JP2008530756A - 水素が緩衝される燃料電池の燃料処理装置 - Google Patents
水素が緩衝される燃料電池の燃料処理装置 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 162
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 131
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 131
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 title 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 88
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 118
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 70
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 41
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 41
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 31
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 29
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 28
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 28
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 27
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 24
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 21
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 17
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002453 autothermal reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017119 AlPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 AlPO and SAPO) Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000269350 Anura Species 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVYYHSKIGBEZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[Cr+3].[Fe+2] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Cr+3].[Fe+2] WVYYHSKIGBEZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001833 catalytic reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010574 gas phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/16—Constructional details or arrangements
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- G06F1/18—Packaging or power distribution
- G06F1/183—Internal mounting support structures, e.g. for printed circuit boards, internal connecting means
- G06F1/187—Mounting of fixed and removable disk drives
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- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
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- G06F1/20—Cooling means
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Abstract
【選択図】図1
Description
CH4+H2O→CO+3H2 (1)
である。
典型的には、過剰量のスチームが用いられて、平衡が右へ押やられる。水素製造へ適用される場合には、過剰量のスチームはまた、次の水性ガスシフト反応;
CO+H2O→CO2+H2 (2)
を増大するのに資する。
CH4+1/2O2→CO+2H2 (3)
である。
しかし、ガス相反応の動力学は、原料のいくらかを過剰酸化し、過剰な熱発生、並びに実質量のH2O、CO2、未反応炭化水素、およびスートをもたらす傾向がある。これらの理由から、ガス相部分酸化の化学は、清浄な原料に適用される場合には、スチームを原料へ添加し、スチーム改質触媒床をガス相部分酸化反応器槽へ加えることが好ましい。ガス相部分酸化およびスチーム改質のこの組合せは、自動熱改質と呼ばれる。
燃料電池;
燃料電池で用いるための水素を生成するための炭化水素燃料処理装置;および
システムの始動時に、または燃料電池システムの運転中に燃料電池によって必要とされる際に、システムによって用いるために、燃料処理装置で製造される水素の一部を貯蔵するための水素緩衝器
を含む。
Vb、始動時=n*fH2 *t始動時 *Pfc/Pb (4)
によって与えられてもよい。
Vb、始動時、最大=n*fH2、最大 *t始動時 *Pfc/Pb (5)
によって与えられる。
Vb、全燃焼=n*Vb、一回燃焼 (6)
として表されてもよい。
Vb、過渡時=最大(絶対(t遅延 *(fH2、fP−fH2、fC)) (7)
によって与えられてもよい。
図6は、水素が水素緩衝器から引き出されることができる最大時間を、燃料電池の出力の関数として示す。この実施例においては、水素を15気圧で貯蔵するサイズ10Lの水素緩衝器が、最大出力50kWeを有し、かつ周囲圧力で作動する燃料電池(効率50%)と組合わせて用いられる。この時間は、燃料電池が、改質システムからの水素入力が必要とされる前に、作動されることができる継続時間を示し、従って処理装置の始動に利用可能な時間を表す。処理装置の始動および水素リッチガスの製造に利用可能な時間は、緩衝器のサイズ、および水素ガスが貯蔵される最大圧力と共に変動するであろう。より大きな緩衝器のサイズおよび/またはより大きな貯蔵圧力に対しては、利用可能な始動時間は、燃料電池システムからの所望の初期の持続出力において増大するであろう。
この実施例においては、自動車の駆動サイクルにおいて、作動のための燃料電池システムに接続される燃料処理装置(約0.9g/秒H2最大出力)の水素要求量は、10Lサイズの水素緩衝器(水素を圧力20バール未満で貯蔵することができる)によって加減される。燃料処理装置は、加熱し、水素製造を開始するのに30秒を要すると仮定される。更に、燃料処理装置は、二つの方式、即ちON(全出力または最大H2出力)およびOFF(ゼロ出力またはゼロH2出力)でのみ、作動することができると仮定される。燃料電池からの水素要求量は、水素を緩衝器から供給することによって満足され、緩衝器の圧力が、ある設定値(4バール)未満に低下した場合に、燃料処理装置は、ONにされて、H2が、その100%定格値で製造され、緩衝器が満たされる。緩衝器の圧力が、ある圧力(18バール)へ蓄積すると、燃料処理装置は、OFFにされる。図7は、処理装置から緩衝器への水素供給量、および燃料電池からの要求量を、時間に対して示し、図8は、緩衝器の圧力の変動を、時間に対して示す。
Claims (11)
- 燃料電池システムであって、
燃料電池;
前記燃料電池で用いる水素を生成するための炭化水素燃料処理装置;および
前記システムの始動時、または前記システムの運転中に前記燃料電池が必要とする際に前記システムが用いる、前記燃料処理装置で製造される水素の一部を貯蔵するための水素緩衝器
を含むことを特徴とするシステム。 - 前記燃料処理装置は、スチーム改質装置であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記スチーム改質装置は、圧力スイング改質装置であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のシステム。
- 前記圧力スイング改質装置で製造される水素を増大するための水性ガスシフト反応器を含むことを特徴とする請求項3に記載のシステム。
- 前記シフト反応器から得られる水素を分離するためのガス分離装置を含むことを特徴とする請求項4に記載のシステム。
- 前記緩衝器は、始動時の前記システムが用いるのに十分な水素を貯蔵するサイズであることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のシステム。
- 前記緩衝器は、始動時、および前記システムの運転中に前記燃料処理装置によって生成される水素が、一時的に前記燃料電池の作動要求量より少なくなった場合に、前記システムが用いるのに十分な水素を貯蔵するサイズでないことを特徴とする請求項5に記載のシステム。
- 燃料電池に水素燃料を供給する方法であって、
炭化水素燃料処理装置で水素を生成する工程;
前記燃料処理で製造される前記水素の一部を貯蔵する工程;
前記燃料処理装置で製造される前記水素の差引き残量を、前記燃料電池へ供給する工程;および
貯蔵された前記水素を、
(i)始動時の前記燃料電池、
(ii)始動時に、成分を燃焼および加熱するための前記燃料処理装置、および
(iii)前記燃料処理装置によって生成される水素の量が、前記燃料電池の作動要求量より一時的に少なくなった場合の前記燃料電池
よりなる群から選択される少なくとも一つへ供給する工程
を含むことを特徴とする供給方法。 - 前記水素は、圧力スイング改質装置で生成されることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の方法。
- 圧力スイング改質装置からの水素を水性ガスシフト反応器で処理して、生成される水素の量を増大する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記水性ガスシフト反応器で生成される水素を分離する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の方法。
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US65207405P | 2005-02-11 | 2005-02-11 | |
US11/336,208 US20060183009A1 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-01-20 | Fuel cell fuel processor with hydrogen buffering |
PCT/US2006/004193 WO2006086346A2 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-02-07 | Fuel cell fuel processor with hydrogen buffering |
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US (2) | US20060183009A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1849204A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2008530756A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20070100928A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101119925B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2006212851A1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2596479A1 (ja) |
MX (1) | MX2007009549A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006086346A2 (ja) |
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MX2007009549A (es) | 2007-12-11 |
US20080038598A1 (en) | 2008-02-14 |
WO2006086346A3 (en) | 2007-09-07 |
EP1849204A4 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
AU2006212851A1 (en) | 2006-08-17 |
EP1849204A2 (en) | 2007-10-31 |
CA2596479A1 (en) | 2006-08-17 |
KR20070100928A (ko) | 2007-10-12 |
CN101119925A (zh) | 2008-02-06 |
CN101119925B (zh) | 2011-12-28 |
WO2006086346A2 (en) | 2006-08-17 |
US20060183009A1 (en) | 2006-08-17 |
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