HUP9801137A2 - Mechanikusan szilárdított nemszőtt kelme alaktartó sajtolt idomok előállításához - Google Patents

Mechanikusan szilárdított nemszőtt kelme alaktartó sajtolt idomok előállításához

Info

Publication number
HUP9801137A2
HUP9801137A2 HU9801137A HUP9801137A HUP9801137A2 HU P9801137 A2 HUP9801137 A2 HU P9801137A2 HU 9801137 A HU9801137 A HU 9801137A HU P9801137 A HUP9801137 A HU P9801137A HU P9801137 A2 HUP9801137 A2 HU P9801137A2
Authority
HU
Hungary
Prior art keywords
production
woven material
dimensionally stable
fiber
mechanically compacted
Prior art date
Application number
HU9801137A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Bernd Potzler
Wolfgang Riediger
Original Assignee
Lohmann Gmbh. Und Co. Kg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lohmann Gmbh. Und Co. Kg filed Critical Lohmann Gmbh. Und Co. Kg
Publication of HUP9801137A2 publication Critical patent/HUP9801137A2/hu

Links

Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4326Condensation or reaction polymers
    • D04H1/435Polyesters
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/006Pressing and sintering powders, granules or fibres
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D04H1/46Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D04H1/48Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D04H1/46Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D04H1/48Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
    • D04H1/485Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation in combination with weld-bonding
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D04H1/541Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
    • D04H1/5414Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres side-by-side
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D04H1/541Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
    • D04H1/5418Mixed fibres, e.g. at least two chemically different fibres or fibre blends
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D04H1/542Adhesive fibres
    • D04H1/55Polyesters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2023/00Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
    • B29K2023/04Polymers of ethylene
    • B29K2023/06PE, i.e. polyethylene
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/637Including strand or fiber material which is a monofilament composed of two or more polymeric materials in physically distinct relationship [e.g., sheath-core, side-by-side, islands-in-sea, fibrils-in-matrix, etc.] or composed of physical blend of chemically different polymeric materials or a physical blend of a polymeric material and a filler material
    • Y10T442/638Side-by-side multicomponent strand or fiber material
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/682Needled nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/684Containing at least two chemically different strand or fiber materials
    • Y10T442/688Containing polymeric strand or fiber material
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/69Autogenously bonded nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/692Containing at least two chemically different strand or fiber materials

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Multi-Layer Textile Fabrics (AREA)

Abstract

A nemszőtt kelme 40-75 tömeg% hőmőpőlimer, amőrf, 165-175 řCtartőmányban őlvadó ragasztószálat, és 10-40 tömeg% S/S típűsúbikőmpőnens szálat tartalmaz. A kelméből nyőmás és hő alkalmazásávalhajlékőny, alaktartó sajtőlt időmőt hőzűnk létre, amelynek élesszögleteinél, illetve nagymértékű alakítás esetén sem keletkeznekrepedések vagy szakadásők, és nem vékőnyődik el az anyag. Egy tővábbiCőPES szálkőmpőnens megkönnyíti a kasírőzást más szálakkal. ŕ
HU9801137A 1995-05-18 1996-05-10 Mechanikusan szilárdított nemszőtt kelme alaktartó sajtolt idomok előállításához HUP9801137A2 (hu)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19518285A DE19518285C2 (de) 1995-05-18 1995-05-18 Mechanisch verfestigter Vliesstoff zur Herstellung von formstabilen Formteilen

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
HUP9801137A2 true HUP9801137A2 (hu) 1998-08-28

Family

ID=7762266

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
HU9801137A HUP9801137A2 (hu) 1995-05-18 1996-05-10 Mechanikusan szilárdított nemszőtt kelme alaktartó sajtolt idomok előállításához

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US6133171A (hu)
EP (1) EP0828885B1 (hu)
JP (1) JP2000513769A (hu)
KR (1) KR19990014867A (hu)
AT (1) ATE181974T1 (hu)
AU (1) AU703516B2 (hu)
CA (1) CA2221358A1 (hu)
CZ (1) CZ350597A3 (hu)
DE (2) DE19518285C2 (hu)
DK (1) DK0828885T3 (hu)
ES (1) ES2136419T3 (hu)
GR (1) GR3031270T3 (hu)
HU (1) HUP9801137A2 (hu)
IL (1) IL118012A (hu)
WO (1) WO1996036755A1 (hu)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19708188C2 (de) * 1997-02-28 2001-05-10 Lohmann Gmbh & Co Kg Schallschutzmaterial
DE19812925A1 (de) * 1998-03-24 1999-09-30 Asota Gmbh Dreidimensionale, formstabile Formteile auf Basis von strukturierten Nadelvliesen
DE19832721A1 (de) * 1998-07-21 2000-01-27 Sandler C H Gmbh Schichtenweise zusammengesetzter Verbundwerkstoff zur Stabilisierung einer Kernkomponente von Formteilen
KR100729957B1 (ko) * 2006-03-23 2007-06-19 한국바이린주식회사 자동차용 부직포 내장재 및 그 제조방법
DE102006045069A1 (de) * 2006-09-21 2008-04-03 Sandler Ag Mehrlagiges Vliesverbundmaterial und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mehrlagigen Vliesverbundmaterials
CN105849327B (zh) 2013-12-27 2019-11-29 日本特殊涂料株式会社 毡、隔音材料以及隔音材料的制造方法

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4883707A (en) * 1988-04-21 1989-11-28 James River Corporation High loft nonwoven fabric
US5198057A (en) * 1988-12-23 1993-03-30 Fiberweb North America, Inc. Rebulkable nonwoven fabric
DE4021628A1 (de) * 1990-07-06 1992-01-16 Kiha Textilien Gmbh Faserstruktur und daraus erhaltenes formteil sowie verfahren zu dessen herstellung
DE9010276U1 (hu) * 1990-07-06 1990-09-27 Kiha-Textilien Gmbh, 8600 Bamberg, De
DE9013113U1 (hu) * 1990-09-15 1990-12-20 Polyvlies Franz Beyer Gmbh & Co. Kg., 4446 Hoerstel, De
US5293242A (en) * 1990-10-02 1994-03-08 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Short range object photographing device
US5307796A (en) * 1990-12-20 1994-05-03 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Methods of forming fibrous filtration face masks
JP2601751B2 (ja) * 1992-11-02 1997-04-16 鐘紡株式会社 超嵩高繊維集合体及びその製造方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU5817696A (en) 1996-11-29
EP0828885B1 (de) 1999-07-07
JP2000513769A (ja) 2000-10-17
EP0828885A1 (de) 1998-03-18
CA2221358A1 (en) 1996-11-21
AU703516B2 (en) 1999-03-25
DE59602402D1 (de) 1999-08-12
CZ350597A3 (cs) 1998-08-12
DE19518285C2 (de) 2000-06-21
IL118012A (en) 1999-04-11
DK0828885T3 (da) 2000-02-07
DE19518285A1 (de) 1996-11-21
IL118012A0 (en) 1996-08-04
GR3031270T3 (en) 1999-12-31
US6133171A (en) 2000-10-17
ES2136419T3 (es) 1999-11-16
KR19990014867A (ko) 1999-02-25
WO1996036755A1 (de) 1996-11-21
ATE181974T1 (de) 1999-07-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ES2187621T3 (es) Tejido de base para airbag, procedimiento de fabricacion y airbag.
MX9206302A (es) Material elastico compuesto incluyendo una tela fibrosa elastica anisotropica y proceso para la fabricacion del mismo.
AR017049A1 (es) Un compuesto que comprende un tejido tramado al azar, preenlazado, con un patron, sujeto a una pelicula; un articulo para la higiene personal que locontiene; proceso para fabricarlo y un sujetador obtenido.
DK1032342T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde og indretning til fremstilling af en cellulose-fibre bestående fiberstofbane til anvendelsen i hygiejneartikler
DE59904677D1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung eines flachbandes
ATE356262T1 (de) Gewebeauskleidung und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung
IT1259305B (it) Rullo decoratore per ottenere effetti chiaroscurali come da tamponatura
HUP9801137A2 (hu) Mechanikusan szilárdított nemszőtt kelme alaktartó sajtolt idomok előállításához
DK0897376T3 (da) Fiberlimningsmiddel med høj opløselighed
DE59106673D1 (de) Bandförmiges Halbzeug, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung und Verwendung.
ES2016535A6 (es) Instalacion de proyeccion a pistola de tinte o barnices sobre piezas irregulares.
FI75194B (fi) Textilstruktur med oeverdrag och dekor och foerfarande foer dess framstaellning.
DE59707081D1 (de) Thermoplastisch verformbarer verbundkörper
ATE528057T1 (de) Heisssiegelfähige filtermaterialien
ES2130330T3 (es) Cuerpo estratificado, procedimiento para su fabricacion y su utilizacion.
MX171188B (es) Un elemento absorbente mejorado y un articulo absorbente que incluye al elemento
FR2260260A7 (en) Adhesive dressing - with elastic flexible adhesive support capable of clinging to and adapting its shape to surface of skin
CN212864659U (zh) 一种无纺布透气胶带
DE69943059D1 (de) Atmungsfähige, elastische verbundwerkstoffe
ES457446A1 (es) Procedimientos para la obtencion de acabados de superficies perfeccionados.
EA200300555A1 (ru) Способ изготовления формованного изделия
CN202248645U (zh) 重复贴壁布
ES2016536A6 (es) Sistema aplicador, por derrame, de productos de alta viscosidad.
JPS6477526A (en) Item formed by stamping and manufacture thereof
JPS5443959A (en) Patterned plastic molded article and manufacture of the same