JP2009108411A - ステンレス鋼製の加工品の表面硬化方法及び該方法の実施のための溶融塩 - Google Patents
ステンレス鋼製の加工品の表面硬化方法及び該方法の実施のための溶融塩 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009108411A JP2009108411A JP2008279150A JP2008279150A JP2009108411A JP 2009108411 A JP2009108411 A JP 2009108411A JP 2008279150 A JP2008279150 A JP 2008279150A JP 2008279150 A JP2008279150 A JP 2008279150A JP 2009108411 A JP2009108411 A JP 2009108411A
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 18
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GVEHJMMRQRRJPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(2+);methanidylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr+2].[Cr]#[C-].[Cr]#[C-] GVEHJMMRQRRJPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidynechromium Chemical group [Cr]#N CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001337 iron nitride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000018199 S phase Effects 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SJKRCWUQJZIWQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;chromium Chemical compound N.[Cr] SJKRCWUQJZIWQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003421 catalytic decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 chromium carbides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GETQUXSKPMRGCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;methane Chemical compound C.C.C.[Cr].[Cr].[Cr].[Cr].[Cr].[Cr].[Cr] GETQUXSKPMRGCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M cyanate Chemical compound [O-]C#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002470 thermal conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/40—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C8/42—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions only one element being applied
- C23C8/44—Carburising
- C23C8/46—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/34—Methods of heating
- C21D1/44—Methods of heating in heat-treatment baths
- C21D1/46—Salt baths
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/18—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C10/20—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions only one element being diffused
- C23C10/24—Salt bath containing the element to be diffused
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/001—Austenite
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】ステンレス鋼製の加工品の表面硬化のための方法において、該加工品を溶融塩中に浸し、そして該塩に24時間〜240時間にわたって晒すにあたって、前記溶融塩の温度が400℃未満であり、かつ前記溶融塩が以下の組成:60〜100質量%の酢酸カリウム、0〜100質量%の酢酸ナトリウム、0〜2質量%の金属塩を有することで解決される。
【選択図】図2
Description
鋼1.4301: C0.05質量% Si0.5質量% Mn1.4質量% Cr18.5質量% Ni9.5質量%
鋼1.4571: C0.03質量% Si0.5質量% Mn1.7質量% Cr17.0質量% Ni11.2質量% Mo2.2質量% Ti0.1質量%
クロム含有率が13質量%未満であれば、その鋼は、一般には、"ステンレス鋼"と見なすには不十分な耐蝕性を有する。従って、鋼中の金属クロムの含有率は、特に上述のP.Guempelによる出版物に挙げられているように、耐蝕性にとって重要な基準である。
Stahl Merkblatt 821 Edelstahl Rostfrei−Eigenschaften Informationsstelle Edelstahl,PF 102205,40013 Duesseldorf www.edelstahl−rostfrei.de P.Guempel et al.Rostfreie Staehle,Expert Verlag,Band 349,Renningen Malmsheim 1998 Kolsterisieren−korrosionsfestes Oberflaechenhaerten von austenitischem rostfreiem Stahl−Informationsblatt der Bodycote Hardiff bv,Parimariboweg 45,NL−7333 Apeldoorn,info@hardiff.de H.−J.Spies et al.Mat.−Wiss.u.Werkstofftechnik 30(1999)457−464 Y.Sun,T.Bell et al.The Response of Austenitic Stainless Steel to Low Temp.Plasma Nitriding D.Guenther,F.Hofftnann,M.Jung,P.Mayr:Oberflaechenhaertung von austenitischen Staehlen unter Beibehaltung der Korrosionsbestaendigkeit Haerterei−Techn.Mitt.56(2001)74−83
前記のステンレス鋼製の加工品の表面硬化のための方法において、溶融塩の温度が330℃〜380℃の範囲であることを特徴とする方法。
酢酸カリウム 60〜100質量%
酢酸ナトリウム 0〜100質量%
金属塩 0〜2質量%
本発明による方法では、加工品の処理温度、すなわち本発明により使用される溶融塩の温度は、420℃〜440℃の範囲にあるクロム炭化物の形成温度より低いので、鋼マトリックス内の炭化物、すなわちステンレス鋼の格子構造の形成は回避される。
(a)炭素はクロム炭化物の形成温度(420〜440℃)未満で内部拡散された場合には、クロムの炭化物を形成しない。そのため、合金マトリクスは、拡散層の範囲でクロム除去されないので、ステンレス鋼の耐蝕性は保たれたままとなる。
120gの酢酸カリウムと0.2gのNiCl2からなる混合物を、坩堝内で溶融させ、そして380℃で53.5時間にわたってボルト(材質:X5 Cr Ni Mo 17−12−2)を浸漬する。その処理後に、ボルトを水中で焼き入れする。それにより、11μm〜13μmの層厚が形成する。図2によるGDOS分析は、この層中での炭素の明らかな(16%までの)増大を示している(図2は、加工品の表面からの距離に依存した質量%での炭素含有率を示している)。図1は、加工品(ボルト)のこの層の範囲での切断横断面を示している。
120gの酢酸カリウムと0.2gのNiCl2からなる混合物を、坩堝内で溶融させ、そして380℃で100時間にわたってボルト(材質:X5 Cr Ni Mo 17−12−2)を浸漬する。その処理後に、ボルトを水中で焼き入れする。それにより、17μm〜21μmの層厚が形成する。図4は、ここでは、加工品の表面からの距離に依存する質量%での加工品中のFe、C、Crの濃度を示している。図4から明白なように、ここでも該層内の炭素の明らかな増大が得られ、その際、該層内ではCr、Feの割合は低減されている。図3は、加工品(ボルト)のこの層の範囲での切断横断面を示している。
Claims (12)
- ステンレス鋼製の加工品の表面硬化のための方法において、該加工品を溶融塩中に浸し、そして該塩に24時間〜240時間にわたって晒し、その際、前記溶融塩の温度が400℃未満であり、かつ前記溶融塩が以下の組成:
酢酸カリウム 60〜100質量%
酢酸ナトリウム 0〜100質量%
金属塩 0〜2質量%
を有することを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、溶融塩の温度が330℃〜380℃の範囲であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の方法において、使用される金属塩が、以下のカチオン:
Li+、Na+、K+、Cs+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr2+、Ba2+、Ti3+/4+、V2+/3+/4+/5+、Cr2+/3+、Mn2+/4+、Fe2+/3+、Co2+/3+、Ni2+/3+、Cu+/2+、Zn2+、Mo4+/5+/6+、Ru2+/3+、Rh1+/3+、Pd2+、W6+、Os4+、Ir+/4+
の少なくとも1つからなることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1から3までのいずれか1項に記載の方法において、使用される金属塩が、以下のアニオン:
F-、Cl-、Br-、I-、O2-、CH3COO-、C2O4 2-、CN-、NCO-
の少なくとも1つからなることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の方法において、溶融塩を空気のもとで取り扱うことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の方法において、溶融塩を保護ガス雰囲気中で取り扱うことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の方法において、溶融塩に空気もしくは保護ガスを導通させることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項6又は7に記載の方法において、保護ガスとして、N2、Ar、CO及び/又はCO2を使用することを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の方法において、溶融塩を炭素含有の粉末もしくは造粒物で覆うことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1から10までのいずれか1項に記載の方法において、溶融塩を動かすことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項10に記載の方法において、溶融塩を撹拌もしくは循環させることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1から11までのいずれか1項に記載の方法の実施のための溶融塩であって、以下の組成:
酢酸カリウム 60〜100質量%
酢酸ナトリウム 0〜100質量%
金属塩 0〜2質量%
を有することを特徴とする溶融塩。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102007051949A DE102007051949B3 (de) | 2007-10-31 | 2007-10-31 | Verfahren zum Härten von Oberflächen von Werkstücken aus Edelstahl und Verwendung einer Salzschmelze zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
DE102007051949.6 | 2007-10-31 |
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JP2009108411A true JP2009108411A (ja) | 2009-05-21 |
JP2009108411A5 JP2009108411A5 (ja) | 2011-09-15 |
JP5371376B2 JP5371376B2 (ja) | 2013-12-18 |
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JP2008279150A Active JP5371376B2 (ja) | 2007-10-31 | 2008-10-30 | ステンレス鋼製の加工品の表面硬化方法及び該方法の実施のための溶融塩 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8083866B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2055801B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5371376B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2642322A1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE102007051949B3 (ja) |
DK (1) | DK2055801T3 (ja) |
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JP2022009719A (ja) * | 2013-01-17 | 2022-01-14 | オメガ・エス アー | 時計ムーブメントのための部品 |
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CN103233215B (zh) * | 2013-05-10 | 2015-08-12 | 江苏永昊高强度螺栓有限公司 | 螺栓表面发黑工艺 |
DE102016215709A1 (de) * | 2015-08-28 | 2017-03-02 | Tsubakimoto Chain Co. | Kettenkomponente und Kette |
Citations (1)
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JPH0250193B2 (ja) * | 1982-02-23 | 1990-11-01 | Nat Res Dev |
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US2249581A (en) * | 1938-11-30 | 1941-07-15 | Holden Artemas F | Nonpoisonous carburizing liquid bath |
US2537830A (en) * | 1944-09-14 | 1951-01-09 | Artemas F Holden | Self-agitating metallurgical salt bath |
US2948644A (en) * | 1948-05-29 | 1960-08-09 | Gerhard W Ahrens | Pack carburizing with furane derivatives |
US3840450A (en) | 1963-10-21 | 1974-10-08 | K Inoue | Method of diffusing substances into surface zones of conductive bodies |
DE3048607C2 (de) * | 1980-12-23 | 1983-07-07 | Goerig & Co GmbH & Co KG, 6800 Mannheim | Cyanidfreies Verfahren zum Aufkohlen von Stahl und Zugabesalz zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
WO1982002905A1 (en) * | 1981-02-18 | 1982-09-02 | Kerridge David Henry | Fused salt bath composition |
DE102006026883B8 (de) | 2006-06-09 | 2007-10-04 | Durferrit Gmbh | Verfahren zum Härten von Edelstahl und Salzschmelze zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
-
2007
- 2007-10-31 DE DE102007051949A patent/DE102007051949B3/de active Active
-
2008
- 2008-10-23 DK DK08018519.2T patent/DK2055801T3/da active
- 2008-10-23 EP EP08018519A patent/EP2055801B1/de active Active
- 2008-10-29 CA CA002642322A patent/CA2642322A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-10-30 JP JP2008279150A patent/JP5371376B2/ja active Active
- 2008-10-31 US US12/262,960 patent/US8083866B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH0250193B2 (ja) * | 1982-02-23 | 1990-11-01 | Nat Res Dev |
Cited By (1)
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JP2022009719A (ja) * | 2013-01-17 | 2022-01-14 | オメガ・エス アー | 時計ムーブメントのための部品 |
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EP2055801A1 (de) | 2009-05-06 |
EP2055801B1 (de) | 2012-12-05 |
DE102007051949B3 (de) | 2009-03-12 |
US20100108198A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
DK2055801T3 (da) | 2013-01-28 |
CA2642322A1 (en) | 2009-04-30 |
US8083866B2 (en) | 2011-12-27 |
JP5371376B2 (ja) | 2013-12-18 |
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