JP2009139220A - Method and apparatus for measuring carburization depth of steel material - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for measuring carburization depth of steel material Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
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- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、鋼管、鋼板、鋼製密閉容器などの表裏面を有する鋼材の浸炭深さを非破壊で検査するための浸炭深さ測定方法および測定装置に係り、特に、上記の鋼材のうち、観察が可能な表面（以下、「外表面」ともいう。）および直接観察が困難な表面（以下、「内表面」ともいう。）を有する鋼材の内表面の浸炭深さを測定する方法およびその測定装置に関する。 The present invention relates to a carburizing depth measuring method and measuring apparatus for nondestructively inspecting the carburizing depth of a steel material having front and back surfaces such as a steel pipe, a steel plate, and a steel closed container, and in particular, among the above steel materials, A method for measuring the carburization depth of an inner surface of a steel material having a surface that can be observed (hereinafter also referred to as an “outer surface”) and a surface that is difficult to observe directly (hereinafter also referred to as an “inner surface”), and It relates to a measuring device.
連続再生式接触改質装置（ＣＣＲ：Continuous Catalyst Regeneration）は、オクタン価の低いナフサを高温水蒸気流中で貴金属触媒を用いて反応させることによって、オクタン価の高いガソリンを製造する装置である。この装置においては、運転条件によって、９Ｃｒ−１Ｍｏ鋼管などで構成される配管などの鋼材において、その内外表面に浸炭が生じることがある。また、例えば、石油化学プラントのエチレン製造工程で用いられるクラッキングチューブなどの鋼材の内表面にも浸炭が生じることがある。このように鋼材内外表面に浸炭が発生すると、鋼材の寿命を大きく低下させるので、定期的に浸炭深さを測定することが設備の保守管理上極めて重要である。 A continuous regenerative catalytic reformer (CCR) is a device for producing gasoline having a high octane number by reacting a naphtha having a low octane number with a noble metal catalyst in a high-temperature steam flow. In this apparatus, carburization may occur on the inner and outer surfaces of a steel material such as a pipe composed of a 9Cr-1Mo steel pipe or the like depending on operating conditions. In addition, for example, carburization may occur on the inner surface of a steel material such as a cracking tube used in an ethylene production process of a petrochemical plant. When carburization occurs on the inner and outer surfaces of the steel material in this way, the life of the steel material is greatly reduced. Therefore, it is extremely important for the maintenance management of the facility to periodically measure the carburization depth.
従来の浸炭深さを測定する方法として、例えば、特許文献１には、鋼管内表面に生じる浸炭の深さを、当該浸炭に伴う磁性変化を利用して測定する方法であって、断面略コの字状のコアに励磁コイル及び検出コイルをそれぞれ券回して形成されたセンサを、前記コアの両端部が被測定鋼管の長手方向に沿うように配設する第１ステップと、前記励磁コイルに所定周波数の電圧を印加する第２ステップと、前記励磁コイルと前記検出コイルとの間に生じる電磁誘導によって、前記検出コイルに誘起された誘起電圧波形から、前記所定周波数の高調波を抽出する第３ステップと、前記抽出された高調波と浸炭深さとの相関関係に基づき、浸炭深さを演算する第４ステップとを含むことを特徴とする鋼管内表面の浸炭深さ測定方法に関する発明が開示されている。
As a conventional method for measuring the carburization depth, for example,
特許文献１に開示された方法では、コの字状のプローブを用い、誘起電圧波形から高調波を抽出し、その高調波と浸炭深さとの相関関係に基づいて鋼管内表面の浸炭深さを測定する、電磁気特性を利用するものであるが、この発明は、鋼管の外表面には浸炭が生じていない材料の測定については有用であるといえる。しかしながら、実際にＣＣＲその他の装置において使用された鋼管は、外表面が操業中に炎で覆われるため、その外表面側にも浸炭が生じている場合がある。このように内外表面双方に浸炭が生じている材料については、特許文献１に開示された方法によって得られる浸炭深さは、鋼管の内表面および外表面の浸炭深さの合計であり、鋼管内表面の浸炭深さのみを求めることができない。
In the method disclosed in
また、電磁気特性を利用する浸炭深さの測定方法は、浸炭により鋼材の表面の炭素濃度が上昇すると透磁率が低下することを、電磁気的に観測するものである。従って、透磁率の低い（空気とほぼ同等の）非磁性体を母材とする鋼材の場合であれば、炭素濃度の変化による透磁率の変化を把握しやすいが、母材が透磁率の高い磁性体の場合には測定箇所による透磁率の変動が大きいため、炭素濃度変化による電磁気特性の変化が母材自体の透磁率のバラツキによるノイズ影響の影響を受けやすい。このため、電磁気特性を利用して、磁性体からなる鋼材表面の浸炭深さを測定するためには、厳密な条件設定が必要である。 In addition, the carburization depth measurement method using electromagnetic characteristics is to electromagnetically observe that the permeability decreases as the carbon concentration on the surface of the steel material increases due to carburization. Therefore, in the case of a steel material whose base material is a non-magnetic material having a low magnetic permeability (substantially equivalent to air), it is easy to grasp the change in permeability due to the change in carbon concentration, but the base material has a high magnetic permeability. In the case of a magnetic material, the magnetic permeability varies greatly depending on the measurement location. Therefore, the change in the electromagnetic characteristics due to the change in the carbon concentration is easily affected by the influence of noise due to the variation in the magnetic permeability of the base material itself. For this reason, in order to measure the carburization depth of the steel material surface which consists of a magnetic body using an electromagnetic characteristic, the exact condition setting is required.
具体的には、電磁気特性を利用して磁性体からなる鋼材内外面の浸炭深さを測定する場合には、センサープローブの形状、磁場方向、励磁電流強度、励磁周波数の適正化が必要となる。センサープローブの形状としては、一般的に用いられるＩ型コイルプローブまたはＣ型コイルプローブを用い、材料の透磁率等電磁気特性ノイズ変化が少なく、鋼材の形状、鋼管の場合はそのＲ形状に沿う寸法とするのがよい。また、磁場方向については、水平磁場を用いるのがよい。これは、垂直磁場の場合（I型プローブを用いた場合）、磁気回路が開いた回路となり、水平磁場の場合（C型プローブを用いた場合）に比べ、第３高調波強度が小さくなるからである。 Specifically, when measuring the carburization depth of the steel inner and outer surfaces made of magnetic material using electromagnetic characteristics, it is necessary to optimize the sensor probe shape, magnetic field direction, excitation current intensity, and excitation frequency. . As the shape of the sensor probe, a commonly used I-type coil probe or C-type coil probe is used, and there is little change in electromagnetic characteristics noise such as the magnetic permeability of the material. It is good to do. As for the magnetic field direction, it is preferable to use a horizontal magnetic field. This is because, in the case of a vertical magnetic field (when using an I-type probe), the magnetic circuit is an open circuit, and the third harmonic intensity is smaller than in the case of a horizontal magnetic field (when using a C-type probe). It is.
励磁電流強度は、コイルプローブの発熱影響がない範囲で、大きいことが望ましい。励磁周波数は、４０〜５０Ｈｚとするのが望ましい。これは、４０Ｈｚ未満では、第３高調波強度が小さくノイズの影響を受けやすく、５０Ｈｚを超えると、浸透深さが所定肉厚をカバーできないおそれがあるからである。 It is desirable that the excitation current intensity is large as long as the coil probe does not generate heat. The excitation frequency is preferably 40 to 50 Hz. This is because if the frequency is less than 40 Hz, the third harmonic intensity is small and susceptible to noise, and if it exceeds 50 Hz, the penetration depth may not cover the predetermined thickness.
ここで、鋼表面の炭素濃度を測定する方法としては、発光分光分析法、蛍光Ｘ線分析など様々な方法が知られており、鋼管その他の鋼材の外表面の炭素濃度を測定するのは容易であるが、鋼材内表面の測定をすることは困難である。また、電磁気特性を用いた方法によれば、鋼材の浸炭深さを測定することができるが、上述のように、鋼材の内外表面の双方に浸炭が発生している場合には、内表面側の浸炭深さのみを抽出することはできない。 Here, various methods such as emission spectroscopic analysis and fluorescent X-ray analysis are known as methods for measuring the carbon concentration on the steel surface, and it is easy to measure the carbon concentration on the outer surface of steel pipes and other steel materials. However, it is difficult to measure the inner surface of the steel material. Further, according to the method using the electromagnetic characteristics, the carburization depth of the steel material can be measured. As described above, when carburization occurs on both the inner and outer surfaces of the steel material, the inner surface side It is not possible to extract only the carburization depth.
本発明は、上記の知見に基づいてなされたものであり、鋼材の直接観察が困難な表面（内表面）の浸炭深さを非破壊で、かつ精度良く測定する方法および測定装置を提供することを目的とする。 The present invention has been made on the basis of the above-described knowledge, and provides a method and a measuring apparatus for accurately measuring the carburizing depth of a surface (inner surface) that is difficult to directly observe a steel material in a nondestructive manner. With the goal.
本発明者らは、このような従来技術の問題点を解決するべく、鋭意研究を行った。そして、まず、異なるＣＣＲにおいて使用された２種類の鋼管について、厚さ方向の炭素濃度の変化を調査し、浸炭の発生状況を調査した。 The inventors of the present invention have intensively studied to solve such problems of the prior art. First, for two types of steel pipes used in different CCRs, changes in the carbon concentration in the thickness direction were investigated, and the occurrence of carburization was investigated.
図１〜３は、いずれも実際にCCRの加熱炉用配管として用いられた９Cr−１Mo鋼管の外表面からの距離と炭素濃度との関係を示す図である。なお、図１および２には、厚さ５．２ｍｍの鋼管を脱スケールしたものの結果を、図３には、厚さ６．４ｍｍの鋼管を脱スケールしたものの結果をそれぞれ示している。脱スケール後の鋼管外表面の炭素濃度をEPMAにより測定し、鋼管外表面を微少厚さ（０．３ｍｍ）削っては炭素濃度測定をすることを繰り返して、厚さ方向の炭素濃度の変化を求めた。本発明者らは、図１〜３に示した鋼管以外にも数多くの実験を行ったが、いずれの鋼管においても、同様の結果が得られた。なお、実験は鋼管を用いて実施したが、上記の結果は鋼管のみならず、鋼材、密閉容器についても適用できる。 1-3 is a figure which shows the relationship between the distance from the outer surface of the 9Cr-1Mo steel pipe actually used as piping for heating furnaces of CCR, and carbon concentration. 1 and 2 show the result of descaling a steel pipe having a thickness of 5.2 mm, and FIG. 3 shows the result of descaling a steel pipe having a thickness of 6.4 mm. The carbon concentration on the outer surface of the steel pipe after descaling is measured by EPMA, the outer surface of the steel pipe is shaved to a small thickness (0.3 mm), and the carbon concentration measurement is repeated to change the carbon concentration in the thickness direction. Asked. The present inventors conducted many experiments other than the steel pipes shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, and similar results were obtained in any of the steel pipes. In addition, although experiment was implemented using the steel pipe, said result is applicable not only to a steel pipe but to steel materials and an airtight container.
図１〜３に示すように、ＣＣＲにおいて使用された鋼管は、ほとんどの場合、内表面および外表面の双方が浸炭している。本発明者らは、この試験結果から、浸炭深さと炭素濃度との関係にある傾向があることを発見した。即ち、それは、外表面側の浸炭深さと炭素濃度の変化割合（傾きＫo）および内表面側の浸炭深さと炭素濃度の変化割合（傾きＫi）は、いずれのサンプルでもほぼ同じであると言うことである。即ち、いずれの鋼管においても、傾きＫoは−０．４程度であり、傾きＫiは、０．３程度である。 As shown in FIGS. 1-3, the steel pipe used in CCR has carburized both the inner surface and the outer surface in most cases. The present inventors have found from this test result that there is a tendency to have a relationship between the carburization depth and the carbon concentration. That is, the change rate of the carburization depth and carbon concentration (slope K o ) on the outer surface side and the change rate of the carburization depth and carbon concentration (slope K i ) on the inner surface side are almost the same in all samples. That is to say. That is, in any steel pipe, the inclination K o is about −0.4, and the inclination K i is about 0.3.
図４は、図１〜３に示されるＣＣＲ実装鋼管についての炭素濃度と浸炭深さとの関係を整理した模式図である。図４に示すように、いずれの鋼管においても、外表面側の浸炭深さと炭素濃度の変化割合（傾きＫo）および内表面側の浸炭深さと炭素濃度の変化割合（傾きＫi）は同じであると考えることができる。 FIG. 4 is a schematic view in which the relationship between the carbon concentration and the carburization depth for the CCR-mounted steel pipe shown in FIGS. As shown in FIG. 4, in any steel pipe, the carburization depth and carbon concentration change rate (inclination K o ) on the outer surface side and the carburization depth and carbon concentration change rate (inclination K i ) on the inner surface side are the same. Can be considered.
従って、鋼管外表面の浸炭深さ（ｍｍ）をｄoとし、鋼管外表面における炭素濃度（質量％）をＣ0とし、鋼管母材（浸炭が生じていない部位）の炭素濃度（質量％）をＣnとし、定数をＫoとするとき、下記（Ａ）式の関係がある。
ｄo＝（Ｃ0−Ｃn）／Ｋo・・・（Ａ）
Thus, carburized depth of the steel tube outer surface (mm) and d o, the carbon concentration (mass%) in the steel pipe outer surface and C 0, the carbon concentration (mass%) of the steel pipe matrix (site carburization has not occurred) When C n is C n and the constant is K o , the following equation (A) is established.
d o = (C 0 −C n ) / K o (A)
同様に、鋼管内表面の浸炭深さ（ｍｍ）をｄiとし、鋼管外表面における炭素濃度（質量％）をＣiとし、鋼管母材（浸炭が生じていない部位）の炭素濃度（質量％）をＣnとし、定数をＫiとするとき、下記（Ｂ）式の関係がある。
ｄi＝（Ｃi−Ｃn）／Ｋi・・・（Ｂ）
Similarly, the carburized depth (mm) of the inner surface of the steel pipe is denoted by d i , the carbon concentration (mass%) on the outer surface of the steel pipe is denoted by C i, and the carbon concentration (mass%) of the steel pipe base material (part where carburization has not occurred). ) Is C n and the constant is K i , there is a relationship of the following equation (B).
d i = (C i −C n ) / K i (B)
なお、定数ＫOおよびＫiは、同じ鋼種であれば、使用環境に寄らず一定値を採用できる。 As long as the constants K O and Ki are the same steel type, constant values can be adopted regardless of the use environment.
本発明者らは、鋼材の直接観察が可能な面（外表面）側の浸炭深さから内表面側の浸炭深さを求める方法について鋭意研究を行った結果、本発明を完成させた。 The inventors of the present invention have completed the present invention as a result of intensive studies on a method for determining the carburization depth on the inner surface side from the carburization depth on the surface (outer surface) side where direct observation of the steel material is possible.
本発明は、下記の（１）〜（８）に示す浸炭深さ測定方法および下記（８）〜（１０）に示す測定装置を要旨とする。 The gist of the present invention is a carburizing depth measuring method shown in the following (1) to (8) and a measuring device shown in the following (8) to (10).
（１） 表裏面（以下、各表面を「第１表面」および「第２表面」という。）を有する鋼材の浸炭深さを測定する方法であって、下記の工程を有することを特徴とする浸炭深さ測定方法。
工程１：鋼材の第１表面の炭素濃度Ｃoを測定する工程
工程２：鋼材の第２表面から第１表面までの合計炭素量ＡCtを測定する工程
工程３：下記式に基づいて鋼材の第２表面の浸炭深さｄiを求める工程。
ｄi 2＝２｛ＡCt−（Ｃo−Ｃb）2／（２×Ｋo）＋Ｃb×ｔ｝／Ｋi
但し、上記式中の各記号の意味は下記の通りである。
ｄi：鋼材の第２表面の浸炭深さ（ｍｍ）
ＡCt：測定によって得られた鋼材の第２表面から第１表面までの合計炭素量（ｇ）
Ｃo：測定によって得られた鋼材の第１表面の炭素濃度（質量％）
Ｃb：母材の炭素濃度（質量％）
Ｋo：鋼材の第１表面の浸炭に関する定数
Ｋi：鋼材の第２表面の浸炭に関する定数
ｔ：鋼材の厚さ（ｍｍ）
(1) A method for measuring the carburization depth of a steel material having front and back surfaces (hereinafter, each surface is referred to as a “first surface” and a “second surface”), which includes the following steps: Carburization depth measurement method.
Step 1:
d i 2 = 2 {A Ct − (C o −C b ) 2 / (2 × K o ) + C b × t} / K i
However, the meaning of each symbol in the above formula is as follows.
d i : Carburization depth of the second surface of the steel material (mm)
A Ct : Total carbon content (g) from the second surface to the first surface of the steel material obtained by measurement
C o : Carbon concentration (mass%) of the first surface of the steel material obtained by measurement
C b : Carbon concentration (mass%) of the base material
K o : Constant for carburizing the first surface of the steel material K i : Constant for carburizing the second surface of the steel material t: Thickness (mm) of the steel material
（２）第１表面が、直接観察が可能な表面であり、第２表面が、直接観察が困難な表面であることを特徴とする上記（１）に記載の浸炭深さ測定方法。 (2) The carburization depth measurement method according to (1) above, wherein the first surface is a surface that can be directly observed, and the second surface is a surface that is difficult to directly observe.
（３）工程１において、鋼材の第１表面に水平な交流磁化を与えることにより鋼材の第１表面の炭素濃度Ｃoを測定することを特徴とする上記（１）または（２）に記載の浸炭深さ測定方法。
(3) In
（４）工程２において、鋼材の第１表面に水平な交流磁化を与え、ＦＦＴ波形解析による第３高調波強度ｆ3から鋼材の肉厚方向の合計炭素量ＡCtを測定することを特徴とする上記（１）〜（３）のいずれかに記載の浸炭深さ測定方法。
(4) In
（５）鋼材が、強磁性体材料からなることを特徴とする上記（１）〜（４）のいずれかに記載の浸炭深さ測定方法。 (5) The carburizing depth measurement method according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the steel material is made of a ferromagnetic material.
（６）強磁性体材料が、９Ｃｒ−１Ｍｏ鋼であることを特徴とする上記（５）に記載の浸炭深さ測定方法。 (6) The carburized depth measuring method according to (5) above, wherein the ferromagnetic material is 9Cr-1Mo steel.
（７）鋼材が鋼管であることを特徴とする上記（１）〜（６）のいずれかに記載の浸炭深さ測定方法。 (7) The carburization depth measurement method according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the steel material is a steel pipe.
（８）表裏面（以下、各表面を「第１表面」および「第２表面」という。）を有する鋼材の浸炭深さを測定する装置であって、鋼材の第１表面の炭素濃度Ｃoを測定する第１表面炭素濃度測定手段と、鋼材の第２表面から第１表面までの合計炭素量ＡCtを測定する合計炭素濃度測定手段と、第２表面の浸炭深さｄiを求める演算手段とを有する鋼材の浸炭深さ測定装置。 (8) An apparatus for measuring the carburization depth of a steel material having front and back surfaces (hereinafter, each surface is referred to as a “first surface” and a “second surface”), the carbon concentration C o of the first surface of the steel material First carbon concentration measuring means for measuring carbon, total carbon concentration measuring means for measuring total carbon amount A Ct from the second surface to the first surface of the steel material, and calculation for determining carburization depth d i of the second surface An apparatus for measuring the depth of carburization of steel material.
（９）第１表面が、直接観察が可能な表面であり、第２表面が、直接観察が困難な表面であることを特徴とする上記（８）に記載の浸炭深さ測定装置。 (9) The carburized depth measuring apparatus according to (8), wherein the first surface is a surface that can be directly observed, and the second surface is a surface that is difficult to directly observe.
（１０）鋼材が鋼管であることを特徴とする上記（８）または（９）に記載の浸炭深さ測定装置。 (10) The carburized depth measuring device according to (8) or (9), wherein the steel material is a steel pipe.
本発明によれば、鋼材の両面に浸炭が発生している場合においても、鋼材の直接観察が困難な面（内表面）の浸炭深さを非破壊で、かつ正確に測定することができる。 According to the present invention, even when carburization occurs on both surfaces of a steel material, the carburization depth of a surface (inner surface) on which direct observation of the steel material is difficult can be measured accurately and nondestructively.
１．本発明の概要
表裏面（以下、各表面を「第１表面」および「第２表面」という。）を有する鋼材の浸炭深さを測定する方法であって、鋼材の第１表面の炭素濃度から第２表面の浸炭深さを測定する方法である。
1. The present invention is a method for measuring the carburization depth of a steel material having front and back surfaces (hereinafter, each surface is referred to as a “first surface” and a “second surface”), from the carbon concentration of the first surface of the steel material. This is a method of measuring the carburization depth of the second surface.
例えば、第１表面を「直接観察が可能な表面」、第２表面を「直接観察が困難な表面」とするとき、鋼材の直接観察が可能な表面（外表面）の炭素濃度Ｃoおよび鋼材の直接観察が困難な表面（内表面）から外表面までの合計炭素量ＡCtを測定し（工程１および２）、これらの結果から鋼材の内表面の浸炭深さｄiを求めるものである（工程３）。以下、主として鋼管の浸炭測定の場合を例に挙げて、それぞれの工程について説明する。
For example, when the first surface is “a surface that can be directly observed” and the second surface is “a surface that is difficult to observe directly”, the carbon concentration Co of the surface (outer surface) where the steel material can be directly observed and the steel material The total carbon content A Ct from the surface (inner surface) to the outer surface where direct observation is difficult is measured (
２．鋼材の第１表面（外表面）の炭素濃度を測定する工程
本発明においては、まず、鋼材の第１表面（外表面）の炭素濃度Ｃoを測定する。この測定方法については特に制限はなく、公知の発光分光分析法、Ｘ線を用いた方法、電磁気特性を用いた方法などを用いることができる。例えば、高周波誘導結合プラズマ（Inductively Coupled Plasma）発光分光分析法、ＥＰＭＡ、ＥＳＣＡ等などである。また、硬度と炭素濃度とは比例関係があるため、鋼材の第１表面（外表面）の硬度（例えば、ビッカース硬さ）を測定し、鋼材の第１表面（外表面）の炭素濃度を測定してもよい。
2. In the process the present invention for measuring the carbon concentration of the first surface of the steel material (the outer surface), firstly, to measure the carbon concentration C o of the first surface of the steel material (the outer surface). This measuring method is not particularly limited, and a known emission spectroscopic analysis method, a method using X-rays, a method using electromagnetic characteristics, and the like can be used. For example, high frequency inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, EPMA, ESCA, etc. In addition, since the hardness and the carbon concentration are proportional, the hardness (for example, Vickers hardness) of the first surface (outer surface) of the steel material is measured, and the carbon concentration of the first surface (outer surface) of the steel material is measured. May be.
３．鋼材の第２表面（内表面）から第１表面（外表面）までの合計炭素量を測定する工程
合計炭素量を求める方法については、特に制限はない。例えば、電磁気特性を利用した方法のほか、モード変換パルスによる超音波Ｖ透過法などを用いることができる。超音波Ｖ透過法とは、鋼材の表面と浸炭境界層とからの反射パルスを検出する方法であり、底面に比べ反射率の小さい浸炭境界の反射パルスを検出するため大きな感度増幅が必要となる。感度増幅によるノイズパルスは、厚肉では影響が少ないが、薄肉材（５ｍｍ程度）では、反射パルスとノイズパルスの識別に非常な熟練を要し、モード変換パルスにより改善はされているが、鋼材の第２表面（内表面）の浸炭深さ３．１ｍｍを検出できなかった例もある。上記の測定法のうち、電磁気特性を利用した方法を採用するのがよい。以下、電磁気特性を利用した方法について説明する。
3. The process of measuring the total carbon content from the 2nd surface (inner surface) of steel materials to the 1st surface (outer surface) There is no restriction | limiting in particular about the method of calculating | requiring a total carbon content. For example, in addition to a method using electromagnetic characteristics, an ultrasonic V transmission method using a mode conversion pulse can be used. The ultrasonic V transmission method is a method for detecting a reflected pulse from the surface of the steel material and the carburized boundary layer, and a large sensitivity amplification is required to detect the reflected pulse at the carburized boundary having a lower reflectance than the bottom surface. . Noise pulses due to sensitivity amplification have little effect on thick walls, but thin materials (about 5 mm) require very skill in discriminating between reflected pulses and noise pulses, and are improved by mode conversion pulses. There is also an example in which the carburization depth of 3.1 mm on the second surface (inner surface) was not detected. Of the measurement methods described above, it is preferable to employ a method using electromagnetic characteristics. Hereinafter, a method using electromagnetic characteristics will be described.
図５は、鋼管内外表面に形成される浸炭深さを求めるための装置を例示した模式図であり、（ａ）はＣ型プローブを用いた例、（ｂ）はＩ型プローブを用いた例をそれぞれ示している。図５に示すように、この装置においては、鋼管１の外表面にプローブ４を接触させた状態で、発信器により励磁コイル２に交流電圧を印可することにより、Ｃ型プローブ（図５（ａ）に示す例）では鋼管１を水平磁化させ、Ｉ型プローブ（図５（ｂ）に示す例）では鋼管１を垂直磁化させる。このようにして鋼管１に発生させた励磁信号を検出コイル３で受信し、これをアンプによってノイズを除去した後、変換器で、ＡＤ変換し、これを解析して、スペクトルを得る。このスペクトルの第３高調波に基づき、鋼管内表面から外表面までの合計炭素量ＡCtを求めることができる。
FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating an apparatus for determining the carburization depth formed on the inner and outer surfaces of a steel pipe. (A) is an example using a C-type probe, and (b) is an example using an I-type probe. Respectively. As shown in FIG. 5, in this apparatus, with the
ここで、磁場方向については、水平磁場を用いるのがよい。 Here, a horizontal magnetic field is preferably used for the magnetic field direction.
図６は、磁場方向と第３高調波強度との関係を説明する図である。なお、この図には、図１〜３に示す実験で用いた鋼管の一部について、I型プローブまたはC型プローブを使用して、第３高調波強度を測定した結果を示す。図６に示すように、垂直磁場の場合（I型プローブを用いた場合）および水平磁場の場合（C型プローブを用いた場合）のいずれの場合においても、鋼管内表面および外表面の合計浸炭深さ（ｄi＋ｄo）は、第３高調波と良い比例関係を示す。ただし、水平磁場の方が垂直磁場よりも第３高調波強度が大きく、測定感度がよいといえる。 FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the magnetic field direction and the third harmonic intensity. In addition, this figure shows the result of measuring the third harmonic intensity using a type I probe or a type C probe for a part of the steel pipe used in the experiments shown in FIGS. As shown in FIG. 6, the total carburization of the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe in both cases of vertical magnetic field (when using a type I probe) and horizontal magnetic field (when using a type C probe). The depth (d i + d o ) shows a good proportional relationship with the third harmonic. However, it can be said that the horizontal magnetic field has a higher third harmonic intensity than the vertical magnetic field, and the measurement sensitivity is better.
４．鋼材の第２表面（内表面）の浸炭深さを求める工程
鋼材の第１表面（外表面）の炭素濃度Ｃoおよび鋼材の第２表面（内表面）から第１表面（外表面）までの合計炭素量ＡCtが得られれば、第１表面（外表面）の炭素濃度と浸炭深さとの関係および第２表面（内表面）の炭素濃度と浸炭深さとの関係から第２表面（内表面）の浸炭深さｄiを求めることができる。具体的には、以下の方法により、第２表面（内表面）の浸炭深さｄiが求められる。
4). The second surface of the steel material from the first surface of the step the steel obtaining a carburization depth (inner surface) carbon concentration C o and steel of the second surface (external surface) (inner surface) to the first surface (outer surface) If the total carbon content A Ct is obtained, the second surface (inner surface) is calculated from the relationship between the carbon concentration of the first surface (outer surface) and the carburization depth and the relationship between the carbon concentration of the second surface (inner surface) and the carburization depth. ) can be obtained in the carburized depth d i. Specifically, the carburization depth d i of the second surface (inner surface) is determined by the following method.
図７は、本発明における浸炭深さの算出原理の例を示す図である。なお、図７は、前掲の図４に示したとおり、いずれの鋼管においても、外表面側の浸炭深さと炭素濃度の変化割合（傾きＫo）および内表面側の浸炭深さと炭素濃度の変化割合（傾きＫi）は同じであると考えることができることを前提としている。 FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of the calculation principle of the carburization depth in the present invention. FIG. 7 shows the change rate of carburization depth and carbon concentration on the outer surface side (inclination K o ) and the change of carburization depth and carbon concentration on the inner surface side in any steel pipe as shown in FIG. It is assumed that the ratio (slope K i ) can be considered to be the same.
ここで、炭素濃度と鋼材肉厚方向の位置から、炭素量を図７に示す３つの領域Ａ、ＢおよびＣに分けることができる。それぞれの領域における炭素量ＡCA、ＡCBおよびＡCCならびに全炭素量ＡCtは、下記の計算式から得られる。
ＡCA＝（Ｃo−Ｃb）×ｄo／２ ・・・（Ｃ）
ＡCB＝Ｃb×ｔ ・・・（Ｄ）
ＡCC＝（Ｃi−Ｃb）×ｄi／２ ・・・（Ｅ）
ＡCt＝ＡCA＋ＡCB＋ＡCC ・・・（Ｆ）
Here, the amount of carbon can be divided into three regions A, B and C shown in FIG. 7 from the position of the carbon concentration and the thickness direction of the steel material. The carbon amounts A CA , A CB and A CC and the total carbon amount A Ct in each region can be obtained from the following calculation formula.
A CA = (C o −C b ) × d o / 2 (C)
A CB = C b × t (D)
A CC = (C i −C b ) × d i / 2 (E)
A Ct = A CA + A CB + A CC (F)
そして、前述のように、鋼材の第１表面（外表面）および第２表面（内表面）の浸炭深さ（ｍｍ）をそれぞれｄoおよびｄi、鋼材の第１表面（外表面）および第２表面（内表面）における炭素濃度（質量％）をそれぞれＣ0およびＣi、鋼材の母材（浸炭が生じていない部位）の炭素濃度（質量％）をＣn、鋼材の第１表面（外表面）および第２表面（内表面）の浸炭に関する定数をそれぞれＫoおよびＫiとするとき、下記（Ａ）式および（Ｂ）式の関係がある。
ｄo＝（Ｃ0−Ｃn）／Ｋo・・・（Ａ）
ｄi＝（Ｃi−Ｃn）／Ｋi・・・（Ｂ）
Then, as described above, the first surface of the steel material (the outer surface) and a second surface (inner surface) of the carburized depth (mm), respectively d o and d i, the first surface (outer surface) of the steel material and the The carbon concentration (mass%) on the two surfaces (inner surface) is C 0 and C i , respectively, and the carbon concentration (mass%) of the steel base material (part where carburization has not occurred) is C n , and the first surface of the steel material ( when the outer surface) and each K o and K i constants for carburizing of the second surface (inner surface), a relationship of the following equation (a) and (B) expression.
d o = (C 0 −C n ) / K o (A)
d i = (C i −C n ) / K i (B)
従って、（Ｃ）式および（Ｅ）式は、下記のように表すことができる。
ＡCA＝（Ｃo−Ｃb）2／（２×Ｋo） ・・・（Ｇ）
ＡCC＝ｄi 2×Ｋi／２ ・・・（Ｈ）
Therefore, the formulas (C) and (E) can be expressed as follows.
A CA = (C o −C b ) 2 / (2 × K o ) (G)
A CC = d i 2 × K i / 2 (H)
上記（Ｄ）式、（Ｇ）式および（Ｈ）式を（Ｆ）式に代入し、整理すると、下記の（Ｊ）式が得られる。
ｄi 2＝２｛ＡCt−（Ｃo−Ｃb）2／（２×Ｋo）＋Ｃb×ｔ｝／Ｋi ・・・（Ｊ）
Substituting the above formulas (D), (G), and (H) into the formula (F) and rearranging them gives the following formula (J).
d i 2 = 2 {A Ct − (C o −C b ) 2 / (2 × K o ) + C b × t} / K i (J)
上記（Ｊ）式において、ＡCtおよびＣoは、前述の方法により測定することができ、Ｃbおよびｔは、既知の母材条件であるから、予め鋼材の第１表面（外表面）および鋼材の第２表面（内表面）の浸炭に関する定数ＫoおよびＫiを定めておけば、鋼材の第２表面（内表面）における浸炭深さｄiを求めることができるのである。 In the above formula (J), A Ct and C o can be measured by the above-described method, and C b and t are known base material conditions, so that the first surface (outer surface) of the steel material and If the constants K o and K i relating to the carburizing of the second surface (inner surface) of the steel material are determined, the carburizing depth d i at the second surface (inner surface) of the steel material can be obtained.
５．その他
定数ＫoおよびＫiを定めるに際しては、鋼材の厚さ方向の炭素濃度分布を測定する必要がある。鋼管の厚さ方向の炭素濃度分布については、鋼管の軸に垂直な方向の断面について、例えば、高周波誘導結合プラズマ（Inductively Coupled Plasma）発光分光分析法、ＥＰＭＡ、ＥＳＣＡ等の方法を用いて測定することもできるが、これでは、極限られた範囲での炭素濃度しか測定できない。より正確に厚さ方向の炭素濃度分布を測定するためには、EPMAその他の方法により脱スケール後の鋼材の第１表面（外表面）の炭素濃度を測定した後、第１表面（外表面）を単位厚さ（必要に応じて設定すれば良いが、典型的には、０．１〜１．０ｍｍ程度）削っては炭素濃度測定をすることを繰り返して、厚さ方向の炭素濃度の変化を求めるのが望ましい。
5). Others When determining the constants K o and K i , it is necessary to measure the carbon concentration distribution in the thickness direction of the steel material. Regarding the carbon concentration distribution in the thickness direction of the steel pipe, the cross section in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the steel pipe is measured by using, for example, a method such as high frequency inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, EPMA, ESCA or the like. However, this can only measure the carbon concentration in a limited range. In order to measure the carbon concentration distribution in the thickness direction more accurately, after measuring the carbon concentration of the first surface (outer surface) of the steel material after descaling by EPMA and other methods, the first surface (outer surface) The unit thickness (which may be set as necessary, but typically about 0.1 to 1.0 mm) is cut and the carbon concentration measurement is repeated to change the carbon concentration in the thickness direction. Is desirable.
本発明によれば、鋼管の両面に浸炭が発生している場合においても、鋼材の直接観察な困難な面（内表面）の浸炭深さを非破壊で、かつ正確に測定することができる。よって、例えば、ＣＣＲに用いられる配管の内表面浸炭深さを測定するのに適している。 According to the present invention, even when carburization occurs on both surfaces of a steel pipe, the carburization depth of a difficult-to-observe surface (inner surface) of a steel material can be measured nondestructively and accurately. Therefore, for example, it is suitable for measuring the inner surface carburization depth of a pipe used for CCR.
１：鋼管
２：励磁コイル
３：検出コイル
４：プローブ
1: Steel pipe 2: Excitation coil 3: Detection coil 4: Probe
Claims (10)
工程１：鋼材の第１表面の炭素濃度Ｃoを測定する工程
工程２：鋼材の第２表面から第１表面までの合計炭素量ＡCtを測定する工程
工程３：下記式に基づいて鋼材の第２表面の浸炭深さｄiを求める工程。
ｄi 2＝２｛ＡCt−（Ｃo−Ｃb）2／（２×Ｋo）＋Ｃb×ｔ｝／Ｋi
但し、上記式中の各記号の意味は下記の通りである。
ｄi：鋼材の第２表面の浸炭深さ（ｍｍ）
ＡCt：測定によって得られた鋼材の第２表面から第１表面までの合計炭素量（ｇ）
Ｃo：測定によって得られた鋼材の第１表面の炭素濃度（質量％）
Ｃb：母材の炭素濃度（質量％）
Ｋo：鋼材の第１表面の浸炭に関する定数
Ｋi：鋼材の第２表面の浸炭に関する定数
ｔ：鋼材の厚さ（ｍｍ） A method for measuring the carburization depth of a steel material having front and back surfaces (hereinafter, each surface is referred to as a “first surface” and a “second surface”), the carburization depth comprising the following steps: Measuring method.
Step 1: Step Step 2 of measuring the carbon concentration C o of the first surface of the steel: step measuring the total carbon content A Ct from the second surface of the steel material to the first surface 3: a steel according to the following formula Determining the carburization depth d i of the second surface.
d i 2 = 2 {A Ct − (C o −C b ) 2 / (2 × K o ) + C b × t} / K i
However, the meaning of each symbol in the above formula is as follows.
d i : Carburization depth of the second surface of the steel material (mm)
A Ct : Total carbon content (g) from the second surface to the first surface of the steel material obtained by measurement
C o : Carbon concentration (mass%) of the first surface of the steel material obtained by measurement
C b : Carbon concentration (mass%) of the base material
K o : Constant for carburizing the first surface of the steel material K i : Constant for carburizing the second surface of the steel material t: Thickness (mm) of the steel material
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| JP2012037315A (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2012-02-23 | Sumitomo Kinzoku Technol Kk | Total carbon amount measuring instrument and carburized depth evaluation device for ferritic steel pipe containing chromium |
| JP2015215203A (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2015-12-03 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | Method of evaluating carburized component |
| CN113481465A (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2021-10-08 | 中国航发动力股份有限公司 | Preparation and detection method of carburized layer |
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| JP2000321041A (en) * | 1999-05-07 | 2000-11-24 | Nichizou Tec:Kk | Method for detecting carburizing layer and method for its thickness |
| JP2002202263A (en) * | 2000-12-28 | 2002-07-19 | Nsk Ltd | Method for measuring element concentration and element concentration gradient in film in emission spectrochemical analysis |
| JP2004279055A (en) * | 2003-03-12 | 2004-10-07 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Method and apparatus for measuring carburization depth on inner surface of steel pipe |
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- 2007-12-06 JP JP2007315824A patent/JP5149604B2/en active Active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5296588A (en) * | 1976-02-10 | 1977-08-13 | Nippon Steel Corp | Non-destructive steel material inspecting method and apparatus |
| JP2000266727A (en) * | 1999-03-19 | 2000-09-29 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Carburized depth measuring method |
| JP2000321041A (en) * | 1999-05-07 | 2000-11-24 | Nichizou Tec:Kk | Method for detecting carburizing layer and method for its thickness |
| JP2002202263A (en) * | 2000-12-28 | 2002-07-19 | Nsk Ltd | Method for measuring element concentration and element concentration gradient in film in emission spectrochemical analysis |
| JP2004279055A (en) * | 2003-03-12 | 2004-10-07 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Method and apparatus for measuring carburization depth on inner surface of steel pipe |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012037315A (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2012-02-23 | Sumitomo Kinzoku Technol Kk | Total carbon amount measuring instrument and carburized depth evaluation device for ferritic steel pipe containing chromium |
| JP2015215203A (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2015-12-03 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | Method of evaluating carburized component |
| CN113481465A (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2021-10-08 | 中国航发动力股份有限公司 | Preparation and detection method of carburized layer |
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| JP5149604B2 (en) | 2013-02-20 |
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