HU187704B - Method for improving water economics of soil - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for improving the water management of different soil types by mixing industrial waste materials, preferably natural and artificial plastics, with highly bonded and loose soils. Industrial waste materials are mechanically treated, chopped, cut, teared, milled. The materials thus shredded are first used as litter or as a litter supplement, whereby waste materials are saturated with organic fertilizer or impregnated with fertilizer solution. -1-

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for improving the water management of soils, improving the water uptake of bound soils, and delaying the process of damage to soils with high gravity porosity and loose structure.

Essentially, soil water management directly or indirectly determines soil air, heat and nutrient management, biological activity, cultivability, utilization and crop production potential. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired yields, we need to ensure the conditions necessary for a favorable water management of the soil.

For the plants, the wet state of the soil, that is, the extent to which soil moisture can be absorbed and mobilized, is a very important consideration.

The water management properties of soils, ie the amount, condition, shape and movement of the water in the soil, are very different and differ from very high water capacity, poor water retention soils, very poor water retention capacity, very strong water retention soils, for example, crustacean and medium meadow solonets may occur.

Falling rainwater, irrigation water, increase surface runoff, evaporation, surface runoff, and underground runoff reduce soil water supply. Soil moisture is the mechanical composition of soil. it is influenced by the structure of the soil, its compactness, its cracking, its pore relations, the structure of the soil profile and the chemical properties of the soil. Whether or not part of the rainfall is able to seep into deeper levels, or part of it in the form of surface runoff, is decisively influenced by the ability of the soils to absorb water, which is of major importance for water management.

Water management thus means how much soil the rainfall can provide to the plant. The moisture content of the soil is constantly changing. The excessively dried soil contains a large amount of adsorbed air in its fine pore structure, which absorbs water when exposed to moisture. The infiltrating water closes the capillaries, and the compressed and stretching effect of the enclosed air disintegrates the soil crumbs, leading to damage to the soil structure. Furthermore, poor soil aeration will impair biological processes. Microbiological activity adversely affects the activity of nitrifying, nitrogen-binding sulfur bacteria, which require aerobic conditions, while the activity of anaerobic bacteria decreases, while at the same time, the compounds produced by the anaerobic bacteria and certain elements influence the organic and mineral processes in the soil.

It is also harmful to have too much water in the pores of the soil as it displaces the air from the gaps in the soil. Good crop conditions can be achieved by maintaining a favorable water-to-air ratio, cultivating the soil, draining and improving the structure.

Due to soil defects, soil sealing, potting, excessive hardness, the water absorption capacity of the soil is inadequate, most of the precipitation runs off the surface, causing erosion in the slopes and deeper parts of the soil.

The water uptake of soils depends on the soil structure, as explained above. To improve the water uptake and, if necessary, retention capacity of soils, various soil improvement techniques are known.

For example, physical or mechanical soil remediation includes deep rotation, drainage or soil drainage, drainage, chemical soil remediation (for acidic soils such as liming, saline soils, gypsum spreading, subsoil spreading, lignite powder spreading, etc.) and biological soil remediation such as green sand repairs, as well as the effect of plants that develop strong root systems, improve soil structure. The cost per hectare of soil improvement, especially for chemical soil improvement, is very high and has a payback period of 1-6 years.

The solution disclosed in Hungarian Patent Publication No. H / 2471 is intended to improve the physical and chemical properties of soils by using waste sludges from the alkaline digestion of alumina-containing minerals. The disadvantage of this process is that it is only suitable for improving soils with a light structure.

According to Czechoslovak Patent No. 153,106, fly ash from industrial operations is used for soil improvement. This known method is only suitable for improving acidic soils.

Similarly, 159,516 provides a solution for lean soils only. A Hungarian patent, according to which humic acid is extracted from wastes of various origins by fermentation and the residual material is mixed with organic fertilizers and used for cultivation of acidic soils.

These known methods are very costly and are not suitable for improving different soil types with poor water management.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of soil improvement that allows the structure of various soil types to be improved by the addition of materials that render compacted soils suitable for water ingestion and favorably affect the drainage of loose soils. as well as air, heat and nutrient management and optimize the living conditions of organisms living on these soils and soils.

In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of utilizing soil improvers added to soil for livestock farming and thereby enhancing its soil structure improving effect.

The inventive idea is based on the recognition that it is no longer usable in industry, but due to its physical and chemical properties, waste materials suitable for soil improvement, including beneficial effects on soil water management, are to be applied to the soil after appropriate treatment.

The object is achieved by introducing into the soil tillage layer industrial waste materials which, if necessary, are mechanically treated before application - optionally as litter or as a supplement to litter and / or to fertilize the application with known fertilizer sprayers. , preferably in two fertilization rotations. The amount of waste discharged is determined depending on the groundwater movement.

Preferred industrial waste materials are materials of natural and / or artificial origin in the textile, paper or plastics industry, such as cellulose-based, regenerated cellulose-based, protein-based, and polymers, polycondensation and / or polyaddition.

Preferably, the surface of industrial waste materials is expanded prior to application. This is usually done by mechanical treatment, shredding, tearing and / or grinding.

Optionally, the industrial wastes are soaked with fertilizer solution prior to application.

Depending on the type of soil and the water supply, 3-6 tons of industrial melts are usually applied per hectare of soil.

The process of the present invention positively influences the structure of various types of soils and thus the water management, while also providing disposal of waste materials which have been costly and problematic to remove from the site and to be environmentally friendly.

It is very advantageous to use the waste materials used for soil improvement beforehand as litter or as a litter supplement, optionally cutting the waste materials with known shredder tearing machines, thereby making them more advantageous for use as litter.

Cutting these materials is not a major problem. In most livestock farms, the plant waste used for littering is also shredded. The comfort of the animals is positively influenced by litter mixed with waste and straw, they remain clean, the number of animals suffering from foot and udder disease is reduced, and fertilization can be facilitated or simplified due to the increased absorbency of waste materials and straw bedding.

Straw fertilizers applied to the soil do not produce pentosan effects due to the appropriate nitrogen content of litter material impregnated with organic fertilizers.

The process of the present invention is illustrated by the following example, based on the results of laboratory and plot experiments.

Example:

The experiments were carried out partly on hard soils with very low water absorption capacity and partly on high gravity pore sand, gravel and other loose soils.

In the case of hard soils, a significant part of the precipitation flowed to the surface;

Before the start of the experiments, we examined the water movement of the soils: water absorption and drainage. Following this, artificial polymerization wastes, imitation leather wastes, textile wastes and naturally occurring wastes, mainly of cellulosic origin, were prepared, i.e., cut, torn and ground.

The shredded waste was mixed with the litter and used according to the usual fertilization method.

Waste material accounted for 25-50% of the litter. The manure treated in this way was mixed with the soil in the usual fertilization rotation. The application rate was 4-5 t / ha.

Compared to the control plot, the productivity of the soil mixed with the treated waste was improved by 15-20%.

Laboratory results showed that the water absorption capacity of the soil could be increased 4 to 16 times.

For loose soils, the experiment was carried out by mixing natural or regenerated cellulose-based or protein-based cut textile derivatives into the soil. They were mainly cotton, wool, cotton waste, bast fiber waste, properly prepared: chopped, cut, minced.

These materials were first used as litter. These materials proved to be particularly hydroscopic and were able to absorb, store and retain significant amounts of moisture in the root zone. Thus, the drying process of the soil could be prolonged by 14-16 days, which is a significant time for bridging drought periods.

Hereinafter, the method of the invention will be exemplified for two soil types.

/. Loose, high gravity porous sand, sandy loam, loam soils

a) We used 10 t of copper, shelled cotton and other textile processing waste as stables and deep litter. Together with the dilute and solid faeces, a total of 50 t of high quality farmyard manure was obtained.

In another experiment, the efficiency of the commonly known litter material was increased by using conventional litter material in the first half of the jobs, while in the other half the fabric-based wastes, boron, staple powder, etc., which absorb moisture well. We put. At that time, 3050% of the total litter was replaced with waste material, so that a total of 10 to 12.5 t of straw was used as litter, and 501 of good quality farmyard manure was obtained.

b) We used cheap fonode oil waste, fonoda cellar powder and fiber waste for the sludge slurry.

Measurements and practical experience have shown which of the average pig farm slurry has approx. 18-20% solid phase textile waste: solid phase: dilute phase (1: 2: 7) resulted in a very high quality piece of fertilizer. In this case, to produce 50 t of manure, 45 t of slurry was applied with 5 t of textile waste, of which initially only about 15 t was the solid phase.

Liquid manure infiltration was done by pouring the manure layer by layer using hoses and tubes in layers of 20-50 cm in layers formed between embankments3 .187,704. When the approx. 9-10 times the suction was done, the manure was uniformly moistened, loaded with grab and transported.

50 t / ha of manure obtained as described above is applied to said soils and the desired effect is achieved.

2. For soil improvement fertilization of bound, low gravity pore soils:

(a) farmyard manure, debris and man-made fibers; from pure wool waste, tow and jute waste as described under 1 / a. In the case of slurry sludge, the fertilizer treatment operations were carried out as listed in 1 / b, except that because of the inferior absorbency of the synthetic materials and the lower moisture content, 6 t of textile waste was used for the same amount of fertilizer.

Non-fibrous cotton, wool and tow-jute materials are decomposed and humidified on organic bases, so that during their degradation they improve the structure of the soil and have a positive influence on the water management of clay soils.

As already mentioned, due to the fiber content of the waste and, consequently, its poorer absorbency, the proportion of textile waste increased and the applied manure was therefore 6 t / ha. On both soil types, the fertilizers treated and prepared according to the invention were sprinkled fresh immediately after fertilizer application and were quickly applied to the soil to prevent dehydration, but either alone or enriched with fertilizers, the resulting manure was matured. In this case, the deer were protected by land cover to prevent rapid degradation and biological burn. Repeated experiments and studies have shown that the introduction of textile wastes as barn fertilizers positively influenced the pore conditions and water management of soils.

It was found that in the case of loose soils we achieved a nearly double, but at least 25-30% increase in the yield of the soil compared to the control plot.

It has also been found that the wastes used in this manner can be impregnated not only with organic barn fertilizers but also with fertilizer solution, and therefore the waste material according to the invention may be used as a substitute for soil mineral matter. The processed wastes subsequently underwent a natural humification process, decomposed, enriched the soil's humus and nutrient content, and did not appear to be foreign to the soil.

The experiments described were, in fact, fertilization experiments in which the structure of the denser soil became more porous and the roots of the living plants more easily penetrated to deeper levels. In large pores of loosely structured soils, water did not accumulate and stagnant water 'O was not formed. Natural absorbent materials have partly replaced the pore size range in the soil, which positively influences the water management of these soils.

The process according to the invention has the advantage that it embodies a form of environmental protection which includes ways of improving the soil mechanically, chemically and biologically. It has a positive effect on animal husbandry, animal health, ',. fertilizer treatment, etc. Improves soil water management!

^It creates favorable conditions for micro and macro flora. They are lagging behind for soil improvement; high costs. By using this method, the yield is increased.

Synthetic wastes such as waste fibrous materials can also be used in the process of the invention.

Although these substances decompose, the introduction of water into the soil is significantly improved by increasing the stability of the capillaries.

Claims (2)

1. A method for improving soil water management, water uptake of knit species, and preventing the drying process of loosely structured soils with a high gravity pore size, characterized in that organic industrial wastes are deposited in the soil layers - where textile waste, 40 means materials of a papermaking, plastics or similar nature and / or origin which are mechanically crushed, torn and / or ground before application, optionally used as litter or bedding45 and / or supplemented with a fertilizer solution by a known fertilizer spreader. or in two fertilization rotations, and the amount of waste discharged is determined as a function of groundwater movement so as to avoid the generation of pan50. The method of claim 1, wherein the fertilizer mixture is stored in a deer and is preferably protected by a ground cover. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that 3-6 t / ha is applied to the soil from the manure consisting of waste or partially waste.