JP2008505271A - 内燃機関での排気圧力脈動を制御する装置 - Google Patents
内燃機関での排気圧力脈動を制御する装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2008505271A JP2008505271A JP2007519147A JP2007519147A JP2008505271A JP 2008505271 A JP2008505271 A JP 2008505271A JP 2007519147 A JP2007519147 A JP 2007519147A JP 2007519147 A JP2007519147 A JP 2007519147A JP 2008505271 A JP2008505271 A JP 2008505271A
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- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 42
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 18
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
- F01N13/10—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B29/00—Engines characterised by provision for charging or scavenging not provided for in groups F02B25/00, F02B27/00 or F02B33/00 - F02B39/00; Details thereof
- F02B29/04—Cooling of air intake supply
- F02B29/0406—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
- F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/40—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with timing means in the recirculation passage, e.g. cyclically operating valves or regenerators; with arrangements involving pressure pulsations
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/42—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories having two or more EGR passages; EGR systems specially adapted for engines having two or more cylinders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
- F02D41/0047—Controlling exhaust gas recirculation [EGR]
- F02D41/0065—Specific aspects of external EGR control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/008—Controlling each cylinder individually
- F02D41/0082—Controlling each cylinder individually per groups or banks
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
- F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
- Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
Abstract
【選択図】図1
Description
シリンダ6から: 19.2%タービン出口、80.8%EGR出口
シリンダ5から: 34.8%タービン出口、65.2%EGR出口
シリンダ4から: 45.8%タービン出口、54.2%EGR出口
シリンダ3から: 99.7%タービン出口、0.3%EGR出口
シリンダ2から: 99.6%タービン出口、0.4%EGR出口
シリンダ1から: 99.0%タービン出口、1.0%EGR出口
Claims (10)
- 燃焼機関(10)の排気圧力脈動を制御する装置であって、6つのシリンダ(12)と、シリンダに空気を供給するための入口(13)と、シリンダからの排気ガスを運搬するための排気マニホールド(14)とを備え、前記装置は、排気システム(22)への第1の出口(31)と、エンジンの前記シリンダのうちの少なくとも1つから前記入口(13)にEGR回路を介して排気ガスを戻すための導管(24)への第2の出口(32)とが設けられ、シリンダの少なくとも1つが、排気システムに位置する排気ガス後処理ユニット(23)の再生手段を追加するように配置されており、前記排気マニホールド(14)は、それぞれが各シリンダポートに付属された分岐容積(V1〜V6)と、前記排気マニホールドの一方の側に位置する3つの前記分岐容積と排気システムへの前記出口(31)との両方に接続する第1の集合副容積(Vs1)と、他の分岐容積のうちの少なくとも1つとEGR回路への出口との両方に接続する第2の集合副容積(Vs2)と、残る分岐容積に接続するとともに第1及び第2の集合副容積を関連付ける第3の集合副容積(Vsaml)とを備えるように設計され、シリンダの排気量とマニホールドの容積と第3の集合副容積(Vsaml)との間の相互関係、排気ガスの質量流量に対するEGRの質量流量の比率、及び脈動する排気流における最大圧力と最小圧力の間の比率は、EGRガスが排気マニホールド内で再生ガスから分離されるようになされていることを特徴とする燃焼機関の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 前記排気システムに位置する排気後処理ユニット(23)の再生手段は、通常の燃焼後にシリンダに加えられる未燃炭化水素を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 排気後処理ユニット(23)の再生手段は、排気温度を上昇させるために、遅延燃焼か、あるいは、通常の燃焼後における燃焼した炭化水素の追加のいずれかを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 前記排気後処理ユニットは、粒子トラップ(23)を構成することを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 前記排気後処理ユニットは、NOxトラップ/NOx触媒を構成することを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 前記排気システムは、排気ガスからのエネルギーを吸収するタービン(17)と、エンジンの入口(13)に供給された空気を圧縮する圧縮機(18)とをそれ自身で備える少なくとも1つのターボユニット(16)を備えることを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 前記燃焼機関(10)は、直列6気筒エンジンの形態をとることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 前記燃焼機関(10)は、V6エンジンの形態をとることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 前記第2の集合副容積(Vs2)は、他の分岐容積の1つに接続することを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
- 前記第2の集合副容積(Vs2)は、前記他の分岐容積のうちの2つに接続することを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載の排気圧力脈動の制御装置。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE2004/001094 WO2006004469A1 (en) | 2004-07-02 | 2004-07-02 | Arrangement for controlling exhaust pressure pulses at an internal combustion engine |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2008505271A true JP2008505271A (ja) | 2008-02-21 |
JP4429359B2 JP4429359B2 (ja) | 2010-03-10 |
Family
ID=35783169
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007519147A Expired - Fee Related JP4429359B2 (ja) | 2004-07-02 | 2004-07-02 | 内燃機関での排気圧力脈動を制御する装置 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7637098B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1766204B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4429359B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100436770C (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE464468T1 (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI0418938B1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE602004026644D1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006004469A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102007003116A1 (de) | 2007-01-16 | 2008-07-17 | Mahle International Gmbh | Brennkraftmaschinensystem |
WO2008153247A1 (en) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-18 | Choon Nam Son | Apparatus for removing exhaust gas pressure and preventing backflow of exhaust gas |
US8437943B2 (en) * | 2010-01-28 | 2013-05-07 | Deere & Company | NOx control during load increases |
US8528530B2 (en) | 2010-06-30 | 2013-09-10 | General Electric Company | Diesel engine system and control method for a diesel engine system |
US9976499B2 (en) | 2010-09-23 | 2018-05-22 | General Electric Company | Engine system and method |
JP5447334B2 (ja) * | 2010-10-25 | 2014-03-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 排気還流装置の異常検出装置 |
US20120285427A1 (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2012-11-15 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Exhaust manifold assembly with integrated exhaust gas recirculation bypass |
FI20116160L (fi) * | 2011-11-22 | 2013-05-23 | Waertsilae Finland Oy | Mäntämoottori |
US9309819B2 (en) | 2012-11-14 | 2016-04-12 | General Electric Company | Multi-fuel system and method |
US10344687B2 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2019-07-09 | Ge Global Sourcing Llc | Fuel selection method and related system for a mobile asset |
US20160222895A1 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2016-08-04 | General Electric Company | Multi-fuel system and method |
US11643986B2 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2023-05-09 | Transportation Ip Holdings, Llc | Multi-fuel system and method |
US9157385B2 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2015-10-13 | General Electric Company | Fuel selection method and related system for a mobile asset |
US11905897B2 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2024-02-20 | Transportation Ip Holdings, Llc | Fuel selection method and related system for a mobile asset |
US8893687B2 (en) * | 2012-02-25 | 2014-11-25 | Southwest Research Institute | Fuel injection strategy for internal combustion engine having dedicated EGR cylinders |
US9243536B2 (en) | 2012-03-14 | 2016-01-26 | Volvo Lastvagnar Ab | Method for enriching exhaust gases with unburnt hydrocarbon |
US11578684B2 (en) | 2012-05-31 | 2023-02-14 | Transportation Ip Holdings, Llc | Method for operating an engine |
CN110914527B (zh) | 2017-07-19 | 2022-06-07 | 卡明斯公司 | 专用egr发动机控制参数的瞬态估计和补偿技术 |
JP2019127851A (ja) * | 2018-01-23 | 2019-08-01 | マツダ株式会社 | 多気筒エンジン |
US10815920B2 (en) | 2018-10-19 | 2020-10-27 | Deere & Company | Engine system and method with hydrocarbon injection and EGR |
EP3922826A1 (en) * | 2020-06-12 | 2021-12-15 | Volvo Truck Corporation | A control unit and method therein for controlling exhaust valves of cylinders in an internal combustion engine |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FI78768C (fi) * | 1987-05-29 | 1989-09-11 | Waertsilae Oy Ab | Foerfarande och arrangemang foer effektivering av avgasernas utnyttjande. |
GB2295647A (en) * | 1994-12-02 | 1996-06-05 | Ford Motor Co | Engine exhaust manifold system |
DE19808873A1 (de) * | 1998-03-03 | 1999-09-09 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Mehrzylindrige Brennkraftmaschine mit Kraftstoff-Nacheinspritzung |
KR100504422B1 (ko) * | 2001-09-07 | 2005-07-29 | 미쓰비시 지도샤 고교(주) | 엔진의 배기 정화 장치 |
FR2841602B1 (fr) * | 2002-06-27 | 2004-09-03 | Renault Sa | Moteur a combustion interne muni d'un resonateur de helmholtz integre a un circuit de recirculation des gaz d'echappement qui est connecte a un circuit d'admission d'air |
-
2004
- 2004-07-02 JP JP2007519147A patent/JP4429359B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-07-02 EP EP04749130A patent/EP1766204B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-07-02 AT AT04749130T patent/ATE464468T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-07-02 US US11/571,524 patent/US7637098B2/en active Active
- 2004-07-02 BR BRPI0418938A patent/BRPI0418938B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-07-02 WO PCT/SE2004/001094 patent/WO2006004469A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-07-02 DE DE602004026644T patent/DE602004026644D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-07-02 CN CNB2004800434749A patent/CN100436770C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1977096A (zh) | 2007-06-06 |
EP1766204B1 (en) | 2010-04-14 |
DE602004026644D1 (de) | 2010-05-27 |
ATE464468T1 (de) | 2010-04-15 |
CN100436770C (zh) | 2008-11-26 |
US7637098B2 (en) | 2009-12-29 |
WO2006004469A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
JP4429359B2 (ja) | 2010-03-10 |
EP1766204A1 (en) | 2007-03-28 |
BRPI0418938A (pt) | 2007-11-27 |
BRPI0418938B1 (pt) | 2015-10-27 |
US20080110161A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
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