GB962459A - Binder compositions for non-woven fibrous products - Google Patents

Binder compositions for non-woven fibrous products

Info

Publication number
GB962459A
GB962459A GB946864A GB946864A GB962459A GB 962459 A GB962459 A GB 962459A GB 946864 A GB946864 A GB 946864A GB 946864 A GB946864 A GB 946864A GB 962459 A GB962459 A GB 962459A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
copolymer
beta
acrylate
methylolacrylamide
ethyl acrylate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
GB946864A
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rohm and Haas Co
Original Assignee
Rohm and Haas Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rohm and Haas Co filed Critical Rohm and Haas Co
Publication of GB962459A publication Critical patent/GB962459A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/21Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/285Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acid amides or imides
    • D06M15/29Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acid amides or imides containing a N-methylol group or an etherified N-methylol group; containing a N-aminomethylene group; containing a N-sulfidomethylene group
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F20/00Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F20/02Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
    • C08F20/52Amides or imides
    • C08F20/54Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
    • C08F20/58Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-acryloylmorpholine
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F20/00Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F20/62Monocarboxylic acids having ten or more carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10Esters
    • C08F220/12Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/58Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
    • D04H1/587Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives characterised by the bonding agents used
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/58Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
    • D04H1/64Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31725Of polyamide
    • Y10T428/31779Next to cellulosic
    • Y10T428/31783Paper or wood
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/20Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
    • Y10T442/2352Coating or impregnation functions to soften the feel of or improve the "hand" of the fabric
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/20Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
    • Y10T442/2369Coating or impregnation improves elasticity, bendability, resiliency, flexibility, or shape retention of the fabric
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/20Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
    • Y10T442/2549Coating or impregnation is chemically inert or of stated nonreactance
    • Y10T442/2566Organic solvent resistant [e.g., dry cleaning fluid, etc.]
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/20Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
    • Y10T442/259Coating or impregnation provides protection from radiation [e.g., U.V., visible light, I.R., micscheme-change-itemave, high energy particle, etc.] or heat retention thru radiation absorption

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)

Abstract

962,459. Aqueous dispersions of copolymers. ROHM & HAAS CO. July 27, 1960 [July 27, 1959], No. 9468/64. Divided out of 962,458. Headings C3B and C3P. A composition for binding together the fibres in non-woven textiles comprises an aqueous dispersion of a water-insoluble emulsion copolymer havinga Ti value not over 20‹C. and formed from monomers comprising (A) 0.5 to 50% of N-methylolacrylamide and/or N-methylolmethacrylamide, (B) 0 to 25 % of one or more monomers co-reactive with the N-methylol groups of (A), and (C) more than 50% of at least one C 1 -C 4 alkyl acrylate or methacrylate. Monomers (B) specified are acrylic and methacrylic acids and their beta-hydroxyethyl, betahydroxypropyl and ureidoethyl esters, acrylamide and methacrylamide and their N-betahydroxyethyl and N-beta-hydroxypropyl derivatives, beta-aminoethyl acrylate, beta-(N-t-butylamino) ethyl methacrylate, beta-hydroxyethyl, beta-hydroxypropyl and ureidoethyl vinyl ether or vinyl sulphide, itaconic acid and N-(beta- (alpha-methacryloxyacetamido) ethyl)-N, N<SP>1</SP>- ethyleneurea. Other monomers may be present, e.g. acrylonitrile, styrene, vinyl toluene vinyl acetate and C 5 -C 18 alkyl acrylates and methacrylates. Also present in the compositions may be polyepoxides or aminoplast condensates, e.g. condensates of formaldehyde with urea and melamine and derivatives thereof. After application the compositions are dried and cured by heating to 210‹ to 750‹F. Curing may be accelerated by the use of an acid catalyst. The examples describe aqueous dispersions containing: (1) a copolymer of acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, and ethyl acrylate; (2) a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and N-methylolmethacrylamide; (3) a copolymer of acrylamide, N- methylolacrylamide and ethyl acrylate; (4) a copolymer of methacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide and ethyl acrylate; (5) a copolymer of N-methylolacrylamide, beta-hydroxyethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate; (6) a copolymer of N-methylolacrylamide, beta-aminoethyl vinyl ether, methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate; (7) a copolymer of N-methylolacrylamide, methacrylic acid, vinyl acetate and ethyl acrylate adjusted to pH9 with ammonia; (7) a copolymer as in (3) and containing also dimethylol-N, N<SP>1</SP>-ethyleneurea, dimethoxymethyl urea, trimethoxymethyldimethylolmelamine or a polyepoxide of the formula: and (9) a copolymer of N-methylolacrylamide, itaconic acid, ethyl acrylate and acrylonitrile. Specifications 945,060 and 956,799 are referred to.
GB946864A 1959-07-27 1960-07-27 Binder compositions for non-woven fibrous products Expired GB962459A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US82949259 US3157562A (en) 1959-07-27 1959-07-27 Bonded non-woven fibrous products and methods of making them

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB962459A true GB962459A (en) 1964-07-01

Family

ID=25254682

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB2598860A Expired GB962458A (en) 1959-07-27 1960-07-26 Bonded non-woven fibrous products and methods of making them
GB946864A Expired GB962459A (en) 1959-07-27 1960-07-27 Binder compositions for non-woven fibrous products

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB2598860A Expired GB962458A (en) 1959-07-27 1960-07-26 Bonded non-woven fibrous products and methods of making them

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US3157562A (en)
DE (1) DE1281387B (en)
FR (1) FR1269827A (en)
GB (2) GB962458A (en)
NL (1) NL254197A (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4312914A (en) * 1976-10-06 1982-01-26 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Process for coating porous webs
GB2124607A (en) * 1982-07-16 1984-02-22 Katayama Chemical Works Co Scale-inhibiting agent

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US3340031A (en) * 1959-03-31 1967-09-05 Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co Seal for and method of packing joints in a glass furnace
GB1054682A (en) * 1963-04-13 1900-01-01
CH465546A (en) * 1964-12-10 1969-01-15 Du Pont Upholstery textile material and method of making such material
US3407092A (en) * 1965-04-06 1968-10-22 Du Pont Coated tire cord yarn
US3442731A (en) * 1965-09-27 1969-05-06 Goodrich Co B F Method of releasably adhering sponge backed carpet to floor surfaces and adhesive used therefor
US3459698A (en) * 1966-01-10 1969-08-05 Gulf Oil Corp Ethylene - n - methylol acrylamideacrylic ester terpolymers as bonding agents for nonwoven fabrics
US3539434A (en) * 1967-12-27 1970-11-10 Goodrich Co B F Nonwoven compositions having improved aging properties
US3949764A (en) * 1968-04-15 1976-04-13 Fabalon, Inc. Treatment of natural and synthetic hair with a heat-settable composition
US3568685A (en) * 1968-04-15 1971-03-09 Howard L Scott Treating human, animal and synthetic hair with a water-proofing composition
US4059665A (en) * 1970-05-11 1977-11-22 Rohm And Haas Company Bonded non-woven fabric and method for making it
US4115549A (en) * 1970-11-03 1978-09-19 Widner College Coating the hair with a heat-settable composition
US3940537A (en) * 1973-07-12 1976-02-24 Ici United States Inc. Fibrous mats
DE2357068C2 (en) * 1973-11-15 1987-09-10 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Process for the production of nonwovens that are resistant to cleaning
US4188446A (en) * 1977-05-04 1980-02-12 Johnson & Johnson Paper having improved strength
US4279959A (en) * 1977-11-03 1981-07-21 Rohm And Haas Company Water-insoluble copolymers containing amide-polyaldehyde thermosettable system
DE2749386A1 (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-05-10 Roehm Gmbh DISPERSIONS OF HYDROPHILIC ACRYLIC RESINS
US4356229A (en) * 1978-12-04 1982-10-26 Rohm And Haas Company Bonded nonwoven fabrics suitable for diaper coverstock
CA1132856A (en) * 1978-12-04 1982-10-05 Jerome F. Levy Non-woven fabrics
US4258098A (en) * 1979-06-06 1981-03-24 Gaf Corporation Glass fiber mat with improved binder
US4524093A (en) * 1984-04-30 1985-06-18 The B. F. Goodrich Company Fabric coating composition with low formaldehyde evolution
DE3687823T2 (en) * 1985-11-18 1993-09-30 Tomio Nakazawa Process for the continuous production of highly water-absorbent, non-woven complexes.
US4892533A (en) * 1986-02-26 1990-01-09 Arco Chemical Technology, Inc. Ultrahigh water-absorbing fiber-forming composition
US4813945A (en) * 1986-02-26 1989-03-21 Arco Chemical Technology, Inc. Ultrahigh water-absorbing fiber forming composition
US4929495A (en) * 1986-10-20 1990-05-29 The B.F. Goodrich Company Nonwoven fabric coated with carboxylated acrylate polymers, and process for making the nonwoven fabric
CA1332901C (en) * 1986-10-20 1994-11-08 Vic Stanislawczyk Nonwoven fabric with an acrylate interpolymer binder and a process of making the nonwoven fabric
EP0302588A3 (en) * 1987-07-31 1990-02-28 Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. Formaldehyde-free binder for nonwoven fabrics
US4957806A (en) * 1987-10-16 1990-09-18 National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Heat resistant acrylic binders for nonwovens
CA1339475C (en) * 1988-07-05 1997-09-23 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Chemical treatment for fibers and reinforcement for polymer matrices resulting in good solvent resistance
AT410669B (en) * 2001-10-11 2003-06-25 Bcd Rohstoffe F Bauchemie Hand Spray-dried powder useful in coating mixes comprises an emulsion-polymerized vinyl acetate/styrene/acrylate copolymer with etherified N-methylol groups coated with carboxylated and/or sulfonated soya protein
CN110003382B (en) * 2019-04-18 2021-03-12 湖南高瑞电源材料有限公司 Special aqueous solution type adhesive for lithium battery ceramic diaphragm and preparation method and application thereof

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US2762719A (en) * 1949-08-03 1956-09-11 Bayer Ag Textile printing pastes and method of applying
US2680110A (en) * 1952-04-17 1954-06-01 American Cyanamid Co Copolymers of nu-methylol acrylamide
US2748029A (en) * 1953-04-27 1956-05-29 Eastman Kodak Co Tub sizing of paper
US2961364A (en) * 1954-12-09 1960-11-22 Rohm & Haas Method of making bonded fibrous products
DE1054958B (en) * 1955-10-04 1959-04-16 Bayer Ag Process for the production of flat structures and laminates
DE1011850B (en) * 1956-01-07 1957-07-11 Bayer Ag Process for printing, padding or impregnating textiles or other fiber substrates
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4312914A (en) * 1976-10-06 1982-01-26 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Process for coating porous webs
GB2124607A (en) * 1982-07-16 1984-02-22 Katayama Chemical Works Co Scale-inhibiting agent

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB962458A (en) 1964-07-01
US3157562A (en) 1964-11-17
FR1269827A (en) 1961-08-18
NL254197A (en) 1964-03-25
DE1281387B (en) 1968-10-31

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