JP2008540898A - ダブルシェル式マニホルド - Google Patents
ダブルシェル式マニホルド Download PDFInfo
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- JP2008540898A JP2008540898A JP2008509468A JP2008509468A JP2008540898A JP 2008540898 A JP2008540898 A JP 2008540898A JP 2008509468 A JP2008509468 A JP 2008509468A JP 2008509468 A JP2008509468 A JP 2008509468A JP 2008540898 A JP2008540898 A JP 2008540898A
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- Prior art keywords
- aperture
- flange
- exhaust manifold
- cylinder head
- inner channel
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
- F01N13/10—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
- F01N13/10—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds
- F01N13/102—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds having thermal insulation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/14—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having thermal insulation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/14—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having thermal insulation
- F01N13/141—Double-walled exhaust pipes or housings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/16—Selection of particular materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
- F01N13/1805—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body
- F01N13/1811—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body with means permitting relative movement, e.g. compensation of thermal expansion or vibration
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
- F01N13/1805—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body
- F01N13/1827—Sealings specially adapted for exhaust systems
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2260/00—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
- F01N2260/08—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for preventing heat loss or temperature drop, using other means than layers of heat-insulating material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2260/00—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
- F01N2260/10—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for avoiding stress caused by expansions or contractions due to temperature variations
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/24—Concentric tubes or tubes being concentric to housing, e.g. telescopically assembled
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49398—Muffler, manifold or exhaust pipe making
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
Abstract
排気マニホルド(12)であって、外側シェル(22)と、該外側シェル(22)に溶接され、エンジンシリンダーヘッドに対して当接するための表面(24B)及び該当接表面(24A)で開口する少なくとも1つのアパーチャ(28)を有するフランジ(24)と、前記外側ケーシング(18)内に配置され、且つ、アパーチャ(28)を介して開口する少なくとも1つの内側チャンネル(20)と、を有する外側ケーシング(18)を備えており、前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々は、セラミック材料から形成され、前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々は、前記アパーチャ(28)又は該アパーチャの各々を通して前記フランジ(24)の一方の側部から他方の側部へと延在し、前記当接表面(24A)を超えて外側に延在する前記外側ケーシングの外部に連続部分(32)を備えることを特徴とする。
【選択図】 図1
Description
・前記内側チャンネル又は該内側チャンネルの各々は、セラミック材料から形成され、
・前記内側チャンネル又は該内側チャンネルの各々は、前記アパーチャ又は該アパーチャの各々を通して前記フランジの一方の側部から他方の側部へと延在し、前記当接表面を超えて外側に延在する前記外側ケーシングの外部に連続部分を備える、ことを特徴とする。
・前記過度の厚さの一部分は、前記当接表面を超えたところにのみ延在する。
・前記当接表面を超えて突出する前記内側チャンネル又は該内側チャンネルの各々の前記連続部分を取り囲んだ外側カラーを備えると共に、該カラーの外側断面は前記アパーチャの断面よりも大きい。
・前記カラーは、膨張性材料でできたリングを備える。
・前記マニホルドは、前記外側シェルと前記チャンネル又は該チャンネルの各々との間に密封ジョイントを備え、該ジョイントは前記フランジと当接している。
Claims (10)
- 排気マニホルド(12)であって、
外側シェル(22)と、該外側シェル(22)に溶接され、エンジンシリンダーヘッドに対して当接するための表面(24B)及び該当接表面(24A)で開口する少なくとも1つのアパーチャ(28)を有するフランジ(24)と、
前記外側ケーシング(18)内に配置され、且つ、アパーチャ(28)を介して開口する少なくとも1つの内側チャンネル(20)と、
を有する外側ケーシング(18)を備えており、
前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々は、セラミック材料から形成され、
前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々は、前記アパーチャ(28)又は該アパーチャの各々を通して前記フランジ(24)の一方の側部から他方の側部へと延在し、前記当接表面(24A)を超えて外側に延在する前記外側ケーシングの外部に連続部分(32)を備えることを特徴とする、排気マニホルド。 - 前記連続部分(32)の長さは、10mmから20mmであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の排気マニホルド。
- 前記アパーチャ(28)又は該アパーチャの各々を通して、前記フランジ(24)と前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々との間に形成されたクリアランスは、0.5mmより小さいことを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の排気マニホルド。
- 前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々は、前記アパーチャ(28)を通って前記アパーチャ(28)を超えた前記連続部分(32)に沿って同じ厚さを有することを特徴とする、請求項3に記載のマニホルド。
- 前記連続部分(32)又は該連続部分の各々は、前記当接表面(24B)に対して突出する前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々の長さに沿った過度の外径厚さの一部分(42)を備え、前記フランジ(24)の前記アパーチャ(28)又は該アパーチャの断面は、前記過度の厚さの一部分(42)を有する前記連続部分(32)の前記外側断面よりも大きいことを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の排気マニホルド。
- 前記過度の厚さの一部分(42)は、前記当接表面(24B)を超えたところにのみ延在することを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の排気マニホルド。
- 前記当接表面(24A)を超えて突出する前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々の前記連続部分(32)を取り囲んだ外側カラー(50)を備えると共に、該カラー(50)の外側断面は前記アパーチャ(28)の断面よりも大きいことを特徴とする、請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の排気マニホルド。
- 前記カラー(50)は、膨張性材料でできたリング(52)を備えることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の排気マニホルド。
- 前記外側シェル(22)と前記チャンネル(20)又は該チャンネルの各々との間に密封ジョイント(40)を備え、該ジョイント(40)は前記フランジ(24)と当接していることを特徴とする、上記請求項のうちいずれか1項に記載の排気マニホルド。
- 排気出口(14)を画定するシリンダーヘッド(15)と、該シリンダーヘッド(15)に適合された、上記請求項のうちいずれか1項に記載のマニホルド(12)とを備え、前記当接表面(24A)が前記シリンダーヘッドに対面し、前記アパーチャ(28)が前記排気出口(14)に面している、エンジンであって、
前記排気出口(14)は、前記マニホルド(12)に面して開口する覆いボア(34)を有し、前記マニホルドの前記内側チャンネル(20)又は該内側チャンネルの各々の前記連続部分(32)は、前記覆いボア(34)又は該覆いボアの各々によって画定された前記空間又は該空間の各々内に収容されている、エンジン。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0504585 | 2005-05-04 | ||
FR0504585A FR2885385B1 (fr) | 2005-05-04 | 2005-05-04 | Collecteur a double coque |
PCT/FR2006/000970 WO2006117468A1 (fr) | 2005-05-04 | 2006-04-28 | Collecteur a double coque |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2008540898A true JP2008540898A (ja) | 2008-11-20 |
JP5137817B2 JP5137817B2 (ja) | 2013-02-06 |
Family
ID=35429557
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008509468A Expired - Fee Related JP5137817B2 (ja) | 2005-05-04 | 2006-04-28 | ダブルシェル式マニホルド |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8104273B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5137817B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101293122B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101189416B (ja) |
DE (1) | DE112006001133T5 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2885385B1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006117468A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7836692B2 (en) * | 2005-01-31 | 2010-11-23 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Exhaust line element provided with a turbocompressor |
DE102007062663A1 (de) * | 2007-12-24 | 2009-06-25 | J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG | Schiebesitz sowie Rohranordnung und Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung |
US8656709B2 (en) * | 2008-01-14 | 2014-02-25 | Flexible Metal, Inc. | Dual-layer to flange welded joint |
EP2340364B1 (en) * | 2008-10-01 | 2015-10-21 | Borgwarner Inc. | Exhaust flow insulator for an exhaust system device |
AT509691B1 (de) * | 2010-03-18 | 2013-09-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Brennkraftmaschine mit einer verbindungsanordnung für einen zylinderkopf |
DE102010015271A1 (de) | 2010-04-15 | 2011-10-20 | J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG | Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung |
DE102010034743A1 (de) | 2010-08-19 | 2012-02-23 | J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung, Abgasanlage, Ausbauverfahren |
WO2012063096A1 (en) * | 2010-11-08 | 2012-05-18 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Exhaust manifold with thin flanges |
US8763383B2 (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2014-07-01 | Evolution Motorsports | Exhaust flow divider |
DE112012000347T5 (de) * | 2011-01-27 | 2013-09-12 | Borgwarner Inc. | Regelklappenanordnung |
US9086007B2 (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2015-07-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | System and method for accommodating aftertreatment bricks |
DE102013109446B4 (de) * | 2013-08-30 | 2015-11-26 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Abgaskrümmer mit Isolationshülse |
DE102014103314B4 (de) * | 2014-03-12 | 2018-07-12 | Tenneco Gmbh | Abgasrohrflansch, Gruppenflansch und Abgasanlage |
US10662854B2 (en) * | 2016-10-10 | 2020-05-26 | Egc Enterprises, Inc. | Exhaust sealing joint |
CN107237676A (zh) * | 2017-06-30 | 2017-10-10 | 潍柴动力股份有限公司 | 发动机排气管、发动机及发动机排气管的铸造方法 |
CN107387219A (zh) * | 2017-07-19 | 2017-11-24 | 冠立科技扬州有限公司 | 一种摩托车尾气排气管 |
GB2571270A (en) * | 2018-02-21 | 2019-08-28 | Jaguar Land Rover Ltd | Exhaust manifold assembly |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH0472409A (ja) * | 1990-07-12 | 1992-03-06 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 排気装置 |
JPH09236014A (ja) * | 1996-02-29 | 1997-09-09 | Isuzu Motors Ltd | 遮熱マニホルド |
US20020059795A1 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2002-05-23 | Gerd Durr | Air gap insulated exhaust manifold assembly for an internal combustion engine and a method of making same |
Family Cites Families (9)
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FR2272966A1 (en) * | 1974-05-28 | 1975-12-26 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | Thermally-insulating ceramic sleeves - cast into metal components for internal combustion engines to ensure combustion of exhaust gas |
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JPH01280616A (ja) * | 1988-05-02 | 1989-11-10 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 内燃機関排気チャネル用の断熱セラミック鋳ぐるみ体及びその製造方法 |
JPH02167701A (ja) * | 1988-12-21 | 1990-06-28 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 排気チャネル断熱用の多枝セラミック管の製造方法 |
US5392601A (en) * | 1993-02-25 | 1995-02-28 | Michael D. Epstein | Exhaust system for an internal combustion engine |
US5419127A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-30 | Soundwich Inc | Insulated damped exhaust manifold |
JPH0828257A (ja) * | 1994-07-11 | 1996-01-30 | Toyota Motor Corp | 二重排気管 |
US5718046A (en) * | 1995-12-11 | 1998-02-17 | General Motors Corporation | Method of making a ceramic coated exhaust manifold and method |
US5961154A (en) * | 1998-09-16 | 1999-10-05 | Williams; Douglas | Fume duct joint with clamping collar |
-
2005
- 2005-05-04 FR FR0504585A patent/FR2885385B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-04-28 US US11/913,586 patent/US8104273B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-04-28 DE DE112006001133T patent/DE112006001133T5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-04-28 CN CN2006800194481A patent/CN101189416B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-04-28 WO PCT/FR2006/000970 patent/WO2006117468A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2006-04-28 JP JP2008509468A patent/JP5137817B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-04-28 KR KR1020077028206A patent/KR101293122B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0472409A (ja) * | 1990-07-12 | 1992-03-06 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 排気装置 |
JPH09236014A (ja) * | 1996-02-29 | 1997-09-09 | Isuzu Motors Ltd | 遮熱マニホルド |
US20020059795A1 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2002-05-23 | Gerd Durr | Air gap insulated exhaust manifold assembly for an internal combustion engine and a method of making same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8104273B2 (en) | 2012-01-31 |
FR2885385B1 (fr) | 2007-07-27 |
DE112006001133T5 (de) | 2008-03-27 |
FR2885385A1 (fr) | 2006-11-10 |
CN101189416B (zh) | 2013-08-21 |
CN101189416A (zh) | 2008-05-28 |
WO2006117468A1 (fr) | 2006-11-09 |
US20090266065A1 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
JP5137817B2 (ja) | 2013-02-06 |
KR101293122B1 (ko) | 2013-08-12 |
KR20080005304A (ko) | 2008-01-10 |
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