JP2004160282A - Exhaust gas purification catalyst, and purification method - Google Patents

Exhaust gas purification catalyst, and purification method Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004160282A
JP2004160282A JP2002326239A JP2002326239A JP2004160282A JP 2004160282 A JP2004160282 A JP 2004160282A JP 2002326239 A JP2002326239 A JP 2002326239A JP 2002326239 A JP2002326239 A JP 2002326239A JP 2004160282 A JP2004160282 A JP 2004160282A
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Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
catalyst
palladium
gas purifying
catalyst according
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Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Atsushi Fukuju
厚 福寿
Kazuhiro Kondo
一博 近藤
Susumu Hizuya
進 日数谷
Kazuhiro Yano
和宏 矢野
Takehiro Shimizu
岳弘 清水
Masayoshi Ichiki
正義 市来
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Hitachi Zosen Corp
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Hitachi Zosen Corp
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  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an exhaust gas purification method and a catalyst by which NOx can be decomposed at a high denitrification rate with methane as a reducing agent even in the presence of water vapor. <P>SOLUTION: The catalyst is obtained by making palladium or platinum support to a metal oxide carrier, and decomposes nitrogen oxide with hydrocarbon as a reducing agent in an oxygen-surplus atmosphere under the condition where moisture is coexistent. The catalyst is obtained by using the complex salt of an ammine complex as a palladium precursor. As the complex salt of an ammine complex, preferably, a tetrachloroammonium salt or a tetraamminedichloro salt is used. The supported amount of palladium is preferably 0.01 to 0.1 wt.% to the carrier. The supported amount of platinum is preferably 5 to 200 wt.% to palladium. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明はタービン、ボイラー、内燃機関等の燃焼装置から出る排ガス中に含まれる窒素酸化物(NOx)を酸素過剰雰囲気下でメタンを還元剤に用いて分解する排ガス浄化触媒およびこの触媒を用いた排ガス浄化方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
酸素過剰雰囲気下で窒素酸化物を還元し、無害な窒素に変換する技術として、NHを還元剤に用いるNOx選択接触還元法(NH・SCR)が知られている。この技術によれば、簡便な装置でNOxを効率的に還元除去できるが、還元剤として用いるNHの貯蔵、装置の維持管理、適切な安全管理などが必要であり、これが脱硝コストの上昇を招いている。還元剤を使用せず、NOxを窒素と酸素に分解する技術は現在研究開発中であるが、まだ実用に供しうる成績を得ていない。燃焼排ガス中に含まれる未燃の炭化水素を還元剤として用いる脱硝法(HC・SCR)も研究されているが、これもまだ実用化されるに至っていない。HC・SCR技術の一つとして、メタンを還元剤に用いて酸素過剰雰囲気下でNOxを分解する方法およびこれに用いる触媒が提案されている(特許文献1参照)。しかし該文献記載の触媒では、空間速度15000h−1の反応開始初期においてはNOx転化率が約60%であるものの、水蒸気の存在により活性が低下し、その低下の程度が大きいことがわかった。また耐久性についても性能低下が認められ、実用化を考えると更なる活性の活性の向上が要求される。
【0003】
【特許文献1】
特開2000−61308号公報。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、上記の点に鑑み、水蒸気存在下においてもメタンを還元剤に用いて高い脱硝率でNOxを分解できる排ガス浄化方法およびこの方法に用いられる触媒を提供することを主たる目的とする。
【0005】
本発明は、また、この排ガス浄化方法に用いる触媒、特に実用的な使用形態である板状触媒またはハニカム状触媒を提供することを目的とする。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、金属酸化物担体にパラジウムおよび白金を担持してなる触媒の水蒸気存在下における活性低下の問題を解決すべく研究を重ねた結果、パラジウム前駆体としてアンミン錯体の錯塩を用いて得られた触媒、特に担体に対するパラジウム担持量が0.01〜0.1重量%である触媒が、水蒸気存在下、メタンを還元剤に用いてNOxを分解するに際し、高いNOx分解活性を示し、さらに水蒸気の存在による活性低下の程度が低いことを見出し、本発明を完成した。
【0007】
すなわち、本発明による排ガス浄化触媒は、酸素過剰雰囲気で水分共存条件下に炭化水素を還元剤として用いて窒素酸化物を分解する、金属酸化物担体にパラジウムおよび白金を担持してなる触媒において、パラジウム前駆体としてアンミン錯体の錯塩(アンミン錯イオンのパラジウム錯塩)を用いて得られることを特徴とするものである。
【0008】
アンミン錯体の錯塩は、好ましくはテトラクロロアンモニウム塩またはテトラアンミンジクロロ塩である。パラジウムの担持量は担体に対し好ましくは0.01〜0.1重量%である。白金の担持量はパラジウムに対し好ましくは5〜200重量%である。
【0009】
金属酸化物担体は好ましくは固体超強酸である。固体超強酸は、好ましくは、硫酸根を含むジルコニア担体、タングステンを含むジルコニア担体、硫酸根を含むチタニア担体、および、タングステンを含むチタニア担体からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一つである。硫酸根を含むジルコニア担体は、好ましくは、正方晶の結晶構造を有する硫酸根ジルコニアである。該硫酸根の担持量はジルコニアに対する重量比で好ましくは1〜20%である。
【0010】
本発明による触媒は、その微紛対をセラミックス繊維からなるプレフォーム体(例えばシート、マット、ペーパー、クロス)に分散保持させて、板状の排ガス浄化触媒とすることもできる。本発明による触媒は、また、その微紛を、セラミックス繊維からなるプレフォーム体の断面ジグザグ状折り曲げ加工品を複数枚、隣接加工品の山部どうしが向きを異にするように積層してなるハニカム構造体、または折り曲げ加工品と平板品とを交互に積層してなるハニカム構造体に分散保持させて、ハニカム状の排ガス浄化触媒とすることもできる。
【0011】
本発明による触媒を排ガスに接触させ、酸素過剰雰囲気で水分共存条件下に炭化水素を還元剤として用いて窒素酸化物を効率的に分解することができる。炭化水素は好ましくはメタンである。メタンは燃焼装置からの未燃メタンであってもよい。
【0012】
【作用】
本発明による触媒においては、パラジウム前駆体としてパラジウム含有錯体を用いることにより、パラジウムの分散性が高くなり、その結果触媒活性および耐水性が向上したものと考えられる。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明を実施例に基づいて具体的に説明する。
【0014】
(実施例1)
0.05%Pd(テトラクロロアンモニウム塩)−0.01%Pt/硫酸根ジルコニア触媒の調製
硫酸アンモニウム15gを溶解した150m1の水溶液に水酸化ジルコニウム150gを10時間浸漬した。この浸漬体を乾燥した後、550℃で3.5時間焼成して、硫酸根ジルコニアを得た。
【0015】
Pdとしてテトラクロロパラジウム(II)酸アンモニウム0.0135gを、Ptとして1.47重量%を含むテトラアンミン白金硝酸水溶液0.068gに添加した後、この水溶液を純水の添加で10m1に希釈した。
【0016】
こうして予め調製した溶液に上記硫酸根ジルコニア10gを10時間浸漬した。この浸漬体を乾燥した後、500℃で9時間焼成して、0.05%Pd(テトラクロロアンモニウム塩)−0.01%Pt/硫酸根ジルコニア触媒を得た。
【0017】
(実施例2)
0.05%Pd(テトラアンミンジクロロ塩)−0.01%Pt/硫酸根ジルコニア触媒の調製
Pdとしてテトラアンミンジクロロパラジウムを0.0125g用いた点を除いて、実施例1と同じ操作を行って、0.05%Pd(テトラアンミンジクロロ塩)−0.01%Pt/硫酸根ジルコニア触媒を得た。
【0018】
(比較例1)
0.05%Pd(硝酸塩)−0.01%Pt/硫酸根ジルコニア触媒の調製
Pdとして硝酸パラジウムを0.11g用い、Ptとして1.47重量%を含むテトラアンミン白金硝酸水溶液を0.068g用いた点を除いて、実施例1と同じ操作を行って、0.05%Pd(硝酸塩)−0.01%Pt/硫酸根ジルコニア触媒を得た。
【0019】
(比較例2)
0.5%Pd−0.5%Pt/硫酸根ジルコニア触媒の調製
Pdとして硝酸パラジウムを0.11g用い、Ptとして1.47重量%を含むテトラアンミン白金硝酸水溶液を3.4g用いた点を除いて、実施例1と同じ操作を行って、0.5%Pd(硝酸塩)−0.5%Pt/硫酸根ジルコニア触媒を得た。
【0020】
触媒活性試験
実施例1〜2および比較例1〜2で得られた触媒をディスク状に成形した後、これを粉砕してメッシュ22〜42に整粒した。得られた粒状触媒を反応管に充填し、酸素濃度が10%になるように圧縮空気を窒素で希釈して得た希釈酸素ガスに一酸化窒素150ppm、メタン2000ppmおよび水蒸気10%を混合してなる模擬排ガスを、空間速度30000h−1、反応温度450℃の条件下で反応管に通して、触媒活性(脱硝率)の測定を行った。触媒充填層入口および出口のNOx濃度は化学発光式NOx分析計により測定した。得られた触媒活性試験結果を表1に示す。
【0021】
【表1】

Figure 2004160282
表1から、パラジウム前駆体としてアンミン錯体の錯塩を用いて得られた触媒、特に担体に対するパラジウム担持量が0.01〜0.1重量%である触媒が、水蒸気存在下、メタンを還元剤に用いてNOxを分解するに際し、高いNOx分解活性を示し、さらに水蒸気の存在による活性低下の程度が低く、長時間使用後の性能においても高い活性が維持されることが分かる。
【0022】
【発明の効果】
本発明の排ガス浄化方法により、水蒸気存在下においてもメタンを還元剤に用いて高い脱硝率でNOxを分解できる。また、この排ガス浄化方法に用いる触媒、特に実用的な使用形態である板状触媒またはハニカム状触媒を提供することができる。加えて、本発明による触媒は耐久性に優れている。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention uses an exhaust gas purifying catalyst that decomposes nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained in exhaust gas from combustion devices such as turbines, boilers, and internal combustion engines using methane as a reducing agent in an oxygen-excess atmosphere and uses the catalyst. The present invention relates to an exhaust gas purification method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A NOx selective catalytic reduction method (NH 3 .SCR) using NH 3 as a reducing agent is known as a technique for reducing nitrogen oxides into harmless nitrogen in an oxygen-excess atmosphere. According to this technology, NOx can be efficiently reduced and removed with a simple device, but storage of NH 3 used as a reducing agent, maintenance and management of the device, appropriate safety management, and the like are required, which increases the cost of denitration. Inviting. Technology for decomposing NOx into nitrogen and oxygen without using a reducing agent is currently under research and development, but has not yet achieved practical results. A denitration method (HC / SCR) using unburned hydrocarbons contained in the combustion exhaust gas as a reducing agent has also been studied, but this has not yet been put to practical use. As one of HC / SCR technologies, a method of decomposing NOx in an oxygen-excess atmosphere using methane as a reducing agent and a catalyst used for the method have been proposed (see Patent Document 1). However, in the catalyst described in the literature, although the NOx conversion rate was about 60% at the beginning of the reaction at a space velocity of 15000 h −1 , it was found that the activity was reduced due to the presence of steam, and the degree of the reduction was large. In addition, a decrease in performance has been observed in durability, and further improvement in activity is required for practical use.
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-2000-61308.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust gas purifying method capable of decomposing NOx with a high denitration ratio using methane as a reducing agent even in the presence of steam, and a main object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst used in this method.
[0005]
Another object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst used in this exhaust gas purification method, particularly a plate-shaped catalyst or a honeycomb-shaped catalyst which is a practical use form.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have conducted repeated studies to solve the problem of a decrease in the activity of a catalyst comprising palladium and platinum supported on a metal oxide carrier in the presence of water vapor, and as a result, using a complex salt of an ammine complex as a palladium precursor. The resulting catalyst, particularly a catalyst having a palladium loading on a carrier of 0.01 to 0.1% by weight, exhibits high NOx decomposition activity when decomposing NOx using methane as a reducing agent in the presence of steam, Furthermore, they have found that the degree of activity reduction due to the presence of water vapor is low, and completed the present invention.
[0007]
That is, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to the present invention decomposes nitrogen oxides using a hydrocarbon as a reducing agent under conditions of coexistence of moisture in an oxygen-excess atmosphere, and a catalyst comprising palladium and platinum supported on a metal oxide carrier, It is obtained by using a complex salt of an ammine complex (a palladium complex salt of an ammine complex ion) as a palladium precursor.
[0008]
The complex salt of the ammine complex is preferably a tetrachloroammonium salt or a tetraamminedichloro salt. The supported amount of palladium is preferably 0.01 to 0.1% by weight based on the carrier. The supported amount of platinum is preferably 5 to 200% by weight based on palladium.
[0009]
The metal oxide support is preferably a solid superacid. The solid superacid is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of a zirconia carrier containing a sulfate group, a zirconia carrier containing tungsten, a titania carrier containing a sulfate group, and a titania carrier containing tungsten. The zirconia carrier containing a sulfate group is preferably a sulfate group zirconia having a tetragonal crystal structure. The supported amount of the sulfate is preferably 1 to 20% by weight relative to zirconia.
[0010]
The catalyst according to the present invention can be used as a plate-shaped exhaust gas purifying catalyst by dispersing the fine powder pair in a preform (for example, sheet, mat, paper, cloth) made of ceramic fibers. Further, the catalyst according to the present invention is obtained by laminating the fine powder on a plurality of zigzag cross-sectionally bent products of a preform body made of ceramic fibers, so that the peaks of adjacent processed products have different directions. By dispersing and holding the honeycomb structure or a honeycomb structure obtained by alternately stacking bent products and flat products, a honeycomb-shaped exhaust gas purifying catalyst can be obtained.
[0011]
The catalyst according to the present invention is brought into contact with exhaust gas, and nitrogen oxides can be efficiently decomposed by using a hydrocarbon as a reducing agent in an oxygen-excess atmosphere and in the presence of moisture. The hydrocarbon is preferably methane. The methane may be unburned methane from the combustion device.
[0012]
[Action]
It is considered that the use of the palladium-containing complex as the palladium precursor in the catalyst according to the present invention increased the dispersibility of palladium, resulting in improved catalytic activity and water resistance.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention will be specifically described based on examples.
[0014]
(Example 1)
Preparation of 0.05% Pd (tetrachloroammonium salt) -0.01% Pt / sulfuric acid zirconia catalyst 150 g of zirconium hydroxide was immersed in a 150 ml aqueous solution in which 15 g of ammonium sulfate was dissolved. After drying the immersed body, it was calcined at 550 ° C. for 3.5 hours to obtain sulfated zirconia.
[0015]
After adding 0.0135 g of ammonium tetrachloropalladium (II) as Pd to 0.068 g of an aqueous solution of tetraammineplatinic nitric acid containing 1.47% by weight as Pt, this aqueous solution was diluted to 10 ml with the addition of pure water.
[0016]
10 g of the above-mentioned sulfate zirconia was immersed in the solution thus prepared in advance for 10 hours. The dried body was dried and fired at 500 ° C. for 9 hours to obtain a 0.05% Pd (tetrachloroammonium salt) -0.01% Pt / sulfate sulfate zirconia catalyst.
[0017]
(Example 2)
Preparation of 0.05% Pd (tetraammine dichlorosalt) -0.01% Pt / sulfate sulfate zirconia catalyst The same operation as in Example 1 was carried out except that 0.0125 g of tetraamminedichloropalladium was used as Pd. A 0.05% Pd (tetraammine dichlorosalt) -0.01% Pt / sulfate radical zirconia catalyst was obtained.
[0018]
(Comparative Example 1)
Preparation of 0.05% Pd (nitrate) -0.01% Pt / sulfate sulfate zirconia catalyst 0.11 g of palladium nitrate was used as Pd, and 0.068 g of an aqueous tetraammineplatinum nitrate solution containing 1.47% by weight as Pt was used. Except for this point, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed to obtain a 0.05% Pd (nitrate) -0.01% Pt / sulfate radical zirconia catalyst.
[0019]
(Comparative Example 2)
Preparation of 0.5% Pd-0.5% Pt / Sulfate Zirconia Catalyst Except that 0.11 g of palladium nitrate was used as Pd and 3.4 g of an aqueous tetraammineplatinum nitrate solution containing 1.47% by weight as Pt was used. Then, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed to obtain a 0.5% Pd (nitrate) -0.5% Pt / sulfate radical zirconia catalyst.
[0020]
Catalyst Activity Test After the catalysts obtained in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were formed into discs, they were pulverized and sized to meshes 22 to 42. The obtained granular catalyst is filled in a reaction tube, and compressed air is diluted with nitrogen so that the oxygen concentration becomes 10%. Diluted oxygen gas is mixed with 150 ppm of nitrogen monoxide, 2000 ppm of methane and 10% of water vapor. The simulated exhaust gas was passed through a reaction tube under the conditions of a space velocity of 30,000 h −1 and a reaction temperature of 450 ° C. to measure the catalytic activity (denitration rate). The NOx concentration at the inlet and outlet of the catalyst packed bed was measured by a chemiluminescent NOx analyzer. Table 1 shows the obtained catalyst activity test results.
[0021]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004160282
From Table 1, it can be seen that a catalyst obtained by using a complex salt of an ammine complex as a palladium precursor, in particular, a catalyst having a palladium loading of 0.01 to 0.1% by weight on a carrier, is converted from methane to a reducing agent in the presence of steam. When used to decompose NOx, it shows high NOx decomposing activity, the degree of activity decrease due to the presence of water vapor is low, and high activity is maintained even after long-term use.
[0022]
【The invention's effect】
According to the exhaust gas purification method of the present invention, NOx can be decomposed at a high denitration rate using methane as a reducing agent even in the presence of steam. Further, it is possible to provide a catalyst used in this exhaust gas purification method, particularly a plate-shaped catalyst or a honeycomb-shaped catalyst which is a practical use form. In addition, the catalyst according to the invention has excellent durability.

Claims (13)

酸素過剰雰囲気で水分共存条件下に炭化水素を還元剤として用いて窒素酸化物を分解する、金属酸化物担体にパラジウムおよび白金を担持してなる触媒において、パラジウム前駆体としてアンミン錯体の錯塩を用いて得られることを特徴とする排ガス浄化触媒。Using a complex of an ammine complex as a palladium precursor in a catalyst comprising palladium and platinum supported on a metal oxide carrier, which decomposes nitrogen oxides using a hydrocarbon as a reducing agent in the presence of moisture in an oxygen-excess atmosphere. An exhaust gas purification catalyst characterized by being obtained by: アンミン錯体の錯塩がテトラクロロアンモニウム塩またはテトラアンミンジクロロ塩であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の排ガス浄化触媒。2. The exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the complex salt of the ammine complex is a tetrachloroammonium salt or a tetraamminedichlorosalt. パラジウムの担持量が担体に対し0.01〜0.1重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の排ガス浄化触媒。3. The exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the carried amount of palladium is 0.01 to 0.1% by weight based on the carrier. 白金の担持量がパラジウムに対し5〜200重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。The exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the supported amount of platinum is 5 to 200% by weight based on palladium. 金属酸化物担体が固体超強酸である請求項1記載の排ガス浄化触媒。The exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide carrier is a solid superacid. 固体超強酸が、硫酸根を含むジルコニア担体、タングステンを含むジルコニア担体、硫酸根を含むチタニア担体、および、タングステンを含むチタニア担体からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一つである請求項5記載の排ガス浄化触媒。The exhaust gas purification according to claim 5, wherein the solid superacid is at least one selected from the group consisting of a zirconia carrier containing a sulfate group, a zirconia carrier containing tungsten, a titania carrier containing a sulfate group, and a titania carrier containing tungsten. catalyst. 硫酸根を含むジルコニア担体が、正方晶の結晶構造を有する硫酸根ジルコニアである請求項6記載の排ガス浄化触媒。7. The exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to claim 6, wherein the zirconia support containing sulfate is sulfate zirconia having a tetragonal crystal structure. 硫酸根の担持量がジルコニアに対し1〜20重量%である請求項7記載の排ガス浄化触媒。The exhaust gas purifying catalyst according to claim 7, wherein the supported amount of the sulfate group is 1 to 20% by weight based on zirconia. 請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の触媒の微紛がセラミックス繊維からなるプレフォーム体に分散保持されてなる板状の排ガス浄化触媒。A plate-shaped exhaust gas purifying catalyst, wherein fine powder of the catalyst according to any one of claims 1 to 8 is dispersed and held in a preform made of ceramic fibers. 請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の触媒の微紛が、セラミックス繊維からなるプレフォーム体の断面ジグザグ状折り曲げ加工品を複数枚、隣接加工品の山部どうしが向きを異にするように積層してなるハニカム構造体、または折り曲げ加工品と平板品とを交互に積層してなるハニカム構造体に分散保持されてなるハニカム状の排ガス浄化触媒。The fine powder of the catalyst according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein a plurality of zigzag cross-sectionally bent products of a preform body made of ceramic fibers have different orientations between peaks of adjacent processed products. A honeycomb-shaped exhaust gas purifying catalyst which is dispersed and held in a honeycomb structure formed by laminating, or a honeycomb structure formed by alternately laminating a bent product and a flat product. 請求項1〜10のいずれかに記載の触媒を排ガスに接触させ、酸素過剰雰囲気で水分共存条件下に炭化水素を還元剤として用いて窒素酸化物を分解する排ガス浄化方法。An exhaust gas purification method comprising: contacting the catalyst according to any one of claims 1 to 10 with exhaust gas, and decomposing nitrogen oxides by using a hydrocarbon as a reducing agent in an oxygen-excess atmosphere under a condition in which moisture is present. 炭化水素がメタンである請求項11記載の排ガス浄化方法。The exhaust gas purifying method according to claim 11, wherein the hydrocarbon is methane. メタンが燃焼装置からの未燃メタンである請求項12記載の排ガス浄化方法。The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 12, wherein the methane is unburned methane from a combustion device.
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