JP2000147813A5 - - Google Patents

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JP2000147813A5
JP2000147813A5 JP1998323052A JP32305298A JP2000147813A5 JP 2000147813 A5 JP2000147813 A5 JP 2000147813A5 JP 1998323052 A JP1998323052 A JP 1998323052A JP 32305298 A JP32305298 A JP 32305298A JP 2000147813 A5 JP2000147813 A5 JP 2000147813A5
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【書類名】 明細書
【発明の名称】 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置
【特許請求の範囲】
【請求項1】 導電性支持体及び該導電性支持体上に形成された感光層を有する電子写真感光体において、
該感光層が、電荷発生材料としてフタロシアニン化合物を含有し
該電子写真感光体の表面層が、同一分子内につ以上の連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物架橋させて得られる硬化を含有する
ことを特徴とする電子写真感光体。
【請求項2】 前記連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物が下記一般式(1)で示される化合物である請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
【化1】

一般(1)中、Aは正孔輸送性基を示す及びPは連鎖重合性官能基を示すとPは同一でも異なってもよいZは置換基を有してもよい有機残基を示す。Yは水素原子を示すa、b及びdは0以上の整数を示す但し、a=0の場合はb+dは3以上の整数、b又はdが0の場合はaは2以上の整数、その他の場合はa+b+dは3以上の整数を示すまた、aが2以上の場合は同一でも異なってもよく、dが2以上の場合は同一でも異なってもよく、bが2以上の場合Zは同一でも異なってもよい
【請求項3】 記一般式(1)中のにおける及びZとの結合部位を水素原子に置き換えて導き出される正孔輸送性化合物が下記一般式(2)で示される化合物である請求項1又は2に記載の電子写真感光体。
【化2】

一般(2)中、R、R及びRは置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示す但し、 、R 及びR のうちの少なくともつはアリール基を示すまた、R、R及びRはそれぞれ同一であっても異なっていてもよい
【請求項4】 記一般式(1)中のにおける及びZとの結合部位を水素原子に置き換えて導き出される化合物が下記一般式(3)で示される化合物である請求項1又は2に記載の電子写真感光体。
【化3】

一般(3)中、R、R、R及びRは置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示す。及びRは置換基を有してもよいアルキレン基、又は置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基を示す、R、R及びRとR及びRは各々同一であっても異なっていてもよいQは置換基を有してもよい有機残基を示す
【請求項5】 記一般式(1)中のにおける及びZとの結合部位を水素原子に置き換えて導き出される正孔輸送性化合物が下記一般式(4)で示される化合物である請求項1又は2に記載の電子写真感光体。
【化4】

一般(4)中、R10、R11、R12及びR13は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示すまた、R10、R11、R12及びR13はそれぞれ同一であっても異なっていてもよいAr及びArは置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基を示し、それぞれ同一でも異なってもよいmは0又は1を示す
【請求項6】 記一般式(1)中のにおける及びZとの結合部位を水素原子に置き換えて導き出される化合物が下記一般式(5)で示される化合物である請求項1又は2に記載の電子写真感光体。
【化5】

一般(5)中、Ar及びArは置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示す。Ar及びArは同一でも異なってもよい14は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示す但し、Ar、Ar及びR14のうち少なくともつは、下記一般式(6)で示される置換基をつ以上有する
【化6】

一般(6)中、R15及びR16は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアリール基又は水素原子を示す。15及びR16は同一であっても異なってもよいArは置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示す0〜2の整数を示す
【請求項7】 記一般式(1)中のにおける及びZとの結合部位を水素原子に置き換えて導き出される化合物が、縮合環炭化水素、縮合複合環又は下記一般式(7)で示される化合物である請求項1又は2に記載の電子写真感光体。
【化7】

一般(7)中、R17及びR18は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示す。17及びR18は同一でも異なってもよいArは置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示す但し、記縮合環炭化水素、前記縮合複合環及び前記一般式(7)で示される化合物は、下記一般式(8)で示される置換基をつ以上有する
【化8】

一般(8)中、R19及びR20は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアリール基又は水素原子を示す。19及びR20は同一であっても異なってもよいArは置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示す0〜2の整数を示す
【請求項8】 記一般式(1)のZ又は前記一般式(3)のQが、置換基を有してもよいアルキレン基、置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基、CR21=CR22(R21及びR22は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアリール基又は水素原子を示す。21及びR22は同一でも異なってもよい)、C=O、S=O、SO、酸素原子及び硫黄原子からなる群より選ばれる1つの有機残基又はこれらを組み合わせて導き出される有機残基である請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項9】 記一般式(1)のZ又は前記一般式(3)のQが、下記一般式(9)で示される基である請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【化9】

一般(9)中、X〜Xは置換基を有してもよいアルキレン基、(CR23=CR24)m、C=O、S=O、SO、酸素原子又は硫黄原子を示す。Ar及びArは置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基を示す23及びR24は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアリール基又は水素原子を示す。23及びR24は同一でも異なってもよいは1〜5の整数、p〜tは0〜10の整数を示す但しp〜tは同時に0であることはない
【請求項10】 記一般式(1)のZ又は前記一般式(3)のQが、下記一般式(10)で示される基である請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【化10】

一般(10)中、Ar10は置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基を示す及びXは(CH、(CH=CR25、C=O又は酸素原子を示す25は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアリール基又は水素原子を示す。gは1〜10の整数、hは1〜5の整数、u〜wは0〜10の整数を示す但しu〜wは同時に0であることはない
【請求項11】 記一般式(2)のR、R及びRが置換基を有してもよいアリール基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項12】 記一般式(3)のR 及びRのうち少なくとも2つが置換基を有してもよいアリール基であり、かつR及びRが置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項13】 記一般式(3)のR 及びRが置換基を有してもよいアリール基であり、かつR及びRが置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項14】 記一般式(4)のR10及びR11が置換基を有してもよいアリール基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項15】 記一般式(4)のR10〜R13が置換基を有してもよいアリール基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項16】 記一般式(5)のR14が置換基を有してもよいアリール基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項17】 記一般式(6)のR16が置換基を有してもよいアリール基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項18】 記一般式(7)のR17及びR18が置換基を有してもよいアリール基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項19】 記一般式(8)のR20が置換基を有してもよいアリール基である請求項に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項20】 前記連鎖重合性官能基P 及びの一方又は両方が下記一般式(11)で示される不飽和重合性官能基である請求項1〜19のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【化11】

一般(11)中、Eは水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基置換基を有してもよいアリール基、シアノ基、ニトロ基、アルコキシ基、−COOR26{R26は水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいアリール基}又は−CONR2728{R27及びR28は水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいアリール基を示し、互いに同一であっても異なっていてもよい}を示す。Wは置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基、置換基を有してもよいアルキレン基、−COO−、−O−、−OO−、−S−又は−CONR29−{R29は水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいアリール基}を示すfは0又は1を示す
【請求項21 前記連鎖重合性官能基P 及びの一方又は両方が下記構造式(14)〜(20)のいずれかで示される基である請求項1〜19のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【化12

【請求項22 前記連鎖重合性官能基P 及びの一方又は両方が、前構造式(14)又は(15)で示される基である請求項21に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項23 前記同一分子内につ以上の連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物の酸化電位が0.4〜1.2(V)である請求項1〜22のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項24】 前記硬化物が、前記同一分子内に2つ以上の連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物を放射線によって架橋させて得られる硬化物である請求項1〜23のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項25】 前記放射線が電子線である請求項24に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項26】 前記電子線の加速電圧が300V以下である請求項25に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項27】 前記電子線の照射線量が1〜100Mradである請求項25又は26に記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項28】 前記フタロシアニン化合物がオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンである請求項1〜27のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項29】 前記フタロシアニン化合物がクロロガリウムフタロシアニンである請求項1〜27のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項30】 前記フタロシアニン化合物がヒドロキシガリウムフタロシアニンである請求項1〜27のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項31】 前記フタロシアニン化合物が無金属フタロシアニンである請求項1〜27のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
【請求項32】 請求項1〜31のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体、該電子写真感光体を帯電る帯電手段、電子写真感光体の表面に形成された静電潜像をトナーで現像してトナー像を形成する現像手段、及び、該電子写真感光体の表面の転写残りトナーを除去するクリーニング手段からなる群より選ばれ少なくともつの手段と一体に支持し、電子写真装置本体に着脱可能であることを特徴とするプロセスカートリッジ。
【請求項33】 請求項1〜31のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体、該電子写真感光体を帯電る帯電手段、帯電した電子写真感光体に対し像露光を行い該電子写真感光体の表面に静電潜像を形成する像露光手段、電子写真感光体の表面に形成された静電潜像をトナーで現像してトナー像を形成する現像手段、及び、該電子写真感光体の表面に形成されたトナー像を転写材に転写する転写手段を有することを特徴とする電子写真装置。
【発明の詳細な説明】
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電子写真感光体、電子写真感光体を有するプロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置に関し、詳しくは特定の樹脂を含有する表面層を有する電子写真感光体、電子写真感光体を有するプロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、電子写真感光体に用いられる光導電材料としては、セレン、硫化カドミウム及び酸化亜鉛等の無機材料が知られていた。他方、有機材料であるポリビニルカルバゾール、フタロシアニン及びアゾ顔料等は高生産性や無公害性等の利点が注目され、無機材料と比較して光導電特性や耐久性等の点で劣る傾向にあるものの、広く用いられる様になってきた。
【0003】
これらの電子写真感光体は、電気的及び機械的特性の双方を満足するために電荷発生層と電荷輸送層を積層した機能分離型の感光体として利用される場合が多い。一方当然のことながら電子写真感光体には適用される電子写真プロセスに応じた感度、電気的特性、光学的特性、耐久特性を備えていることが要求される。
【0004】
近年では、複写機におけるデジタル化が急速に展開する一方で、レーザービームプリンターの分野においても高速/高精細/高耐久化が進んでおり、それに見合った電子写真感光体の開発が求められている。デジタル化が主流となってきた現在においては、光源として半導体レーザーを用いた電子写真装置が一般的ではあるが、その発振波長は790±20nmと赤外領域であり、この波長領域に十分な感度を有する電荷発生材料のつとして、従来からフタロシアニン化合物が広く用いられている。
【0005】
その種類は多く、無金属フタロシアニン及び金属フタロシアニンに分けられるが、金属フタロシアニンの中でも、特開昭50−38543号公報に示されるような銅フタロシアニン、特開昭61−21705号公報、特開昭61−239248号公報、特開昭64−17066号公報及び特開平3−128973号公報等に示されるオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンがよく知られている。更に、近年では特開平1−221459号公報、特開平5−98181号公報、特開平7−207171号公報等に開示されているクロロガリウムフタロシアニンや特開平5−236007号公報、特開平7−53892号公報等に開示されているヒドロキシガリウムフタロシアニン等を含め、新規な中心金属を有するフタロシアニン化合物が提供されている。また、以上の各々のフタロシアニン化合物に対して、さまざまな結晶型の存在が報告されている。
【0006】
これらフタロシアニン化合物を電荷発生材料として用いた場合に十分な感度や電子写真特性を発現させるためには、電荷輸送材料の組み合わせが非常に重要である。一般に電子写真感光体における光導電性は、例えば現在の主流である積層機能分離型感光体を例に挙げて説明すると、まず電荷発生材料に光が吸収されることで光キャリアが発生し、この光キャリアが電荷輸送層に注入し輸送されることで発現するものと考えられている。ここで電荷輸送材料は、電荷輸送能のみならず電荷発生材料における電荷の発生そして注入に対しても、その関与が非常に大きいことが報告されており、フタロシアニン化合物においても例外ではない。
【0007】
一般に電荷輸送層は、不活性の線状高分子中に低分子量の電荷輸送材料を混合して形成されるが、先で述べた様に電荷の発生/注入効率及び電荷輸送能を十分に発揮させるためには、電荷輸送材料の濃度は十分に高いことが望ましい。しかし一方で、そのような低分子量材料の含有量を増大させることは成膜性を低下させ、析出やクラック等の発生を引き起こす。また、膜自体の機械的強度が低下することにより、電子写真プロセスにおける繰り返し使用時の膜削れや傷等が問題となり、十分な耐久性を確保することができない。
【0008】
これらの問題点を解決する手段として、硬化性の樹脂を電荷輸送層用の樹脂として用いる試みが、例えば特開平2−127652号公報等に開示されているが、この場合においても低分子量成分は、あくまでもバインダー樹脂中において可塑剤として作用するので、先に述べたような析出やクラックの問題の根本的な解決にはなっていない。
【0009】
また、硬化性樹脂とはいうものの十分な光感度発現を担う大量の低分子成分添加による可塑的効果は大きく、十分な機械的強度を得ることは難しい。また、特開平5−216249号公報、特開平7−72640号公報等においては、電荷輸送層に炭素−炭素二重結合を有するモノマーを含有させ、電荷輸送材の炭素−炭素二重結合と熱あるいは光のエネルギーによって反応させて電荷輸送層硬化膜を形成した電子写真感光体が開示されているが、電荷輸送材はポリマー主骨格にペンダント状に固定化されているだけであり、先の可塑的な作用を十分に排除できないため機械的強度が十分ではない。また、電荷輸送能の向上のために電荷輸送材の濃度を高くすると、架橋密度が低くなり十分な機械的強度を確保することができない。更には、重合時に必要とされる開始剤類の電子写真特性への影響も懸念される。
【0010】
また、別の解決手段として例えば特開平8−248649号公報等において、熱可塑性高分子主鎖中に電荷輸送能を有する基を導入し、電荷輸送層を形成させた電子写真感光体が開示されているが、従来の分子分散型の電荷輸送層と比較して析出等に対しては効果があり、機械的強度も向上するが、あくまでも熱可塑性樹脂であり、その機械的強度には限界があり、樹脂の溶解性等を含めたハンドリングや生産性の面で十分であるとは言い難い。以上述べた様に、これまでの系では高い機械的強度と優れた光感度の発現の両立が達成されておらず、それらの改良が強く望まれているのが現状である。
【0011】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、優れた光感度の発現及び繰り返し使用時の耐磨耗性に優れ、更に繰り返し使用時における残留電位の上昇等の感光体特性の変化や劣化が非常に少なく、繰り返し使用時にも安定した性能を発揮することができる電子写真感光体を提供することにある。
【0012】
本発明の別の目的は、感光体の表面層の耐摩耗性及び耐傷性が向上し、長寿命で高画質な電子写真感光体、電子写真感光体を有するプロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置を提供することにある。
【0013】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明に従って、導電性支持体及び該導電性支持体上に形成された感光層を有する電子写真感光体において、
該感光層が、電荷発生材料としてフタロシアニン化合物を含有し
該電子写真感光体の表面層が、同一分子内につ以上の連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物架橋させて得られる硬化を含有する
ことを特徴とする電子写真感光体、並びに、電子写真感光体を有するプロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置が提供される。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に、本発明の実施の形態を詳細に説明する。
【0015】
まず、本発明における連鎖重合性官能基について説明する。本発明における連鎖重合とは、高分子物の生成反応を大きく連鎖重合と逐次重合に分けた場合の前者の重合反応形態を示し、詳しくは例えば技報堂出版 三羽忠広著の「基礎 合成樹脂の化学(新版)」1995年7月25日(1版8刷)P.24に説明されている様に、その形態が主にラジカルあるいはイオン等の中間体を経由して反応が進行する不飽和重合、開環重合そして異性化重合等のことをいう。
【0016】
前記一般式(1)における連鎖重合性官能基Pとは、前述の反応形態が可能な官能基を意味するが、ここではその大半を占め応用範囲の広い不飽和重合あるいは開環重合性官能基の具体例を示す。
【0017】
不飽和重合とは、ラジカル、イオン等によって不飽和基、例えばC=C、C≡C、C=O、C=N、C≡N等が重合する反応であるが、主にはC=Cによる場合が大部分である。不飽和重合性官能基の具体例を表1に示すが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0018】
【表1】

【0019】
表中、Rは置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基等のアラルキル基、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基等のアリール基又は水素原子を示す。
【0020】
開環重合とは、炭素環、オクソ環、窒素ヘテロ環等のひずみを有した不安定な環状構造が触媒の作用で活性化され、開環すると同時に重合を繰り返し鎖状高分子物を生成する反応であるが、この場合基本的にはイオンが活性種として作用するものが大部分である。開環重合性官能基の具体例を表2に示すが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0021】
【表2】

【0022】
表中、Rは置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基等のアラルキル基、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基等のアリール基又は水素原子を示す。
【0023】
上記で説明したような本発明に係わる連鎖重合性官能基の中でも、下記一般式(11)〜(13)で示されるが好ましい。
【0024】
【化13

【0025】
上記一般(11)中、Eは水素原子、フッ素、塩素、臭素等のハロゲン原子、置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基等のアリール基、CN基、ニトロ基、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基等のアルコキシ基、−COOR26又は−CONR2728を示す。
【0026】
Wは置換基を有してもよい2価のフェニレン基、ナフチレン基、アントラセニレン基等のアリーレン基、置換基を有してもよいメチレン基、エチレン基、ブチレン基等のアルキレン基、−COO−、−O−、−OO−、−S−又は−CONR29−で示される。
【0027】
ここでR26〜R29は水素原子、フッ素、塩素、臭素等のハロゲン原子、置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基等のアラルキル基及び置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基等のアリール基を示す。28とR29は互いに同一であっても異なってもよい。また、fは0又は1を示す。
【0028】
E及びW中で有してもよい置換基としては、フッ素、塩素、臭素、ヨウ素等のハロゲン原子又はニトロ基又はシアノ基又は水酸基又はメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のアルキル基又はメトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基等のアルコキシ基又はフェノキシ基、ナフトキシ基等のアリールオキシ基又はベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基又はフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、ピレニル基等のアリール基等が挙げられる。
【0029】
【化14

【0030】
上記一般(12)中、R30及びR31は水素原子、置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基等のアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基等のアリール基を示す。nは1〜10以下の整数を示す。
【0031】
【化15

【0032】
上記一般(13)中、R32及びR33は水素原子、置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基等のアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基等のアリール基を示す。nは0〜0の整数を示す。
【0033】
なお、上記一般式(12)及び一般式(13)のR30〜R33が有してもよい置換基としては、フッ素、塩素、臭素、ヨウ素等のハロゲン原子又はメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のアルキル基又はメトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基等のアルコキシ基又はフェノキシ基、ナフトキシ基等のアリールオキシ基又はベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基又はフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、ピレニル基等のアリール基等が挙げられる。
【0034】
また、上記一般式(11)〜(13)の中でも、更に特に好ましい連鎖重合性官能基としては、下記構造式(14)〜(20)で示されるが挙げられる。
【0035】
【化16

【0036】
更に、上記構造式(14)〜(20)の中でも、上記構造式(14)で示されるアクリロイルオキシ基又は上記構造式(15)で示されるメタクリロイルオキシ基が、重合特性等の点から特に好ましい。
【0037】
本発明で「連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物」とは、上記で説明した連鎖重合性官能基が上記で説明した正孔輸送性化合物に官能基としてつ以上化学結合している化合物を示す。この場合それらの連鎖重合性官能基は、全て同一でも異なったものであってもよい。それらの連鎖重合性官能基をつ以上有する正孔輸送性化合物としては、下記一般式(1)で示される化合物である場合が好ましい。
【0038】
【化17

【0039】
上記一般(1)中、P及びPは連鎖重合性官能基を示す。とPは同一でも異なってもよい。Zは置換基を有してもよい有機残基を示す。Yは水素原子を示す。a、b及びdは、0以上の整数を示す。但し、a=0の場合はb+dは3以上の整数、b又はdが0の場合はaは2以上の整数、その他の場合はa+b+dは3以上の整数を示す。また、aが2以上の場合は同一でも異なってもよく、dが2以上の場合は同一でも異なってもよく、bが2以上の場合Zは同一でも異なってもよい。
【0040】
なおここで、「aが2以上の場合は同一でも異なってもよく」とは、それぞれ異なるn種類の連鎖重合性官能基をP11、P12、P13、P14、P15・・・・P1nと示した場合、例えばa=3の時に正孔輸送性化合物Aに直接結合する連鎖重合性官能基Pは3つとも同じものでも、つ同じでつは違うもの(例えば、P11とP11とP12とか)でも、それぞれ3つとも異なるもの(例えば、P12とP15とP17とか)でもよいということを意味するものである(「dが2以上の場合は同一でも異なってもよく」というのも、「bが2以上の場合Zは同一でも異なってもよい」というのもこれと同様なことを意味するものである)。
【0041】
上記一般式(1)のAは正孔輸送性基を示し、正孔輸送性を示すものであればいずれのものでもよく、PやZとの結合部位を水素原子に置き換えた水素付加化合物(正孔輸送化合物)として示せば、例えば、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、トリフェニルアミン等のトリアリールアミン誘導体、9−(P−ジエチルアミノスチリル)アントラセン、1,1−ビス−(4−ジベンジルアミノフェニル)プロパン、スチリルアントラセン、スチリルピラゾリン、フェニルヒドラゾン類、チアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、フェナジン誘導体、アクリジン誘導体、ベンゾフラン誘導体、ベンズイミダゾール誘導体、チオフェン誘導体、N−フェニルカルバゾール誘導体、置換基を有してもよいナフタレン、アントラセン、フェナンスレン、ピレン、フルオレン、フルオランセン、アズレン、インデン、ペリレン、クリセン、コロネン等の縮合環炭化水素、又は置換基を有してもよいベンゾフラン、インドール、カルバゾール、ベンズカルバゾール、アクリジン、フェノチアジン、キノリン等の縮合複合環等が挙げられる。
【0042】
更に、上記正孔輸送化合物の中でも下記一般式(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)及び(7)で示される化合物が好ましい。
【0043】
【化18

【0044】
上記一般(2)中、R、R及びRは置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のC〜C10のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、フェナンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、ベンゾキノリル基、カルバゾリル基、フェノチアジニル基、ベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチオフェニル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾチオフェニル基等のアリール基を示す。
【0045】
但し、R、R及びRのうち少なくともつはアリール基を示す。、R及びRはそれぞれ同一であっても異なっていてもよい。更に、その中でもR、R及びRのすべてがアリール基であるものが特に好ましい。また、上記一般式(2)のR又はR又はRのうち任意のつはそれぞれ直接もしくは結合基を介して結合してもよく、その結合基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、プロピレン基等のアルキレン基、酸素、硫黄原子等のヘテロ原子、CH=CH基等が挙げられる。
【0046】
【化19

【0047】
上記一般(3)中、R、R、R及びRは置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のC〜C10のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、フェナンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、ベンゾキノリル基、カルバゾリル基、フェノチアジニル基、ベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチオフェニル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾチオフェニル基等のアリール基を示す。、R、R及びRはそれぞれ同一であっても異なっていてもよい。R及びRは置換基を有してもよいメチレン基、エチレン基、プロピレン基等のC〜C10のアルキレン基、又は置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基(ベンゼン、ナフタレン、アントラセン、フェナンスレン、ピレン、ベンゾチオフェン、ピリジン、キノリン、ベンゾキノリン、カルバゾール、フェノチアジン、ベンゾフラン、ベンゾチオフェン、ジベンゾフラン、ジベンゾチオフェン等より2個の水素を取り除いたアリーレン基)を示す。とRは同一であっても異なっていてもよい。Qは置換基を有してもよい有機残基を示す。
【0048】
更に、その中でも上記一般式(3)中のR、R、R及びRのうち2つ以上が置換基を有してもよいアリール基であり、R及びRが置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基である場合が好ましく、更にR、R、R及びRが4つとも全て置換基を有してもよいアリール基である場合が特に好ましい。また、上記一般式(3)のR又はR又はRのうち任意のつあるいはR又はR又はRのうち任意のつはそれぞれ直接もしくは結合基を介して結合してもよく、その結合基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、プロピレン基等のアルキレン基、酸素、硫黄原子等のヘテロ原子、CH=CH基等が挙げられる。
【0049】
【化20

【0050】
上記一般(4)中、mは0又は1を示す。10〜R13は置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のC〜C10のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基又は置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、フェナンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、ベンゾキノリル基、カルバゾリル基、フェノチアジニル基、ベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチオフェニル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾチオフェニル基等のアリール基を示す。10〜R13はそれぞれ同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
【0051】
Arは置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基(ベンゼン、ナフタレン、アントラセン、フェナンスレン、ピレン、ベンゾチオフェン、ピリジン、キノリン、ベンゾキノリン、カルバゾール、フェノチアジン、ベンゾフラン、ベンゾチオフェン、ジベンゾフラン、ジベンゾチオフェン等より2個の水素を取り除いたアリーレン基)を示す。Arはm=0の場合、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、フェナンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、ベンゾキノリル基、カルバゾリル基、フェノチアジニル基、ベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチオフェニル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾチオフェニル基等のアリール基を示す。m=1の場合は上記Arと同様なアリーレン基を示す。尚、m=1の場合は、ArとArは同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
【0052】
更に、その中でも上記一般式(4)中のR10及びR11が置換基を有してもよいアリール基である場合が好ましく、R10〜R13が4つとも全て置換基を有してもよいアリール基である場合が特に好ましい。また、上記一般式(4)のR10とR11又はR12とR13又はArとArは、それぞれ直接もしくは結合基を介して結合してもよく、その結合基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、プロピレン基等のアルキレン基、酸素、硫黄原子等のヘテロ原子、CH=CH基等が挙げられる。
【0053】
【化21

【0054】
上記一般(5)中、Ar、Ar及びR14のうち少なくともつは、下記一般式(6)で示される置換基をつ以上有する。
【0055】
【化22

【0056】
上記一般式(5)及び(6)中、Ar、Ar及びArは、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、フェナンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、ベンゾキノリル基、カルバゾリル基、フェノチアジニル基、ベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチオフェニル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾチオフェニル基等のアリール基を示す。14、R15及びR16は置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のC〜C10のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、フェナンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、ベンゾキノリル基、カルバゾリル基、フェノチアジニル基、ベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチオフェニル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾチオフェニル基等のアリール基又は水素原子を示す(但しR14が水素原子である場合は除く)。なお、Ar及びArとR15及びR16はそれぞれ同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
【0057】
更に、その中でもR14及びR16がアリール基である場合が特に好ましい。また、R14又はAr又はArのうち任意のつ、又はAr及びR16はそれぞれ直接もしくは結合基を介して結合してもよく、その結合基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、プロピレン基等のアルキレン基、酸素、硫黄原子等のヘテロ原子、CH=CH基等が挙げられる。n0〜2の整数を示す。
【0058】
【化23

【0059】
但し、上記一般式(7)、縮合環炭化水素及び縮合複合環は、下記一般式(8)で示される置換基をつ以上有する。
【0060】
【化24

【0061】
上記一般式(7)及び(8)中、Ar及びArは置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、フェナンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、ベンゾキノリル基、カルバゾリル基、フェノチアジニル基、ベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチオフェニル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾチオフェニル基等のアリール基を示す。17、R18、R19及びR20は置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のC〜C10のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、フェナンスリル基、ピレニル基、チオフェニル基、フリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、ベンゾキノリル基、カルバゾリル基、フェノチアジニル基、ベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチオフェニル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾチオフェニル基等のアリール基又は水素原子を示す(但しR17及びR18が水素原子である場合は除く)。なお、R17とR18及びR19とR20はそれぞれ同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
【0062】
その中でも、R20がアリール基である場合が好ましく、更に正孔輸送性基が一般式(7)で、かつR17とR18がアリール基である場合が特に好ましい。また、R17又はR18又はArのうち任意のつ、又はAr及びR20はそれぞれ直接もしくは結合基を介して結合してもよく、その結合基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、プロピレン基等のアルキレン基、酸素、硫黄原子等のヘテロ原子、CH=CH基等が挙げられる。n0〜2の整数を示す。
【0063】
また、上記一般式(1)中のZ又は上記一般式(3)中のQは、置換基を有してもよいアルキレン基、置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基、CR21=CR22(R21及びR22はアルキル基、アリール基又は水素原子を示す。21及びR22は同一でも異なってもよい)、C=O、S=O、SO、酸素原子及び硫黄原子からなる群より選ばれる1つの有機残基又はこれらの組み合わせて導き出される有機残基を示す。その中でも下記一般式(9)で示されるが好ましく、下記一般式(10)で示されるが特に好ましい。
【0064】
【化25

【0065】
【化26

【0066】
上記一般式(9)中、X〜Xは置換基を有してもよいメチレン基、エチレン基、プロピレン基等のC〜C20のアルキレン、(CR23=CR24)m、C=O、S=O、SO、酸素原子又は硫黄原子を示す。Ar及びArは置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基(ベンゼン、ナフタレン、アントラセン、フェナンスレン、ピレン、ベンゾチオフェン、ピリジン、キノリン、ベンゾキノリン、カルバゾール、フェノチアジン、ベンゾフラン、ベンゾチオフェン、ジベンゾフラン、ジベンゾチオフェン等より2個の水素原子を取り除いたアリーレン基)を示す。R23及びR24は置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、チオフェニル基等のアリール基又は水素原子を示す。23及びR24は同一でも異なってもよい。mは1〜5の整数、p〜tは0〜10の整数を示す(但しp〜tは同時に0であることはない)。
【0067】
上記一般式(10)中、X及びXは(CH、(CH=CR25、C=O、又は酸素原子を示す。Ar10は置換基を有してもよいアリーレン基(ベンゼン、ナフタレン、アントラセン、フェナンスレン、ピレン、ベンゾチオフェン、ピリジン、キノリン、ベンゾキノリン、カルバゾール、フェノチアジン、ベンゾフラン、ベンゾチオフェン、ジベンゾフラン、ジベンゾチオフェン等より2個の水素原子を取り除いたアリーレン基)を示す。R25は置換基を有してもよいメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有してもよいフェニル基、ナフチル基、チオフェニル基等のアリール基又は水素原子を示す。gは1〜10の整数、hは1〜5の整数、u〜wは010の整数を示す(特に0〜5の整数の時が好ましい。但しu〜wは同時に0であることはない)。
【0068】
なお、上述の一般式(1)〜(10)のR〜R25、Ar〜Ar10、X〜X、Z及びQがそれぞれ有してもよい置換基としては、フッ素、塩素、臭素、ヨウ素等のハロゲン原子又はニトロ基又はシアノ基又は水酸基又はメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のアルキル基又はメトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基等のアルコキシ基又はフェノキシ基、ナフトキシ基等のアリールオキシ基又はベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基、フルフリル基、チエニル基等のアラルキル基又はフェニル基、ナフチル基、アンスリル基、ピレニル基等のアリール基又はジメチルアミノ基、ジエチルアミノ基、ジベンジルアミノ基、ジフェニルアミノ基、ジ(p−トリル)アミノ基等の置換アミノ基、スチリル基、ナフチルビニル基等のアリールビニル基等が挙げられる。
【0069】
また、本発明における同一分子内につ以上の連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物は、酸化電位が1.2(V)以下であることが好ましい。つまり前記一般式(1)で示される連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物及び正孔輸送性基Aの水素付加物は、酸化電位が1.2(V)以下であることが好ましく、0.4〜1.2(V)であることがより好ましい。それは、酸化電位が1.2(V)超えると電荷発生材料よりの電荷(正孔)の注入が起こりにくく残留電位の上昇、感度悪化及び繰り返し使用時の電位変動が大きくなる等の問題が生じ、また0.4(V)未満では帯電能の低下等の問題の他に、化合物自体が容易に酸化されるために劣化しやすく、それに起因した感度悪化、画像ボケ及び繰り返し使用時の電位変動が大きくなる等の問題が生じるためである。
【0070】
なお、ここで述べている酸化電位は、以下の方法によって測定される。
【0071】
(酸化電位の測定法)
飽和カロメル電極を参照電極とし、電解液に0.1N(n−Bu)ClO アセトニトリル溶液を用い、ポテンシャルスイーパによって作用電極(白金)に印加する電位をスイープし、得られた電流−電位曲線がピークを示した時の電位を酸化電位とした。詳しくは、サンプルを0.1N(n−Bu)ClO アセトニトリル溶液に5〜10mmol%程度の濃度になる様に溶解する。そしてこのサンプル溶液に作用電極によって電圧を加え、電圧を低電位(0V)から高電位(+1.5V)に直線的に変化させた時の電流変化を測定し、電流−電位曲線を得る。この電流−電位曲線において電流値がピーク(ピークが複数ある場合には最初のピーク)を示した時の電位を酸化電位とした。
【0072】
また更に、上記連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物は正孔輸送能として1×10−7(cm/V.sec)以上のドリフト移動度を有しているものが好ましい(但し、印加電界:5×10V/cm)。1×10−7(cm/V.sec)未満では、電子写真感光体として露光後現像までに正孔が十分に移動できないため見かけ上感度が低減し、残留電位も高くなってしまう問題が発生する場合がある。
【0073】
以下に本発明に係わる、連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物の代表例を挙げるがこれらに限定されるものではない。
【0074】
【化27

【0075】
【化28

【0076】
【化29

【0077】
【化30

【0078】
【化31

【0079】
【化32

【0080】
【化33

【0081】
【化34


【0082】
【化35

【0083】
【化36

【0084】
【化37

【0085】
【化38

【0086】
【化39

【0087】
【化40

【0088】
【化0】

【0089】
【化42

【0090】
【化43

【0091】
【化4】

【0092】
【化5】

【0093】
【化46

【0094】
【化47

【0095】
【化8】

【0096】
【化49

【0097】
【化50

【0098】
【化51

【0099】
【化2】

【0100】
【化53

【0101】
【化54

【0102】
【化55

【0103】
【化56

【0104】
【化57

【0105】
【化58

【0106】
【化59

【0107】
【化60

【0108】
【化61

【0109】
【化62

【0110】
【化63

【0111】
【化64

【0112】
【化65

【0113】
【化66

【0114】
【化67

【0115】
【化68

【0116】
【化69

【0117】
【化70

【0118】
【化71

【0119】
【化72

【0120】
【化73

【0121】
【化74

【0122】
【化75

【0123】
【化76

【0124】
【化77

【0125】
【化78

【0126】
【化79

【0127】
【化80


【0128】
【化81

【0129】
【化82

【0130】
【化83

【0131】
【化84

【0132】
【化85

【0133】
【化86

【0134】
【化87

【0135】
【化88

【0136】
【化89

【0137】
【化90

【0138】
【化91

【0139】
【化92

【0140】
【化93

【0141】
【化94

【0142】
【化95

【0143】
【化96

【0144】
【化97

【0145】
【化98

【0146】
【化99

【0147】
【化100

【0148】
【化101

【0149】
【化102

【0150】
【化103

【0151】
【化104

【0152】
【化105

【0153】
【化106

【0154】
【化107

【0155】
【化108

【0156】
【化109

【0157】
【化110

【0158】
【化111

【0159】
【化112

【0160】
【化113

【0161】
【化114

【0162】
化115

【0163】
本発明において、連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物の代表的な合成方法を以下に示す。
【0164】
(合成例1:化合物No.6の合成)
以下のルートに従い合成した。
【0165】
【化116

【0166】
1(50g:0.47mol)、2(406g:1.4mol)、無水炭酸カリウム(193g)及び銅粉(445g)を1,2−ジクロロベンゼン1.2kgと共に180〜190℃で加熱攪拌を15時間行った。反応液を濾過後、減圧下で溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い3を132g得た。
【0167】
3(120g:0.28mol)をメチルセルソルブ1.5kgに加え室温で攪拌しながらナトリウムメチラート(150g)をゆっくり添加した。添加終了後そのまま室温で1時間攪拌後、更に70〜80℃で10時間加熱攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ希塩酸で中和後、酢酸エチルで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後減圧下で溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い4を78g得た。
【0168】
4(70g:0.2mol)及びトリエチルアミン(40g:0.4mol)を、乾燥テトラヒドロフランTHF400mlに加え0〜5℃に冷却後、塩化アクリロイル(55g:0.6mol)をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後ゆっくり室温に戻し、室温でそのまま4時間攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ中和後、酢酸エチルで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い5(化合物No.6)を42g得た(酸化電位:0.83V)。
【0169】
(合成例2:化合物No.71の合成)
上記合成例1で得られた4(10g:29mmol)を乾燥THF50mlに加え、0〜5℃に冷却後に油性水素化ナトリウム(約60%) 3.5gをゆっくり添加した。添加終了後に室温に戻し1時間攪拌後再び0〜5℃に冷却し、アリルブロマイド(17.5g:145mmol)をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後そのまま1時間攪拌後室温に戻し、更に5時間攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ中和後、トルエンで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い目的化合物(化合物No.71)を5.6g得た(酸化電位:0.81V)。
【0170】
(合成例3:化合物No.55の合成)
上記合成例2で得られた化合物No.71 3.0gをジクロロメタン20mlに溶解後0〜5℃に冷却し、m−クロロ過安息香酸(〜70%)5.2gをゆっくり添加し、そのまま1時間攪拌後に室温に戻し12時間攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけジクロロメタンで抽出を行った。有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い目的化合物(化合物No.55)を2.1g得た(酸化電位:0.81V)。
【0171】
(合成例4:化合物No.152の合成)
以下のルートに従い合成した。
【0172】
【化117

【0173】
1(70g:0.35mol)、2(98g:0.42mol)、無水炭酸カリウム(73g)及び銅粉(111g)を1,2−ジクロロベンゼン600gと共に180〜190℃で加熱攪拌を10時間行った。反応液を濾過後、減圧下で溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い3を86.2g得た。
【0174】
3(80g:0.26mol)をN,N−ジメチルフォルムアミド(DMF)300gに加え室温で攪拌しながらエタンチオールナトリウム塩(約90%:62g)をゆっくり添加した。添加終了後そのまま室温で1時間攪拌後、更に還流下で3時間加熱攪拌を行った。冷却後反応液を水にあけ希塩酸で弱酸性にし、酢酸エチルで抽出し、有機層を更に1.2Nの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液で抽出し、水層を希塩酸で酸性にして酢酸エチルで抽出し、無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後減圧下で溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い4を64g得た。
【0175】
4を(60g:0.21mol)をN,N−ジメチルフォルムアミド300gに加え室温で攪拌しながら苛性ソーダ(8.3g)をゆっくり添加した。添加終了後そのまま室温で30分間攪拌後、1,2−ジヨードエタン(31.7g:0.1mol)をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後に30分間攪拌後、更に70℃で5時間加熱攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけトルエンで抽出を行い、有機層を更に水洗後無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し減圧下で溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い5を49.1g得た。
【0176】
DMF182gを0〜5℃に冷却後、オキシ塩化リン63.6gを10℃を超えない様にゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後15分間そのまま攪拌後、5(42.2g:0.07mol)/DMF102g溶液をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後そのまま30分間攪拌後室温に戻し2時間攪拌し、更に80〜85℃に加熱し15時間攪拌を行った。反応液を約15%の酢酸ナトリウム水溶液1.5kgにあけ12時間攪拌を行った。それを中和後、トルエンを用い抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い6を23g得た。
【0177】
乾燥THF100mlに水素化リチウムアルミニウム0.89gを加え室温で攪拌しているところへ6(15g:0.023mol)/乾燥THF100ml溶液をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後に室温で4時間攪拌後、5%塩酸水溶液200mlをゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後トルエンで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い7を13.6g得た。
【0178】
7(10g:0.015mol)及びトリエチルアミン(6.1g:0.06mol)を、乾燥THF120mlに加え0〜5℃に冷却後、塩化アクリロイル(4.1g:0.045mol)をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後ゆっくり室温に戻し、室温でそのまま6時間攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ中和後、酢酸エチルで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い8(化合物No.152)を6.4g得た(酸化電位:0.78V)。
【0179】
(合成例5:化合物No.263の合成)
以下のルートに従い合成した。
【0180】
【化118

【0181】
1(50g:0.123mol)、2(62.4g:0.369mol)、無水炭酸カリウム(25.5g)及び銅粉(32g)を1,2−ジクロロベンゼン200gと共に180〜190℃で加熱攪拌を18時間行った。反応液を濾過後、減圧下で溶媒を除去し、残留物をトルエン/メタノール混合溶媒で2回再結晶を行い3を60.2g得た。
【0182】
DMF242gを0〜5℃に冷却後、オキシ塩化リン(84.8g:553.2mmol)を10℃を超えない様にゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後15分そのまま攪拌後、3(45.0g:92.2mmol)/DMF135g溶液をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後そのまま30分攪拌後室温に戻し、2時間攪拌し更に80〜85℃に加熱し8時間攪拌を行った。反応液を約15%の酢酸ナトリウム水溶液2.5kgにあけ12時間攪拌を行った。それを中和後、トルエンを用い抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い4を40.5g得た。
【0183】
乾燥THF100mlに水素化リチウムアルミニウム0.89gを加え室温で攪拌しているところへ4(37g:68mmol)/乾燥THF600ml溶液をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後に室温で4時間攪拌後、5%塩酸水溶液500mlをゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後トルエンで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い5を26.3g得た。
【0184】
5(20g:36mmol)及びトリエチルアミン(12.8g:126mol)を、乾燥THF130mlに加え0〜5℃に冷却後、塩化アクリロイル(9.8g:108mmol)をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後ゆっくり室温に戻し、室温でそのまま6時間攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ中和後、酢酸エチルで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後に溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い6(化合物No.263)を11.2g得た(酸化電位:0.80V)。
【0185】
(合成例6:化合物No.320の合成)
以下のルートに従い合成した。
【0186】
【化119

【0187】
1(50g:0.173mol)、2(8.0g:86mmol)、無水炭酸カリウム(47.8g)及び銅粉(55g)を1,2−ジクロロベンゼン200gと共に180〜190℃で加熱攪拌を13時間行った。反応液を濾過後、減圧下で溶媒を除去し、残留物をアセトン/メタノール混合溶媒で2回再結晶を行い3を51g得た。
【0188】
DMF35gを0〜5℃に冷却後、オキシ塩化リン(18.4g:0.12mol)を10℃を超えない様にゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後15分そのまま攪拌後、3(50.0g:0.12mol)/DMF50g溶液をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後そのまま30分攪拌後室温に戻し、1時間攪拌し更に80〜85℃に加熱し5時間攪拌を行った。反応液を約15%の酢酸ナトリウム水溶液800gにあけ12時間攪拌を行った。それを中和後、トルエンを用い抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い4を37.8g得た。
【0189】
4(30g:67mmol)及び1,1−ジフェニルメチルジエチルフォスフェート(20.5g:67mmol)を乾燥THF200mlに溶解し、そこに室温で油性水素化ナトリウム(約60%:2.97g:約74mmol)をゆっくり添加した。添加終了後に室温で30分間攪拌後、3時間加熱攪拌を行った。反応液を冷却後、水にあけトルエンで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い5を21.1g得た。
【0190】
5(20g:33.6mmol)をメチルセルソルブ200gに加え室温で攪拌しながらナトリウムメチラート(7.0g)をゆっくり添加した。添加終了後そのまま室温で1時間攪拌後、更に70〜80℃で12時間加熱攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ希塩酸で中和後、酢酸エチルで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後減圧下で溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い6を15.1g得た。
【0191】
6(15g:29.3 mmol)及びトリエチルアミン(8.88g:87.9mmol)を、乾燥THF100mlに加え0〜5℃に冷却後、塩化アクリロイル(8.0g:88.4mmol)をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後ゆっくり室温に戻し、室温でそのまま6時間攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ中和後、酢酸エチルで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い7(化合物No.320)を9.8g得た(酸化電位:0.76V)。
【0192】
(合成例7:化合物No.410の合成)
以下のルートに従い合成した。
【0193】
【化120

【0194】
1(50g:0.173mol)、2(7.5g:81mmol)、無水炭酸カリウム(47.8g)及び銅粉(55g)を1,2−ジクロロベンゼン200gと共に180〜190℃で加熱攪拌を10時間行った。反応液を濾過後、減圧下で溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用い精製を行い3を58g得た。
【0195】
DMF35gを0〜5℃に冷却後、オキシ塩化リン(18.4g:0.12mol)を10℃を超えない様にゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後15分そのまま攪拌後、3(50.0g:0.12mol)/DMF50g溶液をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後そのまま30分攪拌後に室温に戻し、1時間攪拌し更に80〜85℃に加熱し5時間攪拌を行った。反応液を約15%の酢酸ナトリウム水溶液800gにあけ12時間攪拌を行った。それを中和後、トルエンを用い抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去し、残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い4を37.8g得た。
【0196】
4(25g:56mmol)をエタノール200mlに加え、そこへ1,1−ジフェニルヒドラジン塩酸塩(35g:159mmol)を添加した。添加終了後そのまま室温で1時間攪拌後、50℃で更に2時間加熱攪拌を行った。反応液を冷却後、水にあけトルエンで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後に溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い5を24.5g得た。
【0197】
5(20g:33mmol)をメチルセルソルブ200gに加え室温で攪拌しながらナトリウムメチラート(12.0g)をゆっくり添加した。添加終了後そのまま室温で1時間攪拌後、更に40〜50℃で8時間加熱攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ希塩酸で中和後、酢酸エチルで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後減圧下で溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い6を7.1g得た。
【0198】
6(7.0g:11mmol)及びトリエチルアミン(3.5g:35mmol)を、乾燥THF100mlに加え0〜5℃に冷却後、塩化アクリロイル(2.5g:28mmol)をゆっくり滴下した。滴下終了後ゆっくり室温に戻し室温でそのまま4時間攪拌を行った。反応液を水にあけ中和後、酢酸エチルで抽出し有機層を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥後溶媒を除去した。残留物をシリカゲルカラムを用いカラム精製を行い7(化合物No.410)を2.8g得た(酸化電位:0.69V)。
【0199】
本発明においては、前記同一分子内につ以上の連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物を重合・架橋させることで、その感光層中において、正孔輸送能を有する化合物はつ以上の架橋点をもって3次元架橋構造の中に共有結合を介して取り込まれる。前記正孔輸送性化合物は、それのみを重合・架橋させる、あるいは他の連鎖重合性官能基を有する化合物と混合させることのいずれもが可能であり、その種類/比率は全て任意である。ここでいう他の連鎖重合性官能基を有する化合物とは、連鎖重合性官能基を有する単量体あるいはオリゴマー/ポリマーのいずれもが含まれる。
【0200】
正孔輸送性化合物の官能基とその他の連鎖重合性化合物の官能基が同一の基あるいは互いに重合可能な基である場合には、両者は共有結合を介した共重合3次元架橋構造をとることが可能である。両者の官能基が互いに重合しない官能基である場合には、感光層はつ以上の3次元硬化物の混合物あるいは主成分の3次元硬化物中に他の連鎖重合性化合物単量体あるいはその硬化物を含んだものとして構成されるが、その配合比率/製膜方法をうまくコントロールすることで、IPN(Inter Penetrating Network)すなわち相互進入網目構造を形成することも可能である。
【0201】
また、前記正孔輸送性化合物と連鎖重合性官能基を有しない単量体あるいはオリゴマー/ポリマーや連鎖重合性以外の重合性基を有する単量体あるいはオリゴマー/ポリマー等から感光層を形成してもよい。
【0202】
更に、場合によっては3次元架橋構造に化学結合的に組み込まれないすなわち連鎖重合性官能基を有しない正孔輸送性化合物を含有することも可能である。また、その他の各種添加剤、フッ素原子含有樹脂微粒子等の潤剤その他を含有してもよい。
【0203】
本発明の感光体の構成は、導電性支持体上に感光層として電荷発生材料を含有する電荷発生層及び電荷輸送材料を含有する電荷輸送層をこの順に積層した構成あるいは逆に積層した構成、また電荷発生材料と電荷輸送材料を同一層中に分散した単層からなる構成のいずれの構成をとることも可能である。前者の積層型においては電荷輸送層が二層以上の構成、また後者の単層型においては電荷発生材料と電荷輸送材料を同一に含有する感光層上に更に電荷輸送層を構成してもよく、更には電荷発生層あるいは電荷輸送層上に保護層の形成も可能である。
【0204】
これらいずれの場合においても、先の連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物、前正孔輸送性化合物を重合又は架橋し硬化したものの一方又は両方を感光層が含有していればよい。但し、電子写真感光体としての特性、特に残留電位等の電気的特性及び耐久性の点より、電荷発生層/電荷輸送層をこの順に積層した機能分離型の感光体構成が好ましく、本発明の利点も電荷発生/注入効率及び電荷輸送能を低下させることなく表面層の高耐久化が可能になった点にある。
【0205】
次に、本発明による電子写真感光体の製造方法を具体的に示す。
【0206】
電子写真感光体の支持体としては、導電性を有するものであればよく、例えば、アルミニウム、銅、クロム、ニッケル、亜鉛及びステンレス等の金属や合金をドラム又はシート状に成形したもの、アルミニウム及び銅等の金属箔をプラスチックフィルムにラミネートしたもの、アルミニウム、酸化インジウム及び酸化錫等をプラスチックフィルムに蒸着したもの、導電性材料を単独又はバインダー樹脂と共に塗布して導電層を設けた金属、またプラスチックフィルム及び紙等が挙げられる。
【0207】
本発明においては、導電性支持体の上にバリアー機能と接着機能をもつ下引き層を設けることができる。下引き層は感光層の接着性改良、塗工性改良、支持体の保護、支持体上の欠陥の被覆、支持体からの電荷注入性改良、また感光層の電気的破壊に対する保護等のために形成される。
【0208】
下引き層の材料としては、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ−N−ビニルイミダゾール、ポリエチレンオキシド、エチルセルロース、エチレン−アクリル酸共重合体、カゼイン、ポリアミド、N−メトキシメチル化6ナイロン、共重合ナイロン、にかわ及びゼラチン等が知られている。これらはそれぞれに適した溶剤に溶解されて支持体上に塗布される。その際の膜厚としては0.1〜2μmが好ましい。
【0209】
本発明の感光体が機能分離型の感光体である場合には、電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を積層する。電荷発生層は、無金属あるいは金属フタロシアニン化合物を含有するが、必要に応じてそれらの電荷発生材料と適当なバインダー樹脂によって構成される。ここで中心金属は、金属元素単体あるいは酸化物、塩素やフッ素その他のハロゲン化物、水酸化物等の金属化合物のいずれもの形をとることができる。更に、2量体以上の多量体構造、置換基を有するものでも構わない。
【0210】
これらの中でも、特に無金属フタロシアニン及び金属フタロシアニンの中ではオキシチタニウムフタロシアニン、クロロガリウムフタロシアニン、ヒドロキシガリウムフタロシアニンは、特に良好な感光体特性を示す点から好ましい。更に、これらのフタロシアニンは、α、β、γ、ε及びX型等の結晶型を有しており、その選択は任意である。また、種々のフタロシニン化合物を2種類以上で混合して用いることも可能である。更に、他の電荷発生材料として、セレンやシリコン等の無機系材料や、アントアントロン顔料、ジベンズピレンキノン顔料、ピラントロン顔料、トリスアゾ顔料、ジスアゾ顔料、モノアゾ顔料、インジゴ顔料、キナクリドン顔料、非対称キノシアニン顔料、キノシアニン等の有機系材料等を混合することも可能である。
【0211】
機能分離型感光体の場合、電荷発生層は前記電荷発生材料を0.3〜4倍量のバインダー樹脂及び溶剤と共にホモジナイザー、超音波分散、ボールミル、振動ボールミル、サンドミル、アトライター及びロールミル等の方法でよく分散し、分散液を塗布し、乾燥されて形成されるか、又は前記電荷発生材料の蒸着膜等、単独組成の膜として形成される。その膜厚は5μm以下であることが好ましく、特に0.1〜2μmの範囲であることが好ましい。
【0212】
バインダー樹脂を用いる場合、例えば、スチレン、酢酸ビニル、塩化ビニル、アクリル酸エステル、メタクリル酸エステル、フッ化ビニリデン、トリフルオロエチレン等のビニル化合物の重合体及び共重合体、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルアセタール、ポリカーボネート、ポリエステル、ポリスルホン、ポリフェニレンオキサイド、ポリウレタン、セルロース樹脂、フェノール樹脂、メラミン樹脂、ケイ素樹脂、エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。
【0213】
本発明における前記連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物は、前述した電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層として、もしくは電荷発生層上に電荷輸送材料とバインダー樹脂からなる電荷輸送層を形成した後に、正孔輸送能力を有する表面保護層として用いることができる。いずれの場合も前記表面層の形成方法は、前記正孔輸送性化合物を含有する溶液を塗布後、重合・架橋反応をさせるのが一般的であるが、前もって正孔輸送性化合物を含む溶液を反応させて硬化物を得た後に、再度溶剤中に分散あるいは溶解させたもの等を用いて表面層を形成することも可能である。
【0214】
これらの溶液を塗布する方法は、例えば、浸漬コーティング法、スプレーコーティング法、カーテンコーティング法及びスピンコーティング法等が知られているが、効率性や生産性の点からは浸漬コーティング法が好ましい。また、蒸着、プラズマ、その他の公知の製膜方法が適宜選択できる。
【0215】
本発明において、連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物は、放射線により重合・架橋させることが好ましい。放射線による重合の最大の利点は、重合開始剤を必要としない点であり、これにより非常に高純度な三次元感光層マトリックスの作製が可能となり、良好な電子写真特性が確保される点である。また、短時間でかつ効率的な重合反応であるがゆえに生産性も高く、更には放射線の透過性の良さから、厚膜時や添加剤等の遮蔽材料が膜中に存在する際の硬化阻害の影響が非常に小さいこと等が挙げられる。但し、連鎖重合性官能基の種類や中心骨格の種類によっては重合反応が進行しにくい場合があり、その際には影響のない範囲内での重合開始剤の添加は可能である。この際使用する放射線とは、電子線及びγ線である。
【0216】
電子線照射をする場合の加速器としては、スキャニング型、エレクトロカーテン型、ブロードビーム型、パルス型及びラミナー型等いずれの形式も使用することができる。電子線を照射する場合に、本発明の感光体においては電気特性及び耐久性能を発現させる上で照射条件が非常に重要である。本発明において、加速電圧は300V以下が好ましく、最適には150V以下である。また、照射線量は、好ましくは1100Mradの範囲、より好ましくは350Mradの範囲である。加速電圧が上記を超えると感光体特性に対する電子線照射のダメージが増加する傾向にある。また、照射線量が上記範囲よりも少ない場合には架橋が不十分となりやすく、線量が多い場合には感光体特性の劣化が起こりやすいので注意が必要である。
【0217】
前記連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物を電荷輸送層として用いた場合の前記正孔輸送性化合物の量は、電荷発生材料であるフタロシアニンの種類や結晶型、膜厚その他の条件により様々であるが、概して重合硬化後の電荷輸送層膜の全重量に対して、前記一般式(1)で示される連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性基Aの水素付加物が分子量換算で20%以上、好ましくは40%以上含有されていることが望ましい。それ以下であると電荷発生/注入効率や電荷輸送能が低下し、感度低下及び残留電位の上昇等の問題点が生ずる。この場合の電荷輸送層としての膜厚は1〜50μmであることが好ましく、特には3〜30μmであることが好ましい。
【0218】
前記正孔輸送性化合物を電荷発生層/電荷輸送層上に表面保護層として用いた場合、その下層に当たる電荷輸送層は適当な電荷輸送材料、例えばポリ−N−ビニルカルバゾール、ポリスチリルアントラセン等の複素環や縮合多環芳香族を有する高分子化合物や、ピラゾリン、イミダゾール、オキサゾール、トリアゾール、カルバゾール等の複素環化合物、トリフェニルメタン等のトリアリールアルカン誘導体、トリフェニルアミン等のトリアリールアミン誘導体、フェニレンジアミン誘導体、N−フェニルカルバゾール誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、ヒドラゾン誘導体等の低分子化合物等を適当なバインダー樹脂(前述の電荷発生層用樹脂の中から選択できる)と共に溶剤に分散/溶解した溶液を前述の公知の方法によって塗布、乾燥して形成することができる。
【0219】
この場合の電荷輸送材料とバインダー樹脂の比率は、両者の全重量を100とした場合に電荷輸送材料の重量が30〜100が望ましく、好ましくは50〜100の範囲で適宜選択される。電荷輸送材料の量がそれ以下であると、電荷発生/注入効率や電荷輸送能が低下し、感度低下及び残留電位の上昇等の問題点が生ずる。電荷輸送層の膜厚は、上層の表面保護層と合わせた総膜厚が1〜50μmとなる様に決定され、好ましくは5〜30μmの範囲で調整される。
【0220】
本発明においては上述のいずれの場合においても、前記連鎖重合性官能基を有する正孔輸送性化合物の硬化物を含有する感光層に、前記電荷輸送材料を含有することが可能である。単層型感光層の場合は、前記正孔輸送性化合物を含む溶液中に同時に電荷発生材料が含まれることになり、この溶液を適当な下引き層あるいは中間層を設けてもよい、導電性支持体上に塗布後に重合・架橋させて形成される場合と、導電性支持体上に設けられた電荷発生材料及び電荷輸送材料から構成される単層型感光層上に前記正孔輸送性化合物を含有する溶液を塗布後、重合・架橋させる場合のいずれもが可能である。
【0221】
本発明における感光層には、各種添加剤を添加することができる。添加剤とは酸化防止剤及び紫外線吸収剤等の劣化防止剤や、フッ素原子含有樹脂微粒子等の潤剤その他である。
【0222】
図1に本発明の電子写真感光体を有するプロセスカートリッジを有する電子写真装置の概略構成を示す。
【0223】
図において、1はドラム状の本発明の電子写真感光体であり、軸2を中心に矢印方向に所定の周速度で回転駆動される。感光体1は、回転過程において、一次帯電手段3によりその周面に正又は負の所定電位の均一帯電を受け、次いでスリット露光やレーザービーム走査露光等の像露光手段(不図示)からの画像露光光4を受ける。こうして感光体1の周面に静電潜像が順次形成されていく。
【0224】
形成された静電潜像は、次いで現像手段5によりトナー現像され、この現像により形成されたトナー像は、不図示の給紙部から感光体1と転写手段6との間に感光体1の回転と同期して取り出されて給紙された転写材7に、転写手段6により順次転写されていく。
【0225】
像転写を受けた転写材7は、感光体面から分離されて像定着手段8へ導入されて像定着を受けることにより複写物(コピー)として装置外へプリントアウトされる。
【0226】
像転写後の感光体1の表面は、クリーニング手段9によって転写残りトナーの除去を受けて清浄面化され、更に前露光手段(不図示)からの前露光光10により除電処理された後、繰り返し画像形成に使用される。なお、一次帯電手段3が帯電ローラー等のを用いた接触帯電手段である場合は、前露光は必ずしも必要ではない。
【0227】
本発明においては、上述の電子写真感光体1、一次帯電手段3、現像手段5及びクリーニング手段9等の構成要素のうち、複数のものをプロセスカートリッジとして一体に結合して構成し、このプロセスカートリッジを複写機やレーザービームプリンター等の電子写真装置本体に対して着脱可能に構成してもよい。例えば、一次帯電手段3、現像手段5及びクリーニング手段9の少なくともつを感光体1と共に一体に支持してカートリッジ化して、装置本体のレール12等の案内手段を用いて装置本体に着脱可能なプロセスカートリッジ11とすることができる。
【0228】
また、画像露光光4は、電子写真装置が複写機やプリンターである場合には、原稿からの反射光や透過光、あるいはセンサーで原稿を読みとり、信号化し、この信号に従って行われるレーザービームの走査、LEDアレイの駆動及び液晶シャッターアレイの駆動等により照射される光である。
【0229】
本発明の電子写真感光体は、電子写真複写機に利用するのみならず、レーザービームプリンター、CRTプリンター、LEDプリンター、液晶プリンター及びレーザー製版等の電子写真応用分野にも広く用いることができる。
【0230】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を更に詳細に説明する。なお、「部」は重量部を示す。
【0231】
(実施例1)
まず、導電層用の塗料を以下の手順で調製した。10%の酸化アンチモンを含有する酸化スズで被覆した導電性酸化チタン粉体50部、フェノール樹脂25部、メチルセロソルブ20部、メタノール5部及びシリコーンオイル(ポリジメチルシロキサンポリオキシアルキレン共重合体、平均分子量3000)0.002部を1mmφガラスビーズを用いたサンドミル装置で2時間分散して調製した。この塗料を30mmφのアルミニウムシリンダー上に浸漬塗布方法で塗布し、140℃で30分間乾燥して、膜厚が20μmの導電層を形成した。
【0232】
次に、N−メトキシメチル化ナイロン5部をメタノール95部中に溶解し、中間層用塗料を調製した。この塗料を前記の導電層上に浸漬コーティング法によって塗布し、100℃で20分間乾燥して、膜厚が0.6μmの中間層を形成した。
【0233】
次に、CuKα特性X線回折のブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)の9.0°、14.2°、23.9°及び27.1°に強いピークを有するオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを3部、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂2部及びシクロヘキサノン35部を1mmφガラスビーズを用いたサンドミル装置で2時間分散して、その後に酢酸エチル60部を加えて電荷発生層用塗料とした。この塗料を前記の中間層の上に浸漬コーティング法で塗布して、90℃で10分間乾燥して、膜厚が0.2μmの電荷発生層を形成した。
【0234】
次いで、化合物例No.6の正孔輸送性化合物60部をモノクロロベンゼン30部/ジクロロメタン30部の混合溶媒中に溶解し、電荷輸送層用塗料を調製した。この塗料を前記の電荷発生層上にコーティングし、加速電圧150V、照射線量20Mradの条件で電子線を照射し樹脂を硬化させ、膜厚が15μmの電荷輸送層を形成し、電子写真感光体を得た。
【0235】
作製した電子写真感光体について、この感光体をキヤノン(株)製LBP−SXに装着して電子写真特性及び耐久性を評価した。初期の感光体特性[暗部電位Vd、光減衰感度(暗部電位−700V設定で−150Vに光減衰させるために必要な光量)及び残留電位Vsl(光減衰感度の光量の3倍の光量を照射した時の電位)]を測定し、更に10000枚の通紙耐久試験を行い、目視による画像欠陥の発生の有無の観察、感光体の削れ量及び耐久後の前記感光体特性を測定し、各々の変化値△Vd、△Vl(初期にVlが−150Vとなる光量と同量の光量を耐久後に照射した時のVlの変化量)及び△Vslを求めた。
【0236】
結果を表3に示すが、本発明の感光体では初期の感光体特性が非常に良好であり、耐久での削れ量が少なく、かつ耐久においても感光体特性にはほとんど変化が見られないという様に、非常に安定した良好な特性を示している。
【0237】
(実施例2)
実施例1において、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを特開平5−98181号公報記載のCuKα特性X線回折のブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)の7.4°、16.6°、25.5°、及び28.3°に強いピークを有する結晶型のクロロガリウムフタロシアニンに代えた以外は、実施例1と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した。その結果を表3に示す。
【0238】
(実施例3)
実施例1において、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを特開平5−263007号公報記載のCuKα特性X線回折のブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)の7.4°、9.9°、25.0°、26.2°及び28.2°に強いピークを有する結晶型のヒドロキシガリウムフタロシアニンに代えた以外は、実施例1と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した。その結果を表3に示す。
【0239】
(実施例4)
実施例1において、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを特開昭58−182639号公報記載のτ型無金属フタロシアニンに代えた以外は、実施例1と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した。その結果を表3に示す。
【0240】
(実施例5〜15)
実施例1において正孔輸送性化合物No.6を表4の様に代えた以外は、実施例1と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した。その結果を表3に示す。
【0241】
(実施例16)
実施例3において正孔輸送性化合物No.6の代わりにNo.263を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した。その結果を表3に示す。
【0242】
(実施例17)
実施例11において正孔輸送性化合物No.263の量を48部とし、更に下記構造式(21)で示されるアクリルモノマーを12部添加した以外は、実施例1と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した。その結果を表3に示す。
【0243】
【化121

【0244】
(実施例18)
実施例11において電荷発生層を形成した後、下記構造式(22)で示されるスチリル化合物20部及び下記構造式(23)で示される繰り返し単位を有するポリカーボネート樹脂10部をモノクロロベンゼン50部/ジクロロメタン20部の混合溶媒中に溶解して調製した電荷輸送層用塗料を用いて、前記電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層を形成した。この時の電荷輸送層の膜厚は10μmであった。
【0245】
【化122

【0246】
【化123

【0247】
次いで、正孔輸送性化合物No.263 60部をモノクロロベンゼン50部/ジクロロメタン30部の混合溶媒中に溶解し、表面保護層用塗料を調製した。この塗料をスプレーコーティング法により先の電荷輸送層上に塗布し、加速電圧150V、照射線量20Mradの条件で電子線を照射し樹脂を硬化し、膜厚が5μmの表面保護層を形成し、電子写真感光体を得た。この感光体を実施例1と同様に評価した。その結果を表3に示す。
【0248】
(実施例19〜22)
実施例11において電子線の照射条件を表5の様に代えた以外は、実施例1と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した。結果、削れ量、耐久性は良好であったが、照射線量を上げることで初期の電子写真特性において、若干の感度の低下や残留電位の上昇が見られた。その結果を表3に示す。
【0249】
【表3】

【0250】
【表4】

【0251】
【表5】

【0252】
(比較例1)
実施例1において電荷発生層を形成した後、構造式(22)で示されるスチリル化合物15部及び下記構造式(24)で示される繰り返し単位を有するポリメチルメタクリレート樹脂15部をモノクロロベンゼン50部/ジクロロメタン20部の混合溶媒中に溶解して調製した電荷輸送層用塗料を用いて、前記電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層を形成した。この時の電荷輸送層の膜厚は15μmであった。この電子写真感光体を実施例1と同様に評価した結果、初期の電子写真特性は良好であったが、耐久での表面層の削れ量が多く、かぶり、傷等の画像欠陥が発生している。更に、8000枚以降は削れによって電荷輸送層の膜厚が薄くなり、帯電不良が発生し、画像形成が不可能となった。その結果を表6に示す。
【0253】
【化124

【0254】
(比較例2)
比較例1において構造式(24)で示されるポリメチルメタクリレート樹脂の代わりに構造式(23)で示されるポリカーボネート樹脂を用いた以外は、比較例1と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した結果、ポリメチルメタクリレート樹脂の場合に比べて耐久性は若干向上したものの十分ではなく、やはり耐久後の画像欠陥は発生した。その結果を表6に示す。
【0255】
(比較例3)
比較例2において構造式(22)で示されるスチリル化合物10部、構造式(23)で示されるポリカーボネート樹脂15部とした以外は、比較例2と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した結果、比較例2に比べて耐久性は向上したものの、電荷輸送材料間の距離が広がったことによって電荷輸送能が低下し、感度低下及び残留電位の上昇が見られた。その結果画像においてはゴーストの発生が見られた。その結果を表6に示す。
【0256】
(比較例4)
比較例2において構造式(22)で示されるスチリル化合物15部、構造式(23)で示されるポリカーボネート樹脂10部とした以外は、比較例2と同様に電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した結果、比較例2に比べて感度上昇及び残留電位が低下し、良好な感光体特性が得られたが、電荷輸送材料の可塑的効果により膜強度が大幅に低下し、耐久性が大幅にダウンした。その結果を表6に示す。
【0257】
(比較例5)
実施例1における正孔輸送性化合物No.6の代わりに、特開平5−216249号公報に開示されている下記構造式(25)で示される化合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を作製し、評価した。結果初期の電子写真特性は良好であったが、実施例1に対して耐久性が大幅に低下した。その結果を表6に示す。
【0258】
【化125

【0259】
(比較例6)
実施例1において電荷発生層を形成した後、特開平8−248649号公報のP10〜11に記載されている製造法に従って合成した下記構造式(26)で示されるポリカーボネート樹脂20部をテトラヒドロフラン80部に溶解して調製した電荷輸送層用塗料を用いて、前記電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層を形成した。この時の電荷輸送層の膜厚は15μmであった。この電子写真感光体を実施例1と同様に評価した結果、比較例1及び比較例2に対して機械的強度は向上したものの十分な耐久性が確保できなかった。その結果を表6に示す。
【0260】
【化126

【0261】
【表6】

【0262】
【発明の効果】
本発明の電子写真感光体は、耐磨耗性及び耐傷性に優れた効果を有する。更に、感度、残留電位等の電子写真特性も非常に良好であり、また繰り返し使用時にも安定した性能を発揮することができる。また、電子写真感光体の効果は、電子写真感光体を有するプロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置においても当然に発揮され、長期間高画質が維持される。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】
本発明の電子写真感光体を有するプロセスカートリッジを有する電子写真装置の概略構成の例を示す図である。
[Document name] Statement
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus
[Claims]
[Claim 1] Conductive support and theOn a conductive supportBeen formedIn an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer,
The photosensitive layerBut,Charge generating materialAsPhthalocyanine compoundContains,
The electrophotographic photosensitive memberSurface layerBut in the same molecule2Hole-transporting compound with one or more chain-growth functional groupsToCrosslinkGet itCuringStuffIncludingHave
An electrophotographic photosensitive member characterized by this.
2. The hole-transporting compound having a chain-growth functional group,The following general formula (1)Compounds indicated byThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1.
[Chemical 1]

(Generalformula(1)Among them, A indicates a hole transporting group...P1And P2Indicates a chain-growth functional group..P1And P2May be the same or different..Z indicates an organic residue which may have a substituent.Su.Y indicates a hydrogen atom..a, b and d0 or moreIndicates the integer above..However, when a = 0, b + d is an integer of 3 or more, when b or d is 0, a is an integer of 2 or more, and in other cases, a + b + d is an integer of 3 or more...Also, when a is 2 or moreIsP1May be the same or different, when d is 2 or moreIsP2May be the same or different, BWhen is 2 or moreIsZ may be the same or different..)
3. BeforeGeneral formula (1)InAInP1And replace the binding site with Z with a hydrogen atomDerived fromHole transporting compounds,It is represented by the following general formula (2)Is a compoundThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 or 2.
[Chemical 2]

(Generalformula(2)Medium, R1, R2And R3Indicates an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent...However,R 1 , R 2 And R 3 Ofat least2Indicates an aryl group..Also, R1, R2And R3May be the same or different..)
4. BeforeGeneral formula (1)InAInP1And replace the binding site with Z with a hydrogen atomDerived fromThe compound is,It is represented by the following general formula (3)Is a compoundThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 or 2.
[Chemical 3]

(Generalformula(3)Medium, R4, R5, R8And R9Indicates an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent.Su.R6And R7Indicates an alkylene group which may have a substituent or an arylene group which may have a substituent...R4, R5, R8And R9And R6And R7May be the same or different..Q indicates an organic residue which may have a substituent...)
5. BeforeGeneral formula (1)InAInP1And the binding site with Z is placed on the hydrogen atomDerived in placeHole transporting compounds,It is represented by the following general formula (4)Is a compoundThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 or 2.
[Chemical 4]

(Generalformula(4)Medium, R10, R11, R12And R13Indicates an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent...Also, R10, R11, R12And R13May be the same or different..Ar1And Ar2Indicates an arylene group which may have a substituent, which may be the same or different...m indicates 0 or 1..)
6. BeforeGeneral formula (1)InAInP1And replace the binding site with Z with a hydrogen atomDerived fromThe compound is,It is represented by the following general formula (5)Is a compoundThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 or 2.
[Chemical 5]

(Generalformula(5)Medium, Ar3And Ar4Indicates an aryl group that may have a substituentSu.Ar3And Ar4May be the same or different..R14Indicates an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent...However, Ar3, Ar4And R14Ofofat least1One is the following general formula (6)Indicated bySubstituent1Have one or more..
[Chemical 6]

(Generalformula(6)Medium, R15And R16Indicates an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group which may have a substituent, or a hydrogen atom.Su.R15And R16May be the same or different..Ar5Indicates an aryl group that may have a substituent..n1Is0 to 0Indicates an integer of 2..))
7. BeforeGeneral formula (1)InAInP1And replace the binding site with Z with a hydrogen atomDerived fromThe compound is represented by a condensed ring hydrocarbon, a condensed complex ring or the following general formula (7).Is a compoundThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 or 2.
[Chemical 7]

(Generalformula(7)Medium, R17And R18Indicates an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent.Su.R17And R18May be the same or different..Ar6Indicates an aryl group that may have a substituent..However,BeforeCondensation ring hydrocarbon,SaidCondensation complex ring andSaidGeneral formula (7)Compounds indicated byIs the following general formula (8)Indicated bySubstituent1Have one or more..
[Chemical 8]

(Generalformula(8)Medium, R19And R20Indicates an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group which may have a substituent, or a hydrogen atom.Su.R19And R20May be the same or different..Ar7Indicates an aryl group that may have a substituent..n2Is0 to 0Indicates an integer of 2..))
8. BeforeGeneral formula (1)During ~Z orSaidGeneral formula (3)During ~Q is an alkylene group which may have a substituent, an arylene group which may have a substituent, CR.21= CR22(R21And R22Indicates an alkyl group that may have a substituent, an aryl group that may have a substituent, or a hydrogen atom.Su.R21And R22May be the same or different..), C = O, S = O, SO2, Oxygen atomas well asSulfur atomOne organic residue selected from the group consisting of or theseCombinationDerivedOrganic residuesIsThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
9. BeforeGeneral formula (1)During ~Z orSaidGeneral formula (3)During ~Q is represented by the following general formula (9)Is the basisThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
[Chemical 9]

(Generalformula(9)Medium, X1~ X3Is an alkylene group which may have a substituent, (CR23= CR24) M1, C = O, S = O, SO2, Indicates an oxygen atom or a sulfur atomSu.Ar8And Ar9Indicates an arylene group which may have a substituent...R23And R24Indicates an alkyl group that may have a substituent, an aryl group that may have a substituent, or a hydrogen atom.Su.R23And R24May be the same or different..m1Is an integer from 1 to 5, p to t is0 to 0Indicates an integer of 10..However, pt cannot be 0 at the same time...)
10. BeforeGeneral formula (1)During ~Z orSaidGeneral formula (3)During ~Q is represented by the following general formula (10)Is the basisThe electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
[Chemical 10]

(Generalformula(10)Medium, Ar10Indicates an arylene group which may have a substituent...X4And X5Is (CH2)g, (CH = CR25)h, C = O or oxygen atom..R25Indicates an alkyl group that may have a substituent, an aryl group that may have a substituent, or a hydrogen atom.Su.g is an integer of 1 to 10, h is an integer of 1 to 5, and u to w are0 to 0Indicates an integer of 10..However, u to w cannot be 0 at the same time...)
11. BeforeGeneral formula (2)During ~R1, R2And R3Claims that is an aryl group which may have a substituent.3The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
12. BeforeGeneral formula (3)During ~R4 ,R5 ,R8And R9OfofAt least two are aryl groups, which may have substituents, and R6And R7Claims that is an arylene group which may have a substituent.4The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
13. BeforeGeneral formula (3)During ~R4 ,R5 ,R8And R9Is an aryl group that may have a substituent and R6And R7Claims that is an arylene group which may have a substituent.4The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
14. BeforeGeneral formula (4)During ~R10And R11Claims that is an aryl group which may have a substituent.5The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
15. BeforeGeneral formula (4)During ~R10~ R13Claims that is an aryl group which may have a substituent.5The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
16. BeforeGeneral formula (5)During ~R14Claims that is an aryl group which may have a substituent.6The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
17. BeforeGeneral formula (6)During ~R16Claims that is an aryl group which may have a substituent.6The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
18. BeforeGeneral formula (7)During ~R17And R18Claims that is an aryl group which may have a substituent.7The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
19. BeforeGeneral formula (8)During ~R20Claims that is an aryl group which may have a substituent.7The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
20. SaidChain polymerizableSensualGroup P1 as well asP2One or both,The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 19, which is an unsaturated polymerizable functional group represented by the following general formula (11).
[Chemical 11]

(Generalformula(11)Among them, E is an alkyl group which may have a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom and a substituent.,Aryl group, cyano group, nitro group, alkoxy group, -COOR, which may have a substituent.26{R26Is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent or an aryl group which may have a substituent} or −CONR.27R28{R27And R28Indicates a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent or an aryl group which may have a substituent, and may be the same as or different from each other. May}Su.W may have a substituentAllilenMay have groups and substituentsIaLucilene group, -COO-, -O-, -OO-, -S- or -CONR29− {R29Indicates a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent}...f indicates 0 or 1..)
Claim21] SaidChain polymerizableSensualGroup P1 as well asP2One or both,followingConstructionEquation (14)~ (20)In the group shownClaims 1 to19The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of.
[Chemical12]

Claim22] SaidChain polymerizableSensualGroup P1 as well asP2One or both,BeforeRecordConstructionEquation (14)Or(15)In the group indicated byA claim21The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
Claim23] SaidIn the same molecule2Hole-transporting compound with one or more chain-growth functional groupsAcidClaims 1 to which the conversion potential is 0.4 to 1.2 (V).22The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of.
Claim24] SaidThe cured product is a cured product obtained by cross-linking a hole-transporting compound having two or more chain-growth functional groups in the same molecule with radiation.Claims 1 to23The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of.
25. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 24, wherein the radiation is an electron beam.
Claim26】 BeforePower recordingThe acceleration voltage of the child line is 300kClaims that are V or less25The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
Claim27The claim that the irradiation dose of the electron beam is 1 to 100 mad.25 or 26The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to.
Claim281 to claim that the phthalocyanine compound is oxytitanium phthalocyanine.27The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of.
Claim291 to claim that the phthalocyanine compound is chlorogallium phthalocyanine.27The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of.
Claim301 to claim that the phthalocyanine compound is hydroxygallium phthalocyanine.27The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of.
Claim311 to claim that the phthalocyanine compound is a metal-free phthalocyanine.27The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of.
Claim32] Claims 1 to31The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one ofWhen, Charging the electrophotographic photosensitive memberSuCharging means,TheElectrophotographic photosensitive memberElectrostatic latent image formed on the surface ofDeveloped with tonerTo form a toner imageDevelopment means and, The electrographPhotoreceptorSurface transfer residueTonerRemovalSelected from a group of cleaning meansRuat least1With one meansToSupports integrally and attaches / detaches to / from the electrophotographic device bodyPossibleA process cartridge characterized by being.
Claim33] Claims 1 to31The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of the above, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged.SuCharging means, chargedTheImage exposure is performed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member.On the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive memberImage exposure means for forming an electrostatic latent image,TheElectrophotographic photosensitive memberElectrostatic latent image formed on the surface ofDeveloped with tonerTo form a toner imageDevelopment means and, Formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive memberToner imageTransfer to transfer materialAn electrophotographic apparatus comprising a transfer means for performing.
Description: TECHNICAL FIELD [Detailed description of the invention]
[0001]
[Technical field to which the invention belongs]
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge having an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic apparatus. Specifically, the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer containing a specific resin, a process cartridge having an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electron. Regarding photographic equipment.
0002.
[Conventional technology]
Conventionally, inorganic materials such as selenium, cadmium sulfide, and zinc oxide have been known as photoconducting materials used for electrophotographic photosensitive members. On the other hand, organic materials such as polyvinylcarbazole, phthalocyanine, and azo pigments are attracting attention for their advantages such as high productivity and non-pollution properties, and tend to be inferior to inorganic materials in terms of photoconductivity and durability. , Has come to be widely used.
0003
These electrophotographic photosensitive members are often used as function-separated photoconductors in which a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer are laminated in order to satisfy both electrical and mechanical properties. On the other hand, as a matter of course, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is required to have sensitivity, electrical characteristics, optical characteristics, and durability characteristics according to the electrophotographic process applied.
0004
In recent years, while digitization in copiers has rapidly developed, high speed / high definition / high durability has also progressed in the field of laser beam printers, and the development of electrophotographic photosensitive members commensurate with this is required. .. At present, when digitization has become mainstream, electrophotographic devices using a semiconductor laser as a light source are common, but the oscillation wavelength is 790 ± 20 nm, which is an infrared region, and sufficient sensitivity is provided in this wavelength region. Of charge generating material with1As a result, phthalocyanine compounds have been widely used conventionally.
0005
There are many types, and they are classified into non-metallic phthalocyanines and metallic phthalocyanines. Among the metallic phthalocyanines, copper phthalocyanines as shown in JP-A-50-38543, JP-A-61-21705, and JP-A61. Oxytitanium phthalocyanines shown in JP-A-239248, JP-A-64-17066, JP-A-3-128973, etc. are well known. Further, in recent years, chlorogallium phthalocyanine disclosed in JP-A 1-221459, JP-A-5-98181, JP-A-7-207171, etc., JP-A-5-236007, JP-A-7-53892 Phthalocyanine compounds having a novel central metal are provided, including hydroxygallium phthalocyanine and the like disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. In addition, the existence of various crystalline forms has been reported for each of the above phthalocyanine compounds.
0006
In order to exhibit sufficient sensitivity and electrophotographic properties when these phthalocyanine compounds are used as charge generating materials, the combination of charge transporting materials is very important. In general, the photoconductivity of an electrophotographic photosensitive member will be explained by taking, for example, a laminated function-separated photosensitive member, which is the current mainstream, as an example. First, light is absorbed by a charge generating material to generate photocarriers. It is believed that the photocarriers are expressed when they are injected and transported into the charge transport layer. Here, it has been reported that the charge transporting material is very involved not only in the charge transporting ability but also in the charge generation and injection in the charge generating material, and the phthalocyanine compound is no exception.
0007
Generally, the charge transport layer is formed by mixing a low molecular weight charge transport material with an inert linear polymer, but as described above, it sufficiently exhibits charge generation / injection efficiency and charge transport capacity. It is desirable that the concentration of the charge transport material is sufficiently high in order to allow the charge to be transported. However, on the other hand, increasing the content of such a low molecular weight material lowers the film forming property and causes precipitation, cracks and the like. Further, since the mechanical strength of the film itself is lowered, the film is scraped or scratched during repeated use in the electrophotographic process, and sufficient durability cannot be ensured.
0008
As a means for solving these problems, an attempt to use a curable resin as a resin for a charge transport layer is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-127652, but even in this case, the low molecular weight component is still contained. However, since it acts as a plasticizer in the binder resin, it has not been a fundamental solution to the problems of precipitation and cracks as described above.
0009
Further, although it is a curable resin, it is difficult to obtain sufficient mechanical strength due to the large plastic effect due to the addition of a large amount of low molecular weight components responsible for exhibiting sufficient photosensitivity. Further, in JP-A-5-216249, JP-A-7-72640, etc., the charge transport layer contains a monomer having a carbon-carbon double bond and is a charge transport material.FeeAlthough an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a charge transport layer cured film is formed by reacting with a carbon-carbon double bond of the above by heat or light energy is disclosed, the charge transport material is disclosed.FeeIs only fixed to the polymer main skeleton in a pendant shape, and its mechanical strength is not sufficient because the plastic action mentioned above cannot be sufficiently eliminated. In addition, a charge transport material is used to improve the charge transport capacity.FeeIf the concentration of is high, the crosslink density becomes low and sufficient mechanical strength cannot be ensured. Furthermore, there is concern about the influence on the electrophotographic properties of the initiators required for polymerization.
0010
Further, as another solution, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-248649 discloses an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a group having a charge transporting ability is introduced into a thermoplastic polymer main chain to form a charge transporting layer. However, compared to the conventional molecular dispersion type charge transport layer, it is effective against precipitation and improves mechanical strength, but it is a thermoplastic resin to the last, and its mechanical strength is limited. Therefore, it cannot be said that it is sufficient in terms of handling and productivity including the solubility of the resin. As described above, the conventional systems have not achieved both high mechanical intensity and excellent optical sensitivity, and improvement of them is strongly desired at present.
0011
[Problems to be Solved by the Invention]
An object of the present invention is to exhibit excellent photosensitivity and excellent wear resistance during repeated use, and there is very little change or deterioration of photoconductor characteristics such as an increase in residual potential during repeated use, and during repeated use. The purpose is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of exhibiting stable performance.
0012
Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member having improved wear resistance and scratch resistance of the surface layer of the photoconductor, a long life and high image quality, a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic apparatus. There is.
0013
[Means for solving problems]
According to the present inventionConductive support and theOn a conductive supportBeen formedIn an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer,
The photosensitive layerBut,Charge generating materialAsPhthalocyanine compoundContains,
The electrophotographic photosensitive memberSurface layerBut in the same molecule2Hole-transporting compound with one or more chain-growth functional groupsToCrosslinkGet itCuringStuffIncludingHave
An electrophotographic photosensitive member, which is characterized byAndA process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having an electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided.
0014.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
0015.
First, the chain-growth functional group in the present invention will be described. The chain polymerization in the present invention indicates the former polymerization reaction form when the reaction for producing a polymer is roughly divided into chain polymerization and step-growth polymerization. For details, for example, "Chemistry of basic synthetic resin" by Tadahiro Miwa, Gihodo Publishing Co., Ltd. (New Edition) ”July 25, 1995 (1st edition, 8 prints) P.M. As described in 24, it refers to unsaturated polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, isomerization polymerization, etc., in which the reaction proceeds mainly via intermediates such as radicals or ions.
0016.
The chain-growth functional group P in the general formula (1) means a functional group capable of the above-mentioned reaction form, but here, unsaturated polymerization or ring-opening polymerizable functional group which occupies most of the functional groups and has a wide range of applications. A specific example of is shown.
[0017]
Unsaturated polymerization is a reaction in which unsaturated groups such as C = C, C≡C, C = O, C = N, C≡N, etc. are polymerized by radicals, ions, etc., but mainly C = C. In most cases. Specific examples of unsaturated polymerizable functional groups are shown in Table 1, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
0018
[Table 1]

0019
In the table, R has an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group and a propyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group and a phenethyl group which may have a substituent, and a substituent. It may indicate an aryl group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group or an anthryl group, or a hydrogen atom.
0020
In ring-opening polymerization, an unstable cyclic structure having strains such as a carbocycle, an oxo ring, and a nitrogen heterocycle is activated by the action of a catalyst, and at the same time the ring is opened, the polymerization is repeated to produce a chain polymer. Although it is a reaction, in this case, most of the ions basically act as active species. Specific examples of the ring-opening polymerizable functional group are shown in Table 2, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
0021.
[Table 2]

0022.
In the table, R has an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group and a propyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group and a phenethyl group which may have a substituent, and a substituent. It may indicate an aryl group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group or an anthryl group, or a hydrogen atom.
[0023]
Among the chain-growth functional groups according to the present invention as described above, the followingKiichiIt is represented by the general formulas (11) to (13).BasicIs preferable.
0024
[Chemical13]

0025
The above generalformula(11)Among them, E is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine or bromine, an alkyl group such as a methyl group which may have a substituent, an ethyl group, a propyl group or a butyl group, or a benzyl which may have a substituent. Aralkyl group such as group, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, flufuryl group and thienyl group, phenyl group which may have substituent, naphthyl group, anthryl group, pyrenyl group, aryl group such as thiophenyl group and furyl group, CN Alkoxy groups such as groups, nitro groups, methoxy groups, ethoxy groups, propoxy groups, -COOR26Or -CONR27R28Is shown.
0026
W is an arylene group such as a divalent phenylene group, a naphthylene group or an anthracenylene group which may have a substituent, a methylene group which may have a substituent, an ethylene group, a butylene group and the like.ALucilene group, -COO-, -O-, -OO-, -S- or -CONR29Indicated by-.
[0027]
Here R26~ R29Is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine or bromine, an alkyl group such as a methyl group which may have a substituent, an ethyl group or a propyl group, a benzyl group which may have a substituent, a phenethyl group or the like. Indicates an aryl group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, which may have an aralkyl group and a substituent.Su.R28And R29May be the same or different from each other. Further, f indicates 0 or 1.
[0028]
The substituents that may be contained in E and W include halogen atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, or nitro groups or cyano groups or hydroxyl groups or methyl groups, ethyl groups, propyl groups, butyl groups and other alkyl groups. Alternatively, an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group or a propoxy group, an aryloxy group such as a phenoxy group or a naphthoxy group, a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a naphthylmethyl group, a furfuryl group, a thienyl group or the like, an aralkyl group or a phenyl group or a naphthyl group. , Anthryl group, aryl group such as pyrenyl group and the like.
[0029]
[Chemical14]

[0030]
The above generalformula(12)Medium, R30And R31Has an alkyl group such as a hydrogen atom, a methyl group which may have a substituent, an ethyl group, a propyl group and a butyl group, and an aralkyl group or a substituent such as a benzyl group and a phenethyl group which may have a substituent. Indicates an aryl group such as a phenyl group or a naphthyl group which may be used.Su.n represents an integer of 1 to 10 or less.
0031
[Chemical15]

[0032]
The above generalformula(13)Medium, R32And R33Has an alkyl group such as a hydrogen atom, a methyl group which may have a substituent, an ethyl group, a propyl group and a butyl group, and an aralkyl group or a substituent such as a benzyl group and a phenethyl group which may have a substituent. Indicates an aryl group such as a phenyl group or a naphthyl group which may be used.Su.n is0 to 010Indicates an integer.
0033
The general formula (12) and the general formula (13)During ~R30~ R33Examples of the substituent that may be possessed by the above are halogen atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, or alkyl groups such as methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group and butyl group, or alkoxy groups such as methoxy group, ethoxy group and propoxy group. An aryloxy group such as a group or a phenoxy group or a naphthoxy group, a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a naphthylmethyl group, a furfuryl group, an aralkyl group such as a thienyl group or an aryl group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group or a pyrenyl group. Can be mentioned.
0034
Further, among the above general formulas (11) to (13), the following chain-growth functional groups are more particularly preferable.ConstructionRepresented by equations (14) to (20)BasicCan be mentioned.
0035.
[Chemical16]

0036
Furthermore, the aboveConstructionIn equations (14) to (20)The above structureEquation (14)Indicated byAcryloyloxy group orThe above structureEquation (15)Indicated byA methacryloyloxy group is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of polymerization characteristics and the like.
0037
In the present invention, the "hole-transporting compound having a chain-growth functional group" is the chain-growth property described above.SensualAs a functional group, the group is a hole-transporting compound described above.2Indicates a compound that is chemically bonded to one or more. In this case, the chain-growth functional groups may all be the same or different. Those chain-growth functional groups2As a hole transporting compound having one or more, the followingKiichiGeneral formula (1)Compounds indicated byIs preferable.
[0038]
[Chemical17]

[0039]
The above generalformula(1)Medium, P1And P2Indicates a chain-growth functional groupSu.P1And P2May be the same or different. Z indicates an organic residue which may have a substituent.Su.Y represents a hydrogen atom. a, b and d are0 or moreIndicates the above integer. However, when a = 0, b + d indicates an integer of 3 or more, when b or d is 0, a indicates an integer of 2 or more, and in other cases, a + b + d indicates an integer of 3 or more. Also, when a is 2 or moreIsP1May be the same or different, when d is 2 or moreIsP2May be the same or different, BWhen is 2 or moreIsZ may be the same or different.
0040
Here, "when a is 2 or more"IsP1May be the same or different. "11, P12, P13, P14, P15・ ・ ・ ・ P1nIn the case of, for example, when a = 3, the chain-growth functional group P that directly binds to the hole-transporting compound A1Even if all three are the same2Same1One is different (for example, P11And P11And P12But all three are different (for example, P)12And P15And P17It means that it may be (such as) ("When d is 2 or more"IsP2May be the same or different "because" when b is 2 or moreIs"Z may be the same or different" means the same thing...).
[0041]
The above general formula (1)During ~A indicates a hole-transporting group, and any one may be used as long as it exhibits a hole-transporting property.1If it is shown as a hydrogen addition compound (hole transport compound) in which the binding site with or Z is replaced with a hydrogen atom, for example, a triarylamine derivative such as an oxazole derivative, an oxadiazole derivative, an imidazole derivative, or a triphenylamine, 9- (P-diethylaminostyryl) anthracene, 1,1-bis- (4-dibenzylaminophenyl) propane, styrylanthracene, styrylpyrazoline, phenylhydrazones, thiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, phenazine derivatives, aclysine derivatives, benzofuran derivatives, Condensed ring hydrocarbons such as benzimidazole derivatives, thiophene derivatives, N-phenylcarbazole derivatives, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, fluorene, fluoransene, azulene, inden, perylene, chrysen, coronen, etc., which may have substituents, or Examples thereof include a fused complex ring of benzofuran, indol, carbazole, benzcarbazole, aclysine, phenothiazine, quinoline and the like which may have a substituent.
[0042]
Further, among the hole transport compounds, they are represented by the following general formulas (2), (3), (4), (5) and (7).CompoundIs preferable.
[0043]
[Chemical18]

[0044]
The above generalformula(2)Medium, R1, R2And R3Is a C such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, etc., which may have a substituent.1~ C10Alkyl group, benzyl group which may have a substituent, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, flufuryl group, thienyl group and the like may have an aralkyl group or a substituent which may have a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, a phenanthryl group. Indicates an aryl group such as a group, a pyrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furyl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a benzoquinolyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenothiazinyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuryl group and a dibenzothiophenyl group.
0045
However, R1, R2And R3Ofofat least2Indicates an aryl groupSu.R1, R2And R3May be the same or different. Furthermore, among them, R1, R2And R3It is particularly preferable that all of the above are aryl groups. In addition, the above general formula (2)During ~R1Or R2Or R3Any of2Each of them may be bonded directly or via a bonding group, and the bonding group includes an alkylene group such as a methylene group, an ethylene group and a propylene group, a hetero atom such as an oxygen and a sulfur atom, and a CH = CH group. Can be mentioned.
[0046]
[Chemical19]

[0047]
The above generalformula(3)Medium, R4, R5, R8And R9Is a C such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, etc., which may have a substituent.1~ C10Alkyl group, benzyl group which may have a substituent, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, flufuryl group, thienyl group and the like may have an aralkyl group or a substituent which may have a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, a phenanthryl group. Indicates an aryl group such as a group, a pyrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a fryl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a benzoquinolyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenothiazinyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuryl group or a dibenzothiophenyl group.Su.R4, R5, R8And R9May be the same or different. R6And R7Is a C such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a propylene group, etc., which may have a substituent.1~ C10An arylene group (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, benzoquinoline, carbazole, phenothiazine, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, etc. (Allylene group from which two hydrogens have been removed)Su.R6And R7May be the same or different. Q indicates an organic residue which may have a substituent.
0048
Furthermore, among them, R in the above general formula (3)4, R5, R8And R9Two or more of them are aryl groups which may have a substituent, and R6And R7Is preferably an arylene group which may have a substituent, and further R4, R5, R8And R9Is particularly preferably an aryl group in which all four may have a substituent. In addition, the above general formula (3)During ~R4Or R5Or R6Any of2Tsu or R7Or R8Or R9Any of2Each of them may be bonded directly or via a bonding group, and the bonding group includes an alkylene group such as a methylene group, an ethylene group and a propylene group, a hetero atom such as an oxygen and a sulfur atom, and a CH = CH group. Can be mentioned.
[0049]
[Chemical20]

0050
The above generalformula(4)Medium, m indicates 0 or 1Su.R10~ R13Is a C such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, etc., which may have a substituent.1~ C10Alkyl group, benzyl group which may have a substituent, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, flufuryl group, thienyl group and the like may have an aralkyl group or a substituent which may have a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, a phenanthryl group. Indicates an aryl group such as a group, a pyrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a fryl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a benzoquinolyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenothiazinyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuryl group or a dibenzothiophenyl group.Su.R10~ R13May be the same or different.
0051
Ar1Is two from an arylene group (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, benzoquinoline, carbazole, phenothiazine, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, etc.) which may have a substituent. Shows an arylene group from which hydrogen has been removed)Su.Ar2When m = 0, may have a substituent, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, a phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furyl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a benzoquinolyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenothiazineyl. Indicates an aryl group such as a group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group.Su.When m = 1, the above Ar1Shows an arylene group similar to. If m = 1, Ar1And Ar2May be the same or different.
[0052]
Furthermore, among them, R in the above general formula (4)10And R11Is preferably an aryl group which may have a substituent, and R10~ R13Is particularly preferably an aryl group in which all four may have a substituent. In addition, the above general formula (4)During ~R10And R11Or R12And R13Or Ar1And Ar2May be bonded directly or via a bonding group, and examples of the bonding group include an alkylene group such as a methylene group, an ethylene group and a propylene group, a hetero atom such as an oxygen and a sulfur atom, and a CH = CH group. Can be mentioned.
[0053]
[Chemical21]

0054
The above generalformula(5)Medium, Ar3, Ar4And R14Ofofat least1One is the following general formula (6)Indicated bySubstituent1Have one or more.
0055
[Chemical22]

0056
In the above general formulas (5) and (6), Ar3, Ar4And Ar5Is a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, a phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furyl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a benzoquinolyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenothiazine group, a benzofuryl group, which may have a substituent. Indicates an aryl group such as a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group.Su.R14, R15And R16Is a C such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, etc., which may have a substituent.1~ C10Alkyl group, benzyl group which may have a substituent, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, flufuryl group, aralkyl group such as thienyl group, phenyl group which may have a substituent, naphthyl group, anthryl group, phenanthryl Aryl group or hydrogen atom such as group, pyrenyl group, thiophenyl group, frill group, pyridyl group, quinolyl group, benzoquinolyl group, carbazolyl group, phenothiazinyl group, benzofuryl group, benzothiophenyl group, dibenzofuryl group, dibenzothiophenyl group. (However, R14Except when is a hydrogen atom). In addition, Ar3And Ar4And R15And R16May be the same or different.
[0057]
Furthermore, among them, R14And R16Is particularly preferably an aryl group. Also, R14Or Ar3Or Ar4Any of2Or Ar5And R16May be bonded directly or via a bonding group, and examples of the bonding group include an alkylene group such as a methylene group, an ethylene group and a propylene group, a hetero atom such as an oxygen and sulfur atom, and a CH = CH group. Be done. n1Is0 to 0Indicates an integer of 2.
0058.
[Chemical23]

[0059]
However, the above general formula (7), the condensed ring hydrocarbon and the condensed composite ring are described in the following general formula (8).Indicated bySubstituent1Have one or more.
[0060]
[Chemical24]

[0061]
In the above general formulas (7) and (8), Ar6And Ar7May have a substituent, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, a phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a fryl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a benzoquinolyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenothiazine group, a benzofuryl group, a benzo. Indicates an aryl group such as a thiophenyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group.Su.R17, R18, R19And R20Is a C such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, etc., which may have a substituent.1~ C10Alkyl group, benzyl group which may have a substituent, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, flufuryl group, aralkyl group such as thienyl group, phenyl group which may have a substituent, naphthyl group, anthryl group, phenanthryl Aryl group or hydrogen atom such as group, pyrenyl group, thiophenyl group, frill group, pyridyl group, quinolyl group, benzoquinolyl group, carbazolyl group, phenothiazinyl group, benzofuryl group, benzothiophenyl group, dibenzofuryl group, dibenzothiophenyl group. (However, R17And R18Except when is a hydrogen atom). In addition, R17And R18And R19And R20May be the same or different.
[0062]
Among them, R20Is preferably an aryl group, and the hole transporting group is of the general formula (7) and R.17And R18Is particularly preferably an aryl group. Also, R17Or R18Or Ar6Any of2Or Ar7And R20May be bonded directly or via a bonding group, and examples of the bonding group include an alkylene group such as a methylene group, an ethylene group and a propylene group, a hetero atom such as an oxygen and sulfur atom, and a CH = CH group. Be done. n2Is0 to 0Indicates an integer of 2.
[0063]
Further, Z in the general formula (1) or Q in the general formula (3) is an alkylene group which may have a substituent, an arylene group which may have a substituent, and CR.21= CR22(R21And R22Indicates an alkyl group, an aryl group or a hydrogen atomSu.R21And R22May be the same or different..), C = O, S = O, SO2, Oxygen atomas well asSulfur atomOne organic residue selected from the group consisting of or theseCombinationDerivedShows organic residues. Among them, it is represented by the following general formula (9).BasicIs preferable, and is represented by the following general formula (10).BasicIs particularly preferable.
[0064]
[Chemical25]

[0065]
[Chemical26]

[0066]
In the above general formula (9), X1~ X3Is a C such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a propylene group, etc., which may have a substituent.1~ C20Alkylene, (CR23= CR24) M1, C = O, S = O, SO2, Indicates an oxygen atom or a sulfur atomSu.Ar8And Ar9Has two arylene groups (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, benzoquinoline, carbazole, phenothiazine, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, etc.) which may have a substituent. The arylene group from which the hydrogen atom has been removed) is shown. R23And R24Indicates an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group or a propyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group or a thiophenyl group which may have a substituent or a hydrogen atom.Su.R23And R24May be the same or different. m1Is an integer from 1 to 5, p to t is0 to 0Indicates an integer of 10 (however, p to t cannot be 0 at the same time...).
[0067]
In the above general formula (10), X4And X5Is (CH2)g, (CH = CR25)h, C = O, or oxygen atomSu.Ar10Has two arylene groups (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, benzoquinoline, carbazole, phenothiazine, benzofuran, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, etc.) which may have a substituent. The arylene group from which the hydrogen atom has been removed) is shown. R25Indicates an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group or a propyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group or a thiophenyl group which may have a substituent or a hydrogen atom. g is an integer of 1 to 10, h is an integer of 1 to 5, and u to w is 0.~Indicates an integer of 10 (especially0 to 0An integer of 5 is preferred. However, u to w cannot be 0 at the same time...).
[0068]
In addition, the above-mentioned general formulas (1) to (10)During ~R1~ R25, Ar1~ Ar10, X1~ X5, Z and Q may each have a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or an alkyl such as a nitro group or a cyano group or a hydroxyl group or a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group or a butyl group. Alkyl group such as group or methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group or phenoxy group, aryloxy group such as naphthoxy group or benzyl group, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, furfuryl group, thienyl group or the like, aralkyl group or phenyl group, naphthyl An aryl group such as a group, anthryl group or pyrenyl group or a substituted amino group such as a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dibenzylamino group, a diphenylamino group or a di (p-tolyl) amino group, a styryl group, a naphthylvinyl group or the like. Examples thereof include an arylvinyl group.
[0069]
Also, within the same molecule in the present invention2The hole-transporting compound having one or more chain-growth functional groups preferably has an oxidation potential of 1.2 (V) or less. That is, the hole-transporting compound having a chain-growth functional group represented by the general formula (1) and the hydrogen adduct of the hole-transporting group A preferably have an oxidation potential of 1.2 (V) or less. , 0.4 to 1.2 (V), more preferably. When the oxidation potential exceeds 1.2 (V), it is difficult for charge (holes) to be injected from the charge generating material, and problems such as an increase in residual potential, deterioration of sensitivity, and large potential fluctuation during repeated use occur. In addition to problems such as a decrease in chargeability when the value is less than 0.4 (V), the compound itself is easily oxidized and easily deteriorates, resulting in sensitivity deterioration, image blurring, and potential fluctuation during repeated use. This is because problems such as an increase in the electric charge occur.
[0070]
The oxidation potential described here is measured by the following method.
[0071]
(Measurement method of oxidation potential)
A saturated calomel electrode is used as a reference electrode, and 0.1 N (n-Bu) is added to the electrolytic solution.4NClO4 Using an acetonitrile solution, the potential applied to the working electrode (platinum) was swept by a potential sweeper, and the potential when the obtained current-potential curve showed a peak was taken as the oxidation potential. Specifically, the sample is 0.1 N (n-Bu).4NClO4 Dissolve in an acetonitrile solution to a concentration of about 5 to 10 mmol%. Then, a voltage is applied to this sample solution by a working electrode, and the current change when the voltage is linearly changed from a low potential (0V) to a high potential (+ 1.5V) is measured to obtain a current-potential curve. The potential at the time when the current value showed a peak (the first peak when there were a plurality of peaks) in this current-potential curve was defined as the oxidation potential.
[0072]
Furthermore, the hole-transporting compound having a chain-growth functional group has a hole-transporting ability of 1 × 10.-7(Cm2/ V. Those having a drift mobility of sec) or more are preferable (however, applied electric field: 5 × 10).4V / cm). 1x10-7(Cm2/ V. If it is less than sec), holes may not sufficiently move as an electrophotographic photosensitive member before development after exposure, so that there may be a problem that the sensitivity is apparently reduced and the residual potential is also increased.
[0073]
The following are typical examples of the hole-transporting compound having a chain-growth functional group according to the present invention, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0074]
[Chemical27]

[0075]
[Chemical28]

[0076]
[Chemical29]

[0077]
[Chemical30]

[0078]
[Chemical31]

[0079]
[Chemical32]

[0080]
[Chemical33]

[0081]
[Chemical34]


[882]
[Chemical35]

[0083].
[Chemical36]

[0084]
[Chemical37]

[0085]
[Chemical38]

0083.
[Chemical39]

[0087]
[Chemical40]

[0088]
[Chemical40]

[089]
[Chemical42]

[0090]
[Chemical43]

[0091]
[Chemical44]

[0092]
[Chemical45]

[093]
[Chemical46]

[0094]
[Chemical47]

[0995]
[Chemical48]

[0906]
[Chemical49]

[097]
[Chemical50]

[0998]
[Chemical51]

[00099]
[Chemical52]

[0100]
[Chemical53]

[0101]
[Chemical54]

[0102]
[Chemical55]

[0103]
[Chemical56]

[0104]
[Chemical57]

[0105]
[Chemical58]

[0106]
[Chemical59]

[0107]
[Chemical60]

[0108]
[Chemical61]

[0109]
[Chemical62]

[0110]
[Chemical63]

[0111]
[Chemical64]

[0112]
[Chemical65]

[0113]
[Chemical66]

[0114]
[Chemical67]

[0115]
[Chemical68]

[0116]
[Chemical69]

[0117]
[Chemical70]

[0118]
[Chemical71]

[0119]
[Chemical72]

[0120]
[Chemical73]

[0121]
[Chemical74]

[0122]
[Chemical75]

[0123]
[Chemical76]

[0124]
[Chemical77]

[0125]
[Chemical78]

[0126]
[Chemical79]

[0127]
[Chemical80]


[0128]
[Chemical81]

[0129]
[Chemical82]

[0130]
[Chemical83]

[0131]
[Chemical84]

[0132]
[Chemical85]

[0133]
[Chemical86]

[0134]
[Chemical87]

[0135]
[Chemical88]

[0136].
[Chemical89]

[0137]
[Chemical90]

[0138]
[Chemical91]

[0139]
[Chemical92]

[0140]
[Chemical93]

[0141]
[Chemical94]

[0142]
[Chemical95]

[0143]
[Chemical96]

[0144]
[Chemical97]

[0145]
[Chemical98]

[0146]
[Chemical99]

[0147]
[Chemical100]

[0148]
[Chemical101]

[0149]
[Chemical102]

[0150]
[Chemical103]

[0151]
[Chemical104]

[0152]
[Chemical105]

[0153]
[Chemical106]

[0154]
[Chemical107]

[0155]
[Chemical108]

[0156]
[Chemical109]

[0157]
[Chemical110]

[0158]
[Chemical111]

[0159]
[Chemical112]

[0160]
[Chemical113]

[0161]
[Chemical114]

[0162]
[115]

[0163]
In the present invention, a typical method for synthesizing a hole-transporting compound having a chain-growth functional group is shown below.
[0164]
(Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound No. 6)
It was synthesized according to the following route.
[0165]
[Chemical116]

[0166]
1 (50 g: 0.47 mol), 2 (406 g: 1.4 mol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (193 g) and copper powder (445 g) were heated and stirred at 180 to 190 ° C. with 1.2 kg of 1,2-dichlorobenzene. I went for hours. After filtering the reaction solution, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 132 g of 3.
[0167]
3 (120 g: 0.28 mol) was added to 1.5 kg of methyl cell solution, and sodium methylate (150 g) was slowly added while stirring at room temperature. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred as it was at room temperature for 1 hour, and then heated and stirred at 70 to 80 ° C. for 10 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water, neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 78 g of 4.
[0168]
4 (70 g: 0.2 mol) and triethylamine (40 g: 0.4 mol) were added to 400 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran THF, cooled to 0 to 5 ° C., and then acryloyl chloride (55 g: 0.6 mol) was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was slowly returned to room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water for neutralization, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed. The residue was column-purified using a silica gel column to obtain 42 g of 5 (Compound No. 6) (oxidation potential: 0.83 V).
[0169]
(Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound No. 71)
4 (10 g: 29 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 1 was added to 50 ml of dry THF, cooled to 0 to 5 ° C., and then 3.5 g of oily sodium hydride (about 60%) was slowly added. After completion of the addition, the temperature was returned to room temperature, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour, cooled to 0 to 5 ° C. again, and allyl bromide (17.5 g: 145 mmol) was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred as it was for 1 hour, returned to room temperature, and further stirred for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water for neutralization, extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed. The residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 5.6 g of the target compound (Compound No. 71) (oxidation potential: 0.81 V).
[0170]
(Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Compound No. 55)
Compound No. obtained in Synthesis Example 2 above. 71 3.0 g is dissolved in 20 ml of dichloromethane, cooled to 0 to 5 ° C., 5.2 g of m-chloroperbenzoic acid (~ 70%) is slowly added, and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour, then returned to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. It was. The reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed, and the residue was column-purified using a silica gel column to obtain 2.1 g of the target compound (Compound No. 55) (oxidation potential: 0.81 V).
[0171]
(Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Compound No. 152)
It was synthesized according to the following route.
[0172]
[Chemical117]

[0173]
1 (70 g: 0.35 mol), 2 (98 g: 0.42 mol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (73 g) and copper powder (111 g) were heated and stirred at 180 to 190 ° C. for 10 hours together with 600 g of 1,2-dichlorobenzene. It was. After filtering the reaction solution, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 86.2 g of 3.
[0174]
3 (80 g: 0.26 mol) was added to 300 g of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and ethanethiol sodium salt (about 90%: 62 g) was slowly added with stirring at room temperature. After the addition is completed, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then refluxed.With 3Heating and stirring were performed for hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into water, weakly acidic with dilute hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was further extracted with a 1.2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the aqueous layer was acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid, and extracted with ethyl acetate. After drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 64 g of 4.
[0175]
4 (60 g: 0.21 mol) was added to 300 g of N, N-dimethylformamide, and caustic soda (8.3 g) was slowly added while stirring at room temperature. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred as it was at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then 1,2-diiodoethane (31.7 g: 0.1 mol) was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and then heated and stirred at 70 ° C. for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with toluene, the organic layer was further washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 49.1 g of 5.
[0176]
After cooling 182 g of DMF to 0 to 5 ° C., 63.6 g of phosphorus oxychloride was slowly added dropwise so as not to exceed 10 ° C. After the completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred as it was for 15 minutes, and then a 5 (42.2 g: 0.07 mol) / DMF 102 g solution was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred as it was for 30 minutes, returned to room temperature, stirred for 2 hours, further heated to 80 to 85 ° C., and stirred for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into 1.5 kg of an approximately 15% aqueous sodium acetate solution and stirred for 12 hours. After neutralizing it, it was extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 23 g of 6.
[0177]
0.89 g of lithium aluminum hydride was added to 100 ml of dry THF, and a solution of 6 (15 g: 0.023 mol) / 100 ml of dry THF was slowly added dropwise to the place where the mixture was stirred at room temperature. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and then 200 ml of a 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 13.6 g of 7.
[0178]
7 (10 g: 0.015 mol) and triethylamine (6.1 g: 0.06 mol) were added to 120 ml of dry THF and cooled to 0 to 5 ° C., and then acryloyl chloride (4.1 g: 0.045 mol) was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was slowly returned to room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water for neutralization, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed. The residue was column-purified using a silica gel column to obtain 6.4 g of 8 (Compound No. 152) (oxidation potential: 0.78 V).
[0179]
(Synthesis Example 5: Synthesis of Compound No. 263)
It was synthesized according to the following route.
[0180]
[Chemical118]

[0181]
1 (50 g: 0.123 mol), 2 (62.4 g: 0.369 mol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (25.5 g) and copper powder (32 g) are heated and stirred together with 200 g of 1,2-dichlorobenzene at 180 to 190 ° C. Was carried out for 18 hours. After filtering the reaction solution, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized twice with a mixed solvent of toluene / methanol to obtain 60.2 g of 3.
[0182]
After cooling 242 g of DMF to 0 to 5 ° C., phosphorus oxychloride (84.8 g: 553.2 mmol) was slowly added dropwise so as not to exceed 10 ° C. After stirring as it was for 15 minutes after the completion of the dropping, a solution of 3 (45.0 g: 92.2 mmol) / DMF135 g was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred as it was for 30 minutes, returned to room temperature, stirred for 2 hours, further heated to 80 to 85 ° C., and stirred for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into 2.5 kg of an approximately 15% aqueous sodium acetate solution and stirred for 12 hours. After neutralizing it, it was extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 40.5 g of 4.
[0183]
0.89 g of lithium aluminum hydride was added to 100 ml of dry THF, and a solution of 4 (37 g: 68 mmol) / 600 ml of dry THF was slowly added dropwise to the place where the mixture was stirred at room temperature. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and then 500 ml of a 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 26.3 g of 5.
[0184]
5 (20 g: 36 mmol) and triethylamine (12.8 g: 126 mol) were added to 130 ml of dry THF and cooled to 0 to 5 ° C., and then acryloyl chloride (9.8 g: 108 mmol) was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was slowly returned to room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water for neutralization, extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed. The residue was column-purified using a silica gel column to obtain 11.2 g of 6 (Compound No. 263) (oxidation potential: 0.80 V).
[0185]
(Synthesis Example 6: Synthesis of Compound No. 320)
It was synthesized according to the following route.
[0186]
[Chemical119]

[0187].
1 (50 g: 0.173 mol), 2 (8.0 g: 86 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (47.8 g) and copper powder (55 g) were heated and stirred at 180 to 190 ° C. with 200 g of 1,2-dichlorobenzene. I went for hours. After filtering the reaction solution, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized twice with an acetone / methanol mixed solvent to obtain 51 g of 3.
[0188]
After cooling 35 g of DMF to 0 to 5 ° C., phosphorus oxychloride (18.4 g: 0.12 mol) was slowly added dropwise so as not to exceed 10 ° C. After stirring as it was for 15 minutes after the completion of the dropping, a 3 (50.0 g: 0.12 mol) / DMF 50 g solution was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred as it was for 30 minutes, returned to room temperature, stirred for 1 hour, further heated to 80 to 85 ° C., and stirred for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into 800 g of an approximately 15% aqueous sodium acetate solution and stirred for 12 hours. After neutralizing it, it was extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 37.8 g of 4.
[0189]
4 (30 g: 67 mmol) and 1,1-diphenylmethyldiethyl phosphate (20.5 g: 67 mmol) were dissolved in 200 ml of dry THF, and oily sodium hydride (about 60%: 2.97 g: about 74 mmol) was dissolved therein at room temperature. Was added slowly. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and then heated and stirred for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, poured into water, extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed. The residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 21.1 g of 5.
[0190]
5 (20 g: 33.6 mmol) was added to 200 g of methyl cell solution, and sodium methylate (7.0 g) was slowly added while stirring at room temperature. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred as it was at room temperature for 1 hour, and then heated and stirred at 70 to 80 ° C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water, neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 15.1 g of 6.
[0191]
6 (15 g: 29.3 mmol) and triethylamine (8.88 g: 87.9 mmol) were added to 100 ml of dry THF and cooled to 0 to 5 ° C., and then acryloyl chloride (8.0 g: 88.4 mmol) was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was slowly returned to room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water for neutralization, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed. The residue was column-purified using a silica gel column to obtain 9.8 g of 7 (Compound No. 320) (oxidation potential: 0.76 V).
[0192]
(Synthesis Example 7: Synthesis of Compound No. 410)
It was synthesized according to the following route.
[0193]
[Chemical120]

[0194]
1 (50 g: 0.173 mol), 2 (7.5 g: 81 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (47.8 g) and copper powder (55 g) were heated and stirred at 180 to 190 ° C. with 200 g of 1,2-dichlorobenzene. I went for hours. After filtering the reaction solution, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified using a silica gel column to obtain 58 g of 3.
[0195]
After cooling 35 g of DMF to 0 to 5 ° C., phosphorus oxychloride (18.4 g: 0.12 mol) was slowly added dropwise so as not to exceed 10 ° C. After stirring as it was for 15 minutes after the completion of the dropping, a 3 (50.0 g: 0.12 mol) / DMF 50 g solution was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred as it was for 30 minutes, returned to room temperature, stirred for 1 hour, further heated to 80 to 85 ° C., and stirred for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into 800 g of an approximately 15% aqueous sodium acetate solution and stirred for 12 hours. After neutralizing it, it was extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 37.8 g of 4.
[0196]
4 (25 g: 56 mmol) was added to 200 ml of ethanol, and 1,1-diphenylhydrazine hydrochloride (35 g: 159 mmol) was added thereto. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred as it was at room temperature for 1 hour, and then heated and stirred at 50 ° C. for another 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, poured into water, extracted with toluene, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed. The residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 24.5 g of 5.
[0197]
5 (20 g: 33 mmol) was added to 200 g of methyl cell solution, and sodium methylate (12.0 g) was slowly added while stirring at room temperature. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred as it was at room temperature for 1 hour, and then heated and stirred at 40 to 50 ° C. for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water, neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column using a silica gel column to obtain 7.1 g of 6.
[0198]
6 (7.0 g: 11 mmol) and triethylamine (3.5 g: 35 mmol) were added to 100 ml of dry THF and cooled to 0 to 5 ° C., and then acryloyl chloride (2.5 g: 28 mmol) was slowly added dropwise. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was slowly returned to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water for neutralization, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed. The residue was column-purified using a silica gel column to obtain 2.8 g of 7 (Compound No. 410) (oxidation potential: 0.69 V).
[0199]
In the present invention, in the same molecule2By polymerizing and cross-linking a hole-transporting compound having one or more chain-growth functional groups, the compound having hole-transporting ability in the photosensitive layer can be obtained.2With one or more cross-linking points, it is incorporated into the three-dimensional cross-linking structure via a covalent bond. The hole-transporting compound may polymerize and crosslink only itself, or may have other chain-growth properties.SensualAny of them can be mixed with a compound having a group, and the types / ratios thereof are all arbitrary. Other chain polymerizable properties hereSensualA compound having a group is a chain-growth property.SensualBoth monomers and oligomers / polymers with groups are included.
[0200]
When the functional group of the hole transporting compound and the functional group of the other chain-growth polymerizable compound are the same group or a group that can be polymerized with each other, both shall have a copolymerized three-dimensional crosslinked structure via a covalent bond. Is possible. When both functional groups are functional groups that do not polymerize with each other, the photosensitive layer is2It is composed of a mixture of two or more three-dimensional cured products or a three-dimensional cured product of the main component containing another chain-growth compound monomer or a cured product thereof. With good control, it is also possible to form an IPN (Inter Penetrating Network), that is, a mutual approach network structure.
[0201]
In addition, it is chain-polymerizable with the hole-transporting compound.SensualThe photosensitive layer may be formed from a monomer or oligomer / polymer having no group, a monomer or oligomer / polymer having a polymerizable group other than chain polymerizable, and the like.
[0202]
Further, in some cases, it is possible to contain a hole transporting compound which is not chemically bonded to the three-dimensional crosslinked structure, that is, which does not have a chain-growth functional group. Further, various other additives, a lubricant such as fluorine atom-containing resin fine particles, and the like may be contained.
[0203]
The structure of the photoconductor of the present invention includes a structure in which a charge generating layer containing a charge generating material and a charge transporting layer containing a charge transporting material are laminated in this order as a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, or vice versa. Further, it is possible to take any configuration consisting of a single layer in which the charge generating material and the charge transporting material are dispersed in the same layer. In the former laminated type, two or more charge transport layers may be formed, and in the latter single layer type, a charge transport layer may be further formed on a photosensitive layer containing the same charge generating material and charge transport material. Furthermore, a protective layer can be formed on the charge generation layer or the charge transport layer.
[0204]
In any of these cases, the chain-growth property mentioned aboveSensualThe photosensitive layer may contain one or both of a hole-transporting compound having a group and a pre-hole-transporting compound polymerized or crosslinked and cured. However, from the viewpoint of characteristics as an electrophotographic photosensitive member, particularly electrical characteristics such as residual potential and durability, a function-separated photoconductor configuration in which charge generating layers / charge transport layers are laminated in this order is preferable, and the present invention has a preferred structure. The advantage is that the surface layer can be made highly durable without reducing the charge generation / injection efficiency and the charge transport capacity.
[0205]
Next, the method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention will be specifically shown.
[0206]
The support of the electrophotographic photosensitive member may be any as long as it has conductivity. For example, a metal or alloy such as aluminum, copper, chromium, nickel, zinc and stainless steel formed into a drum or a sheet, aluminum and the like. A metal foil such as copper laminated on a plastic film, aluminum, indium oxide, tin oxide, etc. deposited on a plastic film, a metal provided with a conductive layer by applying a conductive material alone or together with a binder resin, or plastic. Examples include film and paper.
[0207]
In the present invention, an undercoat layer having a barrier function and an adhesive function can be provided on the conductive support. The undercoat layer is used to improve the adhesiveness of the photosensitive layer, improve the coatability, protect the support, cover defects on the support, improve the charge injection property from the support, and protect the photosensitive layer from electrical destruction. Is formed in.
[0208]
Materials for the undercoat layer include polyvinyl alcohol, poly-N-vinylimidazole, polyethylene oxide, ethyl cellulose, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, casein, polyamide, N-methoxymethylated 6 nylon, copolymerized nylon, sardines and gelatin. Etc. are known. These are dissolved in a solvent suitable for each and applied onto the support. The film thickness at that time is preferably 0.1 to 2 μm.
[0209]
When the photoconductor of the present invention is a function-separated photoconductor, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated. The charge generation layer contains a metal-free or metallic phthalocyanine compound, and is composed of those charge generation materials and a suitable binder resin, if necessary. Here, the central metal can take any form of a simple metal element or a metal compound such as an oxide, a halide such as chlorine and fluorine, and a hydroxide. Further, it may have a dimer or more multimer structure and a substituent.
[0210]
Among these, among the metal-free phthalocyanines and the metal phthalocyanines, oxytitanium phthalocyanines, chlorogallium phthalocyanines, and hydroxygallium phthalocyanines are particularly preferable because they exhibit particularly good photoconductor properties. Further, these phthalocyanines have crystalline types such as α, β, γ, ε and X type, and the selection thereof is arbitrary. It is also possible to use a mixture of two or more various phthalosinine compounds. Furthermore, as other charge generating materials, inorganic materials such as selenium and silicon, anthanthron pigments, dibenzpyrene quinone pigments, pyranthron pigments, trisazo pigments, disazo pigments, monoazo pigments, indigo pigments, quinacridone pigments, and asymmetric quinocyanine pigments , Organic materials such as quinocyanine can also be mixed.
[0211]
In the case of a function-separated photoconductor, the charge generation layer is a method of homogenizing the charge generation material together with a binder resin and a solvent in an amount of 0.3 to 4 times, ultrasonic dispersion, a ball mill, a vibration ball mill, a sand mill, an attritor, a roll mill, or the like. It is well dispersed in the above, coated with a dispersion liquid, and dried to be formed, or is formed as a film having a single composition such as a vapor-deposited film of the charge generating material. The film thickness is preferably 5 μm or less, and particularly preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2 μm.
[0212]
When a binder resin is used, for example, polymers and copolymers of vinyl compounds such as styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid ester, vinylidene fluoride, trifluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetal, polycarbonate. , Polysulfone, polysulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyurethane, cellulose resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, silicon resin, epoxy resin and the like.
[0213]
The hole-transporting compound having a chain-growth functional group in the present invention forms a charge-transporting layer made of a charge-transporting material and a binder resin on the above-mentioned charge-generating layer as a charge-transporting layer or on the charge-generating layer. Later, it can be used as a surface protective layer having a hole transporting ability. In either case, the method for forming the surface layer is generally to apply the solution containing the hole-transporting compound and then carry out a polymerization / cross-linking reaction. However, in any case, a solution containing the hole-transporting compound is used in advance. After the reaction is carried out to obtain a cured product, it is also possible to form a surface layer by using a compound or the like which is dispersed or dissolved in a solvent again.
[0214]
As a method for applying these solutions, for example, a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a curtain coating method, a spin coating method and the like are known, but the dip coating method is preferable from the viewpoint of efficiency and productivity. In addition, vapor deposition, plasma, and other known film forming methods can be appropriately selected.
[0215]
In the present invention, chain polymerizableSensualThe hole-transporting compound having a group is preferably polymerized and crosslinked by radiation. The greatest advantage of radiation polymerization is that it does not require a polymerization initiator, which allows the production of very high purity 3D photosensitive layer matrices and ensures good electrophotographic properties. .. In addition, because it is a short-time and efficient polymerization reaction, it is highly productive, and because of its good radiation permeability, it inhibits curing when the film is thick or when a shielding material such as an additive is present in the film. The influence of is very small. However, chain polymerizableSensualDepending on the type of group and the type of central skeleton, the polymerization reaction may not proceed easily, and in that case, it is possible to add the polymerization initiator within a range that does not affect it. The radiation used at this time is an electron beam and a γ ray.
[0216]
As the accelerator for electron beam irradiation, any type such as scanning type, electrocurtain type, broad beam type, pulse type and laminar type can be used. When irradiating an electron beam, the irradiation conditions are very important for exhibiting electrical characteristics and durability in the photoconductor of the present invention. In the present invention, the acceleration voltage is 300.kV or less is preferable, and the optimum is 150.kIt is V or less. The irradiation dose is preferably 1.~Range of 100Mrad, more preferably 3~It is in the range of 50Mrad. When the acceleration voltage exceeds the above, the damage of electron beam irradiation to the photoconductor characteristics tends to increase. Further, it should be noted that when the irradiation dose is less than the above range, cross-linking tends to be insufficient, and when the dose is large, the properties of the photoconductor tend to deteriorate.
[0217]
The chain polymerizableSensualWhen the hole-transporting compound having a group is used as the charge-transporting layer, the amount of the hole-transporting compound varies depending on the type, crystal type, film thickness and other conditions of the phthalocyanine which is the charge generating material. Generally, the hydrogen adduct of the hole transporting group A having a chain polymerizable functional group represented by the general formula (1) is 20% or more in terms of molecular weight with respect to the total weight of the charge transporting layer film after polymerization curing. It is preferably contained in an amount of 40% or more. If it is less than that, the charge generation / injection efficiency and the charge transporting ability are lowered, and problems such as a decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential occur. In this case, the film thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 1 to 50 μm, and particularly preferably 3 to 30 μm.
[0218]
When the hole transporting compound is used as a surface protection layer on the charge generation layer / charge transport layer, the charge transport layer corresponding to the lower layer is an appropriate charge transport material such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole, polystyrylanthracene or the like. High molecular weight compounds having heterocycles and condensed polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds such as pyrazoline, imidazole, oxazole, triazole and carbazole, triarylalkane derivatives such as triphenylmethane, and triarylamine derivatives such as triphenylamine. A low molecular weight compound such as a phenylenediamine derivative, an N-phenylcarbazole derivative, a stilben derivative, or a hydrazone derivative can be selected from an appropriate binder resin (the above-mentioned resin for a charge generation layer)...) And a solution dispersed / dissolved in a solvent can be applied and dried by the above-mentioned known method.
[0219]
In this case, the ratio of the charge transport material to the binder resin is preferably 30 to 100, preferably 50 to 100, and is appropriately selected when the total weight of both is 100. If the amount of the charge transporting material is less than that, the charge generation / injection efficiency and the charge transporting ability are lowered, and problems such as a decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential occur. The film thickness of the charge transport layer is determined so that the total film thickness including the surface protective layer of the upper layer is 1 to 50 μm, and is preferably adjusted in the range of 5 to 30 μm.
[0220]
In the present invention, in any of the above cases, the chain polymerizable propertySensualThe charge transport material can be contained in a photosensitive layer containing a cured product of a hole transporting compound having a group. In the case of a single-layer photosensitive layer, a charge generating material is simultaneously contained in the solution containing the hole-transporting compound, and an appropriate undercoat layer or intermediate layer may be provided on this solution. The hole-transporting compound may be formed by coating on a support and then polymerized and crosslinked, or on a single-layer photosensitive layer composed of a charge-generating material and a charge-transporting material provided on the conductive support. After applying the solution containing the above, it is possible to carry out any case of polymerization and cross-linking.
[0221]
Various additives can be added to the photosensitive layer in the present invention. Additives are deterioration inhibitors such as antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers, and lubricants such as fluorine atom-containing resin fine particles.
[0222]
FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration of an electrophotographic apparatus having a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
[0223]
In the figure, reference numeral 1 denotes a drum-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, which is rotationally driven at a predetermined peripheral speed in the direction of an arrow about a shaft 2. In the rotation process, the photoconductor 1 is uniformly charged with a predetermined positive or negative potential on its peripheral surface by the primary charging means 3, and then an image from an image exposure means (not shown) such as slit exposure or laser beam scanning exposure. Receives exposure light 4. In this way, electrostatic latent images are sequentially formed on the peripheral surface of the photoconductor 1.
[0224]
The formed electrostatic latent image is then subjected to toner development by the developing means 5.thisdevelopingFormed byTona-StatueIs sequentially transferred by the transfer means 6 to the transfer material 7 which is taken out from the paper feed unit (not shown) between the photoconductor 1 and the transfer means 6 in synchronization with the rotation of the photoconductor 1 and is fed. ..
[0225]
The transfer material 7 that has undergone image transfer is separated from the surface of the photoconductor, introduced into the image fixing means 8, receives image fixing, and is printed out as a copy to the outside of the apparatus.
[0226]
The surface of the photoconductor 1 after image transfer is cleaned by removing the transfer residual toner by the cleaning means 9, and further subjected to static elimination treatment by the pre-exposure light 10 from the pre-exposure means (not shown), and then repeated. Used for image formation. When the primary charging means 3 is a contact charging means using a charging roller or the like, pre-exposure is not always necessary.
[0227]
In the present invention, among the above-mentioned components such as the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1, the primary charging means 3, the developing means 5, and the cleaning means 9, a plurality of the components are integrally coupled as a process cartridge, and the process cartridge is formed. May be detachably configured to be detachable from the main body of an electrophotographic apparatus such as a copying machine or a laser beam printer. For example, at least of the primary charging means 3, the developing means 5 and the cleaning means 9.1This can be integrally supported together with the photoconductor 1 to form a cartridge, and the process cartridge 11 can be attached to and detached from the apparatus main body by using a guide means such as a rail 12 of the apparatus main body.
[0228]
Further, when the electrophotographic apparatus is a copying machine or a printer, the image exposure light 4 reads the document with reflected light or transmitted light from the document or a sensor, converts the document into a signal, and scans the laser beam performed according to this signal. , The light emitted by driving the LED array, driving the liquid crystal shutter array, and the like.
[0229]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention can be widely used not only in electrophotographic copying machines but also in electrophotographic application fields such as laser beam printers, CRT printers, LED printers, liquid crystal printers and laser plate making.
[0230]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples. In addition, "part" indicates a weight part.
[0231]
(Example 1)
First, a paint for the conductive layer was prepared by the following procedure. 50 parts of conductive titanium oxide powder coated with tin oxide containing 10% antimony oxide, 25 parts of phenol formaldehyde, 20 parts of methyl cellosolve, 5 parts of methanol and silicone oil (polydimethylsiloxane polyoxyalkylene copolymer, average) A molecular weight of 3000) 0.002 part was dispersed in a sand mill device using 1 mmφ glass beads for 2 hours to prepare. This paint was applied onto an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 30 mm by a dip coating method and dried at 140 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a conductive layer having a film thickness of 20 μm.
[0232]
Next, 5 parts of N-methoxymethylated nylon was dissolved in 95 parts of methanol to prepare a coating material for an intermediate layer. This coating material was applied onto the conductive layer by a dip coating method and dried at 100 ° C. for 20 minutes to form an intermediate layer having a film thickness of 0.6 μm.
[0233]
Next, three parts of oxytitanium phthalocyanine having strong peaks at 9.0 °, 14.2 °, 23.9 ° and 27.1 ° of the Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) of CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction. , 2 parts of polyvinyl butyral resin and 35 parts of cyclohexanone were dispersed for 2 hours in a sand mill device using 1 mmφ glass beads, and then 60 parts of ethyl acetate was added to prepare a paint for a charge generation layer. This paint was applied onto the intermediate layer by a dip coating method and dried at 90 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a film thickness of 0.2 μm.
[0234]
Next, Compound Example No. 60 parts of the hole transporting compound of No. 6 was dissolved in a mixed solvent of 30 parts of monochlorobenzene / 30 parts of dichloromethane to prepare a coating material for a charge transport layer. This paint is coated on the charge generation layer, and the acceleration voltage is 150.kAn electron beam was irradiated under the conditions of V and an irradiation dose of 20 Mrad to cure the resin, and a charge transport layer having a film thickness of 15 μm was formed to obtain an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
[0235]
The produced electrophotographic photosensitive member was attached to LBP-SX manufactured by Canon Inc., and the electrophotographic characteristics and durability were evaluated. Initial photoconductor characteristics [dark area potential Vd, light attenuation sensitivity (light intensity required to attenuate light to -150 V at dark area potential -700 V setting) and residual potential Vsl (light intensity three times the light intensity of light attenuation sensitivity) The potential of time)] was measured, and a durability test of 10,000 sheets was further performed, visually observing the presence or absence of image defects, the amount of scraping of the photoconductor, and the photoconductor characteristics after durability were measured, and each of them was measured. The change values ΔVd, ΔVl (the amount of change in Vl when the same amount of light as the amount of light at which Vl initially became −150 V was irradiated after endurance) and ΔVsl were determined.
[0236]
The results are shown in Table 3. It is said that the photoconductor of the present invention has very good initial photoconductor characteristics, a small amount of scraping during durability, and almost no change in photoconductor characteristics even during durability. As such, it shows very stable and good characteristics.
[0237]
(Example 2)
In Example 1, oxytitanium phthalocyanine was used in Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) of CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction described in JP-A-5-98181 at 7.4 °, 16.6 °, 25.5 °, An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was replaced with a crystalline chlorogallium phthalocyanine having a strong peak at 28.3 °. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0238]
(Example 3)
In Example 1, oxytitanium phthalocyanine was used in Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) of CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction described in JP-A-5-263007 at 7.4 °, 9.9 °, 25.0 °, An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was replaced with a crystalline hydroxygallium phthalocyanine having strong peaks at 26.2 ° and 28.2 °. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0239]
(Example 4)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the oxytitanium phthalocyanine was replaced with the τ-type metal-free phthalocyanine described in JP-A-58-182639. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0240]
(Examples 5 to 15)
In Example 1, the hole transporting compound No. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 6 was replaced as shown in Table 4. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0241]
(Example 16)
In Example 3, the hole transporting compound No. No. 6 instead of 6. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 263 was used. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0242]
(Example 17)
In Example 11, the hole transporting compound No. The amount of 263 is 48 parts, and the following structural formula (21)Indicated byAn electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 12 parts of the acrylic monomer was added. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0243]
[Chemical121]

[0244]
(Example 18)
After forming the charge generation layer in Example 11, the following structural formula (22)Indicated by20 parts of styryl compound and the following structural formula (23)Indicated byA charge transport layer was formed on the charge generation layer using a paint for a charge transport layer prepared by dissolving 10 parts of a polycarbonate resin having a repeating unit in a mixed solvent of 50 parts of monochlorobenzene / 20 parts of dichloromethane. The film thickness of the charge transport layer at this time was 10 μm.
[0245]
[Chemical122]

[0246]
[Chemical123]

[0247]
Next, the hole transporting compound No. 263 60 parts were dissolved in a mixed solvent of 50 parts of monochlorobenzene / 30 parts of dichloromethane to prepare a coating material for a surface protective layer. This paint is applied onto the previous charge transport layer by the spray coating method, and the acceleration voltage is 150.kThe resin was cured by irradiating an electron beam under the conditions of V and an irradiation dose of 20 Mrad to form a surface protective layer having a film thickness of 5 μm, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member was obtained. This photoconductor was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0248]
(Examples 19 to 22)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electron beam irradiation conditions were changed as shown in Table 5 in Example 11. As a result, the amount of scraping and durability were good, but by increasing the irradiation dose, a slight decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential were observed in the initial electrophotographic characteristics. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0249]
[Table 3]

[0250]
[Table 4]

[0251]
[Table 5]

[0252]
(Comparative Example 1)
After forming the charge generation layer in Example 1, the structural formula (22)Indicated by15 parts of styryl compound and the following structural formula (24)Indicated byA charge transport layer was formed on the charge generation layer using a paint for a charge transport layer prepared by dissolving 15 parts of a polymethylmethacrylate resin having a repeating unit in a mixed solvent of 50 parts of monochlorobenzene / 20 parts of dichloromethane. .. The film thickness of the charge transport layer at this time was 15 μm. As a result of evaluating this electrophotographic photosensitive member in the same manner as in Example 1, the initial electrophotographic characteristics were good, but the amount of scraping of the surface layer during durability was large, and image defects such as fog and scratches occurred. There is. Further, after 8000 sheets, the film thickness of the charge transport layer became thin due to scraping, and charging defects occurred, making it impossible to form an image. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0253]
[Chemical124]

[0254]
(Comparative Example 2)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the polycarbonate resin represented by the structural formula (23) was used instead of the polymethylmethacrylate resin represented by the structural formula (24) in Comparative Example 1. As a result, although the durability was slightly improved as compared with the case of the polymethyl methacrylate resin, it was not sufficient, and image defects after the durability also occurred. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0255]
(Comparative Example 3)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 except that 10 parts of the styryl compound represented by the structural formula (22) and 15 parts of the polycarbonate resin represented by the structural formula (23) were used in Comparative Example 2. As a result, although the durability was improved as compared with Comparative Example 2, the charge transporting ability was lowered due to the increase in the distance between the charge transporting materials, and the sensitivity was lowered and the residual potential was increased. As a result, ghosting was observed in the image. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0256]
(Comparative Example 4)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that 15 parts of the styryl compound represented by the structural formula (22) and 10 parts of the polycarbonate resin represented by the structural formula (23) were used in Comparative Example 2. As a result, the sensitivity increased and the residual potential decreased as compared with Comparative Example 2, and good photoconductor characteristics were obtained, but the film strength was significantly reduced due to the plastic effect of the charge transport material, and the durability was significantly reduced. did. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0257]
(Comparative Example 5)
The hole transporting compound No. 1 in Example 1. Instead of 6, the following structural formula (25) disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-216249Indicated byAn electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound was used. Results Initial electrophotographic properties were good, but durability was significantly reduced compared to Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0258]
[Chemical125]

[0259]
(Comparative Example 6)
After forming the charge generation layer in Example 1, P of JP-A-8-248649.10The following structural formula (26) synthesized according to the production method described in ~ 11.Indicated byA charge transport layer was formed on the charge generation layer using a paint for a charge transport layer prepared by dissolving 20 parts of a polycarbonate resin in 80 parts of tetrahydrofuran. The film thickness of the charge transport layer at this time was 15 μm. As a result of evaluating this electrophotographic photosensitive member in the same manner as in Example 1, although the mechanical strength was improved as compared with Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, sufficient durability could not be ensured. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0260]
[Chemical126]

[0261]
[Table 6]

[0262]
【Effect of the invention】
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has an excellent effect of abrasion resistance and scratch resistance. Further, the electrophotographic characteristics such as sensitivity and residual potential are very good, and stable performance can be exhibited even after repeated use. Further, the effect of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is naturally exhibited in the process cartridge and the electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and the high image quality is maintained for a long period of time.
[Simple explanation of drawings]
FIG. 1
It is a figure which shows the example of the schematic structure of the electrophotographic apparatus which has the process cartridge which has the electrophotographic photosensitive member of this invention.

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