立腺特異抗原(PSA)レベルをモニタリングする。PSAスクリーニングは、前立腺癌の数人は正常なPSAレベルを有し得るが、現在前立腺癌にとってたった一つの最良の試験である。PSAは、既存の前立腺癌の患者のフォローアップに優れたマーカーである。
PSAは、分子量34,000Daの一本鎖の糖タンパク質である。それは、前立腺導管上皮で産生され、前立腺管内に分泌され、そして精漿で濃縮される。血清中で、PSAは、前立腺間質を通して拡散することにより、循環に至る。
患者、年齢40〜49歳、0〜2.5ng/mL
患者、年齢50〜59歳、0〜3.5ng/mL
患者、年齢60〜69歳、0〜4.5ng/mL
患者、年齢70〜79歳、0〜6.5ng/mL
本発明の化合物および組成物は、ヘッジホッグ経路活性の阻害を必要とする状態の処置に使用するために、キットまたは医薬系に組み立ててもよい。本発明のこの一面によるキットまたは医薬系は、本発明のヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト化合物(例えば、イトラコナゾールなどの表1の化合物)を、好ましくは単位投薬形態で含む。化合物は、本明細書に記載したように、薬学的に許容しうる溶剤、担体、賦形剤などと一緒に存在してもよい。
例1:前立腺癌モデルにおけるイトラコナゾール処置
癌成長における連続Hh経路活性の重大な役割の証拠は、肺、膵臓、胆道、前立腺、皮膚、および脳などの組織に生じている悪性腫瘍の動物モデルにおける癌成長を阻害するための[2,3,9,15,17]ヘッジホッグ(Hh)シグナル経路の強力なアンタゴニストであるシクロパミンの能力[4,7,13]から来る。
前述の記載から、本明細書中に記載の発明をさまざまな使用および状態に採用するために、変化形または変更形を作ってもよいことは、明らかである。かかる態様もまた、特許請求の範囲の記載内である。
本明細書の可変のあらゆる定義における要素のリストの詳述は、いずれか単独の要素または列挙した要素の併用(または小結合)としてのその可変の定義を含む。本明細書の態様の詳述は、いずれか単独の態様またはあらゆるほかの態様またはその部分と組み合わせたものとしてのその態様を含む。
本明細書において記載されたすべての特許および公報は、互いに独立した特許および公報が具体的に個別に示され、参照により取り込まれるかのようなものと同程度に本明細書中に参照として組み込まれる。
Claims (34)
- 対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性を阻害する方法であって、有効量の表1の化合物から選択されるヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩を対象に投与し、それにより対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性を阻害することを含む、前記方法。
- ヘッジホッグアンタゴニストが、イトラコナゾール、スルフィソマジン、ポドフィルム樹脂、コルヒチン、およびコルヒセインからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ヘッジホッグアンタゴニストが、イトラコナゾールである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 対象が、Hh経路活性関連障害に罹患しているまたは罹患しやすい、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性関連障害を処置する方法であって、
(a)Hhシグナリング関連障害の処置が必要な対象を同定すること;および
(b)有効量の表1の化合物から選択される化合物、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩を対象に投与し、それにより対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性関連障害を処置すること
を含む、前記方法。 - 化合物が、イトラコナゾールである、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 化合物を投与するステップが、薬学的に許容しうる組成物中の化合物を投与することを含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 細胞においてヘッジホッグ経路活性を阻害する方法であって、有効量の表1の化合物から選択される化合物、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩を細胞に投与し、それにより細胞においてヘッジホッグ経路活性を阻害することを含む、前記方法。
- 対象が哺乳動物である、請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 対象がヒトである、請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- (c)処置の有効性を決定するために対象をモニタリングする
ステップをさらに含む、請求項5に記載の方法。 - モニタリングのステップが、腫瘍のサイズを検出することを伴い、腫瘍のサイズの縮小が処置の指標となる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- モニタリングが、処置後の血清試料中の前立腺特異抗原(PSA)レベルを処置前の前立腺特異抗原レベルと比較することを伴う、請求項11に記載の方法。
- ヘッジホッグ経路活性関連障害が、癌、乾癬、または多毛症である、請求項5〜7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 障害が癌であり、癌が内胚葉癌腫である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 障害が癌であり、癌が、前立腺癌、転移性前立腺癌、小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道、胃、膵臓、胆道、前立腺または膀胱の癌腫、基底細胞癌、髄芽腫、横紋筋肉腫、乳癌および卵巣癌からなる群から選択される、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 癌を処置する方法であって、かかる処置が必要な対象におけるものであり、癌を処置するよう、有効量のイトラコナゾール、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩を対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 癌が、前立腺癌、転移性前立腺癌、小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道、胃、膵臓、胆道、前立腺または膀胱の癌腫、基底細胞癌、髄芽腫、横紋筋肉腫、乳癌および卵巣癌からなる群から選択される請求項17に記載の方法。
- 癌が前立腺癌であり、前立腺癌が転移性前立腺癌である、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 異常ヘッジホッグシグナリング障害に罹患しているまたは罹患しやすい対象において異常ヘッジホッグシグナリング障害を処置する方法であって、異常ヘッジホッグシグナリング障害を処置するよう、治療上有効量のイトラコナゾール、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩を対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性を低下させる方法であって、有効量の表1の化合物から選択されるヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩をかかる処置が必要な対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- ヘッジホッグアンタゴニストがイトラコナゾールである、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性を低下させる方法であって、治療の第二の形態と組み合わせて、有効量の表1の化合物から選択されるヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩をかかる処置が必要な対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- ヘッジホッグアンタゴニストがイトラコナゾールである、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 治療の第二の形態が、抗アンドロゲン治療、放射線治療、外科的介入および対新生物化学療法からなる群から選択される、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 有効量の表1の化合物から選択されるヘッジホッグアンタゴニストを、1日あたり体重1kgあたり0.0001から約100mgの範囲で対象に投与する、請求項の1〜7および17〜25いずれかに記載の方法。
- 化合物を、経口、局所、非経口および全身からなる群から選択される方法により対象に投与する、請求項1〜7および17〜25のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 対象において前立腺癌を処置する方法であって、有効量のイトラコナゾール、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩を対象に投与し、それにより対象において前立腺癌を処置することを含む、前記方法。
- 前立腺癌が転移性前立腺癌である、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 対象においてヘッジホッグ経路活性に関連する状態を処置する方法であって、ヘッジホッグ経路活性に関連する状態を処置するよう、有効量の表1に列挙された化合物から選択されるヘッジホッグアンタゴニストを対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- ヘッジホッグ経路活性に関連する状態が癌ではない、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 細胞においてヘッジホッグシグナリング活性を阻害する方法であって、細胞を有効量の表1の化合物のいずれか、またはその薬学的に許容しうる塩と接触させ、それにより細胞においてヘッジホッグシグナリング活性を阻害することを含む、前記方法。
- 細胞が新生細胞ではない、請求項32に記載の方法。
- ヘッジホッグ経路活性関連状態を処置するために化合物を使用する際の説明書と共に、単位投薬形態の表1の化合物から選択されるヘッジホッグアンタゴニスト化合物を含むキット。
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