JP2005535696A - ミトコンドリアを標的とする抗酸化剤 - Google Patents
ミトコンドリアを標的とする抗酸化剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2005535696A JP2005535696A JP2004527016A JP2004527016A JP2005535696A JP 2005535696 A JP2005535696 A JP 2005535696A JP 2004527016 A JP2004527016 A JP 2004527016A JP 2004527016 A JP2004527016 A JP 2004527016A JP 2005535696 A JP2005535696 A JP 2005535696A
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Abstract
Description
ミトコンドリアは、その内膜を横切って180mVまでの実質的な膜電位を有する(内側が負)。この電位により、膜透過性の親油性カチオンは、ミトコンドリアマトリックス内に数百倍も蓄積する(Rottenberg、Methods in Enzymology, 55, 547-560 (1979); Chen, Ann. Rev. Cell Biol., 4, 155-181 (1988))。そのようなイオンは、正の電荷を選別するか、または正の電荷を広い表面積にわたって非局在化させるのに十分に親油性である場合、さらには、有効な流出経路が存在せず、カチオンが代謝されないか直ちに細胞にとって有害になる場合に蓄積する。
グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼは、過酸化水素を水に、有機ヒドロペルオキシドをアルコールへと還元し、一方、グルタチオンをグルタチオンジスルフィドへと酸化する。グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼは、その活性部位の必須部分としてセレンを含んでいることが知られている。したがって、グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼミメティックは、有機セレン化合物、すなわち、少なくとも1個のセレン原子を含む有機化合物であることが好ましい。
を有する。ベンゼン環は、置換基を有することができ、また、例えばピリジンなどの他の縮合芳香族環で置き換えることも可能である。最も広く研究され、好ましいとされるこのクラスのメンバーは、エベルセン(Ebelsen)(2-フェニル-ベンゾ[d]イソセレナゾール-3-オン):
共有結合連結基は、親油性カチオン部分を酵素ミメティックに、各末端での共有結合で結合させ、かつ、ミトコンドリア内膜を通過してミトコンドリアマトリックスに侵入する際に、それら2つの基を結合したままにすることができる基であれば如何なるものであってもよい。
エリトロースおよびトレオース;
アラビノース、リキソース、リボースおよびキシロース;
アロース、アルトロース、グルコース、マンノース、グロース、イドース、ガラクトースおよびタロース;
アラビノフラノース、リキソフラノース、リボフラノースおよびキシロフラノース;
アロフラノース、アルトロフラノース、グルコフラノース、マンノフラノース、グロフラノース、イドフラノース、ガラクトフラノース、タトフラノース;
アロピラノース、アルトロピラノース、グルコピラノース、マンノピラノース、グロピラノース、イドピラノース、ガラクトピラノースおよびタロピラノース。
好適な無機アニオンの例としては、次の無機酸から誘導されるものが挙げられるが、それらに限定されない:塩酸、臭化水素酸、ヨウ化水素酸、硫酸、亜硫酸、硝酸、亜硝酸、リン酸および亜リン酸。
を有するものである。
本明細書中で症状の治療という文脈で用いられる「治療」という用語は、一般に、ヒトまたは動物(例えば獣医学的適用)の、例えば症状の進行の抑制などのある目的とする効果が達成される治療および療法に関していい、進行速度の低減、進行速度の停止、症状の改善、および症状の治癒が含まれる。また、予防的手段としての治療(すなわち予防)も含まれる。
第1および第2の態様の化合物はまた、切り離した臓器の移植前の灌流や、胚などの凍結細胞の保存にも有用である。
ここで、本発明の化合物の化学的合成方法について説明する。これらの方法は、本発明の範囲に含まれるさらなる化合物を合成しやすくするために、公知の方法で修正し、かつ/または適合させることができる。示す試薬の量は参考のためである。本発明の化合物の製造に有用な概略的な実験方法および手順の説明は、Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (第5版, Furniss, B. S., Hannaford, A.J., Smith, P.W.G., Tatchell, A.R., Longmann, UK編)に記載されている。
(ii)親油性カチオン部分への連結基の結合;
(iii)連結基と抗酸化部分との結合。
分取カラムクロマトグラフィーは、シリカゲル(Merck)タイプ60(200〜400メッシュ、40〜63μm)を用いて行った。分析用薄層クロマトグラフィー(TLC)は、アルミナロールで被覆されているシリカゲル(Merck)60F 254を用いて行い、可視化は、UV光で行った。核磁気共鳴スペクトルは、Varian 300 MHz装置を用いて得た。テトラメチルシランを、CDCl3中での1Hおよび13C NMR実験の内部標準として用い、85%リン酸を、全ての溶媒中での31P NMR実験の内部標準として用いた。残留溶媒ピークを、CDCl3以外の1Hおよび13C NMR実験の内部標準として用いた。化学シフト(δ)のデータは、内部標準に対するppmの単位で報告する。13C NMRのピークの割当は、化学シフト、相対強度およびHSQCデータに基づいて行った。赤外吸収スペクトルは、Perkin Elmer Spectrum BX FTIR装置を用いて得た。サンプルは、無水KBrを用いて調製したKBrディスクとして調べ、吸光度の単位は波数(cm-1)で報告する。低分解能エレクトロスプレー(LRES)および低分解能大気圧化学イオン化(LRAPCI)の質量スペクトルは、Shimadzu LCMS-QP800X液体クロマトグラフマススペクトロメーターを用いて得、データはm/z値として報告する。融点は、Kofler Heizbank融点ベンチを用いて得、無修正で報告する。
無水THF(250mL)中のベンゾイルクロリド(12.9g、91.7mmol)の溶液を、無水THF(700mL)中の4-アミノフェノール(10.0g、91.7mmol)およびEt3N (9.4g、92.9mmol)の溶液に滴下し、混合物を乾燥チューブ下で2日間撹拌した。溶媒を減圧除去し、固形の残渣をH2O(3回×250mL)およびジエチルエーテル(3回×250mL)で抽出した。残存する固形物質をエタノール水溶液から再結晶化し、結晶を濾過し、ジエチルエーテルで洗浄し、吸引乾燥して、1を白色固体として得た(14.97g、77%)。1H NMR (299.9 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 10.06 (ブロード s, 1H, -OH), 9.28 (s, 1H, -NH-), 7.96 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.57 (m, 5, Ar-H), 6.78 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H);13C NMR (125.7 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 165.92(カルボニル), 154.56(芳香族), 136.09(芳香族), 132.30(芳香族), 131.61(芳香族), 129.33(プロトン化芳香族), 128.48(プロトン化芳香族), 123.21(プロトン化芳香族), 115.90(プロトン化芳香族);C13H11NO2の分析理論値:C:73.22, H: 5.20, N: 6.57, 実測値:C: 73.33, H: 5.27, N: 6.69;m.p. 224℃。
無水THF(160mL)中の1(14.5g、68.01mmol)およびイミダゾール(11.6g、67.91mmol)の溶液を、乾燥チューブ下で0℃まで冷却した。その冷却した溶液に、無水THF(60mL)中のTBDMSClの溶液を乾燥チューブ下で滴下した。得られた懸濁液をアルゴン雰囲気下で終夜撹拌した。次に、この懸濁液をH2O(500mL)で希釈し、CH2Cl2(2回×500mL)で抽出した。有機抽出物を合わせ、Na2SO4で乾燥し、濾過した。濾液から溶媒を減圧除去して、白色固体を得た。この固体を、熱濾過の後でヘキサンから再結晶した。結晶を濾過により回収し、ヘキサンで洗浄し、吸引乾燥して、十分な純度の2を白色結晶として得た(19.86g、89%);1H NMR (299.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.86 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.1Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.57 - 7.44 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 0.99 (s, 9H, t-ブチルメチル), 0.20 (s, 6H, メチル);13CNMR (125.7 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.97(カルボニル), 152.9(芳香族), 135.45(芳香族),132.04(プロトン化芳香族), 131.88(芳香族), 129.11(プロトン化芳香族), 127.31(プロトン化芳香族), 122.22(プロトン化芳香族), 120.80(プロトン化芳香族), 26.04 (メチル), 18.56 (tertiary), -4.10 (メチル); LRAPCI MS (+ギ酸) C19H24NO2SiSeの理論値:328, 実測値:328。
アルゴン下で-15℃に冷却した無水THF(150mL)中の2(9.20g、28.09mmol)の溶液に、n-BuLi(ヘキサン中1.6M、35mL、56.0mmol)をカニューレから45分間かけてゆっくり添加した。得られた有機溶液を-15℃で45分間撹拌し、次にセレンパウダー(2.22g、28.12mmol)を添加した。得られた懸濁液を-15℃で45分間撹拌して、深紅色の溶液を得た。この溶液を-78℃に冷却し、CuBr2(12.55g、56.18mmol)を3回に分けて15分間かけて添加した。得られた懸濁液を-78℃で1時間撹拌し、次に冷却浴から外し、22時間撹拌した。得られた褐色の懸濁液を1%酢酸水溶液(600mL)に注ぎ、CH2Cl2(3回×500mL)で抽出した。有機画分を合わせ、濾過した。濾液をNa2SO4で乾燥し、濾過し、濾液から溶媒を減圧除去して、灰褐色の固体を得た。この固体をクロマトグラフィーにかけ(CH2Cl2中に充填したシリカゲル、CH2Cl2で溶出)、生成物を含む画分を合わせ、溶媒を減圧除去して、淡黄褐色の固体を得た。この固体をEtOHから再結晶し、結晶を濾過し、ヘキサンで洗浄し、吸引乾燥して、3を淡黄色結晶として得た(5.09g、45 %)。1H NMR (299.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.11 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H Ar-H), 7.64-7.60 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.50-7.42 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 6.88 (d, J = 9Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 1.00 (s, 9H, t-ブチルメチル), 0.22 (s, 6H, メチル); 13C NMR (125.7 MHz) δ 166.12(カルボニル), 154.91(芳香族), 138.09(芳香族), 132.72(プロトン化芳香族), 132.54(芳香族) 129.72(プロトン化芳香族), 127.78(芳香族), 127.45(プロトン化芳香族), 126.82(プロトン化芳香族), 124.05(プロトン化芳香族), 120.96(プロトン化芳香族), 25.71 (t-ブチルメチル), 18.27 (tertiary), -4.34 (メチル);C19H23NO2SiSeの分析理論値:C: 56.43, H: 5.73, N: 3.46, 実測値:C: 56.72, H: 5.84, N: 3.56;m.p. 188℃。
THF(25mL)中の3(2.0g、4.95mmol)の0℃溶液に、TBAF溶液(THF中1M、14mL、14mmol)を窒素雰囲気下で15分間かけて滴下した。混合物を0℃で1時間撹拌し、その後、TLC分析(シリカゲル、19:1 CH2Cl2/ジエチルエーテル)を行ったところ、出発物質が存在しないことが示された。溶媒を減圧除去して、褐色油状物を得た。この油状物をCH2Cl2(50mL)に溶解し、有機相を5% HCl(150mL)およびH2O(4回×50mL)で洗浄した。2回目の水での洗浄により、分液漏斗の内側に黄色固体が形成された。両方の相を濾過することにより固体を回収し、残存する固体を漏斗から最後の2回の洗浄により得た。濾過した固体を最後の2つの水性抽出物で洗浄し、吸引乾燥し、1:1 EtOH/THF(35mL)から再結晶化した。結晶を濾過により回収し、ジエチルエーテルで洗浄し、吸引乾燥して、4を黄色結晶として得た(1.01g、97%)。1H NMR (299.9 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 9.65 (s, 1H, -OH), 8.10 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.70 (dd, 1H, Ar-H), 7.49 (dd, 1H, Ar-H), 7.39 (d, J = 9Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.86 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (125.7 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 165.82(カルボニル), 156.71(芳香族), 139.94(芳香族), 132.87(芳香族), 131.54(芳香族), 129.26(芳香族), 128.75(芳香族), 127.70 (プロトン化芳香族), 127.07(芳香族), 126.71(芳香族), 116.51(プロトン化芳香族); C13H9NO2Seの分析理論値:C: 53.81, H: 3.13, N: 4.83, 実測値:C:54.04, H: 3.03, N: 4.88;m.p. >260℃。
0℃でアルゴン下にある無水DMF(1mL)中のNaH(ペンタンで洗浄して減圧乾燥した60%乳濁液、60mg、1.50mmol)の懸濁液に、無水DMF(7mL)中の4(300mg、1.03mmol)の溶液を、アルゴン下でカニューレにより添加した。得られた溶液を室温で2時間撹拌し、次に、無水DMF(2mL)中の1,4-ジヨードブタン(3.20g、10.3mmol)の溶液にアルゴン下でカニューレで添加した。得られた溶液を暗所で、アルゴン下で室温にて2日間撹拌した。水(1mL)を慎重に添加し、溶媒を減圧除去して、油状の残渣を得た。この残渣をCH2Cl2(20mL)に溶解し、有機相をH2O(20mL)、10% Na2S2O3(20mL)およびH2O(20mL)で洗浄した。有機抽出物をNa2SO4で乾燥し、濾過した。濾液から溶媒を減圧除去して、黄色の油状残渣を得た。この残渣をクロマトグラフィーにかけ(CH2Cl2中に充填したシリカゲル、19:1 CH2Cl2/ジエチルエーテルで溶出)、生成物を含む画分を合わせた。溶媒を減圧除去して、十分な純度の5を白色固体として得た(254mg、52%)。1H NMR (299.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.11 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.68-7.62 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 6.94 (d, J = 9Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 4.02 (t, J = 5.9Hz, 2H, -O-CH2-), 3.27 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H, -CH2-I), 1.98 (m, 4H, -CH2-CH2-); 13CNMR (125.7 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.20(カルボニル), 158.0(芳香族), 138.12(芳香族), 132.73(芳香族), 132.03(芳香族), 129.73(芳香族), 127.73(プロトン化芳香族), 127.60(芳香族), 126.85(芳香族), 126.85(芳香族), 124.08(芳香族), 115.41(プロトン化芳香族), 67.32 (-O-CH2-), 30.43 (メチレン), 6.64 (-CH2-I); LRAPCI MS (+ギ酸) C17H17NOSeIの理論値:473, 実測値:473。
5(50mg、0.106mmol)およびトリフェニルホスフィン(278mg、1.06mmol)が入っている乾燥Kimax試験管をアルゴンでパージし、密封し、暗所に置いた。混合物を溶融物として90℃で2時間撹拌した。混合物を冷却し、固形の残渣をCH2Cl2(1mL)に溶解した。生成物をジエチルエーテルで粉砕し、遠心分離(3500rpmで10分間)により回収した。固形残渣をジエチルエーテルでCH2Cl2から2回以上粉砕し、遠心分離により回収した。析出物から残存溶媒を減圧除去して、粗製の6を黄色固体として得た(68mg、87%)。1H NMR (299.9 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ 8.44 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.90 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.86-7.34 (m, 19H, Ar-H, -P+Ph3), 6.79 (d, J = 9Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 3.97 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H, -O-CH2-), 3.41 (m, 2H, -CH2-P+Ph3), 2.04 (m, 2H, -O-CH2-CH2-), 1.87 (m, 2H, -CH2-CH2-P+Ph3); 31P NMR (121.4 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ 24.29; LRES+ Calcd for [C35H31NO2PSe]+: 608, 実測値:608。
グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼミメティックのミトコンドリアへのターゲティングが有効であること、およびこれらの化合物がミトコンドリア内膜の脂質二重層を通過できることを判定するために、単離したミトコンドリアについて化合物6を試験した。
グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼミメティックの活性は、グルタチオンレダクターゼの存在下でNADPHの誘起酸化を測定することにより間接的に求めた。インキュベーションは、143mMのリン酸カリウム緩衝液、6.3mMのEDTA、pH 7.5、250μMのNADPH、1mMのGSH、50μMのエブレレンもしくは化合物6、および1Uのグルタチオンレダクターゼが入っている石英キュベット内で37℃にて行った。1mMの過酸化水素または1mMのtert-ブチルヒドロペルオキシドで反応を開始し、Shimadzu UV-2501PC型スペクトロメーターにより基準として空気を用いて340nmにて記録した。エベルセンと化合物6、グルタチオンと酸化剤の濃度を増大させながら、反応をさらに試験した。
化合物6の抗酸化効果を調べるために、ミトコンドリアまたはミトコンドリア膜をcis-パリナリン酸と共にインキュベートした。この脂肪酸蛍光団は、脂質二重層に取り込まれると、蛍光を発する。蛍光団の共役二重結合が酸化されると、蛍光は弱まり、これが脂質過酸化の指標となる。
Claims (16)
- グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼミメティックである抗酸化部分に共有結合している親油性カチオン部分を含む化合物。
- グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼミメティック部分が少なくとも1個のセレン原子を含む、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼミメティック部分が、ベンズイソセレナゾロン、ジアリールジセレニドおよびジアリールセレニドからなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載の化合物。
- 親油性カチオン部分が、アンモニウムカチオン;ホスホニウムカチオン;アルソニウムカチオン;ローダミン123;JC-1;N,N’-ビス(2-エチル-1,3-ドキシレン)クリプトシアニン;ピロニンY;o-トルイジンブルー;カルコゲンピリリウム;およびベンゾ(a)フェノキサジニウムからなる群から選択される、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 親油性カチオン部分がトリベンジルまたはトリフェニルで置換されているアンモニウムまたはホスホニウムカチオンである、請求項5に記載の化合物。
- 親油性カチオン部分がトリフェニルホスホニウムである請求項6に記載の化合物。
- 連結基が、場合によりグルタチオンペルオキシダーゼミメティック部分の末端にO、SまたはNHを含む、1〜30個の炭素原子を有するアルキレン基であり、かつ、場合により、ヒドロキシ、チオ、アミノ、カルボキシ、アミドおよび糖もしくは糖誘導体から誘導される基から選択される基で置換されている、請求項8に記載の化合物。
- Zが薬学的に許容されるアニオンである、請求項8または9に記載の化合物。
- ヒトまたは動物の身体の治療方法において使用するための、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を、1種以上の薬学的に許容される担体または希釈剤と組み合わせて含む、医薬組成物。
- 酸化ストレスの軽減により改善される症状の治療において使用するための医薬を製造するための、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の化合物の使用。
- 酸化ストレスの軽減により改善される症状が、パーキンソン病、フリートライヒ運動失調、ウィルソン病、mtDNA病、糖尿病、運動ニューロン病、炎症、ならびに卒中、心臓発作、臓器移植および手術における虚血再灌流組織障害から選択される、請求項15に記載の使用。
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US20040029851A1 (en) | 2004-02-12 |
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CA2397684A1 (en) | 2004-02-12 |
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