GB2500665A - Refrigerator Food Spoilage Inhibitor Utilising an Ozone Generating Device - Google Patents

Refrigerator Food Spoilage Inhibitor Utilising an Ozone Generating Device Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2500665A
GB2500665A GB201205536A GB201205536A GB2500665A GB 2500665 A GB2500665 A GB 2500665A GB 201205536 A GB201205536 A GB 201205536A GB 201205536 A GB201205536 A GB 201205536A GB 2500665 A GB2500665 A GB 2500665A
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Prior art keywords
ozone
refrigerator
generating device
ozone generating
domestic
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GB201205536A
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GB2500665B (en
GB201205536D0 (en
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Peter Holmes
Kenneth Smith
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B13/00Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
    • C01B13/10Preparation of ozone
    • C01B13/11Preparation of ozone by electric discharge
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25DREFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D17/00Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces
    • F25D17/04Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces for circulating air, e.g. by convection
    • F25D17/042Air treating means within refrigerated spaces
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25DREFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D2317/00Details or arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Details or arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces, not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F25D2317/04Treating air flowing to refrigeration compartments
    • F25D2317/041Treating air flowing to refrigeration compartments by purification
    • F25D2317/0416Treating air flowing to refrigeration compartments by purification using an ozone generator

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cold Air Circulating Systems And Constructional Details In Refrigerators (AREA)
  • Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)

Abstract

A refrigerator with storage compartments has an integrated food spoilage inhibitor utilising an ozone generating device 14. The device has an electronic unit housed within a rigid polymer casing, and is fitted with a discharge needle assembly and a grid, which when supplied with electrical power, generates and passes both anions and ozone, at predetermined controlled levels, into the atmosphere of the storage compartment. The device is microprocessor controlled, and the device may include a power supply 11, a microcontroller 15, a voltage stabiliser 12, a power generation stage 13 and timing components 16, 17. In use, the ozone generated by the device destroys food spoilage agents, such as ethylene and pathogenic microbial agents, usually present as either airborne or surface contaminants, and thus extends the storage life of perishable foodstuffs.

Description

FOOD SPOILAGE INHIBITOR (FSI Unit)
Introduction to the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
2. The present invention relates to a device, controlled by an electronic circuit design, for the generation of both ozone and anions, to be deployed, as a fully integrated component, within domestic and catering refrigerators, cooling cabinets and related, temperature controlled equipment.
3. The device has been designed for a fully integrated deployment within both domestic and catering refrigerators and cooling cabinets, to provide the controlled release of ozone and anions into the storage chamber, which will allow the destruction of food spoilage agents, both chemical and microbial, in the enclosed atmosphere, as well as the inhibition of microbial spoilage by organisms present on the exposed surfaces of the stored foodstuffs themselves, thereby extending the storage life of these perishable materials.
4. Description of the Related Art
5. In the nations of the developed world and in those emerging from the developing world, where the usage of domestic refrigeration is either wide spread or rapidly growing, there is concern over the levels of food waste that this form of storage generates.
6. The main cause is over-purchasing and poor stock-rotation by the consumer, but it is believed that this situation can be ameliorated by extending the storage life of the stored food.
7. One of the causes of reduced storage life relates specifically to fresh produce and the build up, within the storage atmosphere, of ethylene, a naturally occurring plant hormone, produced as a gas by climacteric fruit and vegetables.
8. Ethylene, even at extremely low concentrations, is not only a problem in the undesired acceleration of ripening and senescence in climacteric produce itsell, but it can also significantly reduce shelf life in non-climacteric produce by promoting oxidative discolouration due to polyphenol oxidase activity.
9. Another cause of reduced storage life is microbial spoilage, which, notwithstanding the low temperature regime, is able to spread to compatible food types due to spore build up within the storage compartment atmosphere and subsequent dispersal, either by convection currents or air disturbance due to intermittent door openings and closures.
10. Much of the food stored in refrigerators and cooling cabinets is, however, pre-packaged, which generally protects it from both ethylene and microbial contact.
11. In addition, pre-packaging can be designed to retain, or create a pre-determined atmosphere, in which the product is then enclosed, largely protecting it from the atmosphere within the refrigerator storage compartment.
12. Such packaging can have barrier, or gas transmission characteristics, the latter often enhanced by laser micro-perforation.
13. With micro-perforated packaging, and certainly with macro-perforation, however, ethylene and, to a lesser extent, microbial agents, can travel in both directions, diffusing along prevailing concentration gradients.
14. Pre-packaged foods once opened, however, largely lose this physical protection and is as vulnerable to ethylene, or microbial spoilage as unpackaged or kitchen prepared foods.
15. Ozone is a powerful oxidising agent and is thus extremely effective, even when it is at comparatively low levels, in disabling ethylene and minimizing its presence within the storage compartment atmosphere of a refrigerator, or cooling cabinet,.
16. Ozone is also capable of disabling ethylene within laser, or macro-perforated food packaging, held in the storage compartment of a refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, 17. Ozone, in addition to the above reactions, is also capable of the oxidative disabling of any other gaseous spoilage chemicals within the storage compartment atmosphere of a refrigerator, or cooling cabinet.
18. Ozone, in addition to the above reactions, is also capable of the oxidative disabling and neutralising of any off-odours within the storage compartment atmosphere of the refrigerator, or chilled cabinet, 19. Ozone, even at levels of 0.01 ppm in the storage compartment atmosphere of a refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, is also capable of destroying both airborne and surface contaminating, microbial spoilage agents.
20. Ozone, in addition to the above, even at levels of 0.01 ppm in the storage compartment atmosphere of a refrigerator, or chilled cabinet, is also capable of destroying both airborne and surface contaminating microbial pathogenic agents.
21. The device, in use is employed as an integral component of a refrigerator or chilled cabinet, with a mains-driven, low voltage supply, 22. The device, in use, generates ozone into the storage compartment of a refrigerator, or a cooling cabinet, at levels, which will both disable ethylene and destroy microbial spoilage agents within the atmosphere contained.
23. The structure of the of the device is illustrated in Figure 1., and shows the general outline of the enclosure of the present invention, within which the electronic unit is housed, wherein the unit (2) is fitted with discharge needles and a grid with openings (1) through which the ozone and anions pass.
24.The discharge needles and a grid assembly is designed to be positioned independently of the electronic unit in order to allow it be fitted, in any predetermined position, within the lining material of the storage compartments of domestic and commercial refrigerators and cooling cabinets.
25. In practice, the lining material above will be moulded or fabricated, with a suitably shaped, recessed penetration, designed to receive the discharge needle and grid assembly and allow the latter to be fitted and secured within a water and gas tight seal.
26. The discharge needle and grid assembly will be positioned so as to allow of the ozone and anions generated unimpeded passage into the chamber of the refrigerator or chilled cabinet concerned.
27.The discharge needle and grid assembly is designed so that the discharge needles are adequately protected from inadvertent contact with the contents of the refrigerator or chilled cabinet concerned.
28. In the device, the unit (2) is equipped with an ozone output indicator (4).
29.ln the device, the external power supply (11), typically a mains supply of 100 to 240 Volts AC, at 50 or 60.1*, is connected to a voltage stabiliser (12) in order to supply a power generation stage (13), which generates typically 3.4kVolts at 10 khz in order to supply the ozone/anion generator (14).
A battery holder (10)is provided as an alternative internal power supply.
30. The voltage stabiliser (12) above, is managed by a micro-controller (15), a timer (16) and a timerlbooster (17) in order to control and maintain the ozone/anion flow to meet the requirements of the storage compartment atmosphere of the refrigerator, or chilled cabinet being thus supplied.
31. In the device, circuit enhancements have been added to compensate for temperature variations and, where necessary, humidity variations within the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, in order to maintain a constant, effective ethylene disabling and microbially destructive output level of ozone.
32. In the device, compensation requirements, in terms of the ozone output levels, for the temperature and humidity variations within the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, are automatically identified and initiated by the circuit design.
33. In the device, compensation requirements, in terms of the ozone output levels, for variations in the ozone content of the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, due to door openings and closures, are identified and initiated by the circuit design.
34.The device, an integral component of a domestic, or catering, refrigerator or cooling cabinet, with a mains-driven low voltage supply, has been designed to be of a scale that allows it to be easily accommodated within panelling or other structures outside the storage compartment.
35. In the device, the output cycling and levels are processor controlled and are optimised to suit the volume of the storage chamber of the particular refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, in which the unit is installed.
36. In the device, the output cycling and levels are processor controlled to ensure that the presence of ozone within the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, at levels significantly below the maximum exposure levels required by the UK Health and Safety Executive.
37. In the device, as safety feature, the ozoneIanion generator has been designed so that the corona discharge from the needles and grid is both extremely low and cool', in that the temperature produced is very substantially lower than the 135°C required to ignite an accidental leakage of the refrigerant gas, commonly Isobutene R600a, into the atmosphere within the storage compartment of a refrigerator, or cooling cabinet.
38. Summary of the Invention
39. The device in this invention is fully integrated, at manufacture, into the structure of a domestic refrigerator, catering refrigerator or a cooling cabinet and comprises a microprocessor controlled, electronic unit, housed within a rigid polymer casing and fined with a discharge needle assembly and grid, which, when supplied with electrical power, generates and passes both anions and ozone, into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of said domestic, or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet at levels, which are automatically controlled to be effective in both oxidatively disabling ethylene and odour molecules as well as destroying both airborne and surface contaminating spoilage and pathogenic microbial organisms.
40. The device in this invention, in use, is an integral component of a domestic, or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet, 41.The device in this invention is designed to be of a scale so as to allow itto readily integrated, at the time of manufacture, into a domestic or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet.
42. The device in this invention comprises a microprocessor controlled, electronic unit, housed within a rigid polymer casing and fitted with a discharge needle assembly and grid, which, when supplied with electrical power, generates and passes both anions and ozone into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of said domestic, or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet.
43. In another aspect of this invention the discharge needles and a grid assembly is designed to be positioned independently of the electronic unit in order to allow the former be fitted, at any predetermined position, within the lining material of the storage compartments of domestic and commercial refrigerators and cooling cabinets.
44. In another aspect of this invention the discharge needles and a grid assembly is designed to fitted within the lining, material, referred to above, which will have been moulded or fabricated, with a suitably shaped, recessed penetration, in order to receive the discharge needle and grid assembly and allow the latter to be secured with a water and gas tight seal.
In the device, he discharge needle and grid assembly will be positioned within the lining material, referred to above, so as to allow of the ozone and anions generated unimpeded passage into the of the storage compartments of domestic and commercial refrigerators and cooling cabinets.
46. In the device, the discharge needle and grid assembly is designed so that the discharge needles are adequately protected from inadvertent contact with the contents of the refrigerator or chilled cabinet concerned.
47.The device in this invention, where the electronic unit has an external power supply, which is typically a mains supply of 100 to 240 Volts AC and at 50 or 60.l-lz, is connected to a voltage stabiliser in order to supply a power generation stage, which generates typically 3.4kVolts at 10 khz to supply, in turn, the ozone/anion generator.
48.The device in this invention has a voltage stabiliser managed by a micro-controller, a timer and a timer/booster, to control and maintain the ozone/anion flow.
49. The device in this invention, in use, generates ozone into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of a domestic or catering refrigerator or a cooling cabinet, at levels, which will both oxidatively disable ethylene and odour compound molecules as well as destroy both airborne and surface contaminating spoilage and pathogenic, microbial organisms.
50.The device in this invention, in use, generates ozone into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of a refrigerator, or a cooling cabinet, at levels, which are also capable of the oxidative disabling of any other gaseous spoilage chemicals within that atmosphere.
51. In the device in this invention, in order to maintain a constant, effective ethylene disabling and microbially destructive output level of ozone, circuit enhancements have been added to compensate for temperature variations and, where necessary, humidity variations within the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet.
52. In the device in this invention, compensation requirements, in terms of the ozone output levels, for the temperature and humidity variations within the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, are automatically identified and appropriately responded to by the circuit design.
53. In the device in this invention, compensation requirements, in terms of the ozone output levels, for variations in the ozone content of the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, due to door openings and closures, are automatically identified and appropriately responded to by the circuit design.
54.The device in this invention has a visual ozone output indicator fitted integrally to the electronic unit.
55. In the device in this invention, the output cycling and levels are processor controlled and are optimised to suit the volume of the storage chamber of the particular refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, in which the device is installed.
56. In the device in the invention, the output cycling and levels are processor controlled to ensure that the presence of ozone within the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, at levels significantly below the maximum personal exposure levels permitted by the UK Health and Safety Executive.
57. In the device, as a safety feature, the ozone/anion generator is designed so that the corona discharge from the needles and grid is both extremely low and cool', in that the temperature produced is very substantially lower than the 135°C required to ignite an accidental leakage of the refrigerant gas, Commonly lsobutene R600a, into the atmosphere within the storage compartment of a domestic or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet.

Claims (23)

  1. CLAIMS1. A device, fully integrated at manufacture into the structure of a domestic refrigerator, catering refrigerator or a cooling cabinet, comprising a microprocessor controlled, electronic unit, housed within a rigid polymer casing and fitted with a discharge needle assembly and grid, which, when supplied with electrical power, generates and passes both anions and ozone, into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of said domestic, or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet at levels, which are automatically controlled to be effective in both oxidatively disabling ethylene and odour molecules as well as destroying both airborne and surface contaminating spoilage and pathogenic microbial organisms.
  2. 2. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein it is an integral component of a domestic, or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet.
  3. 3. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein it is designed to be of scale so as to allow it to be readily integrated, at the time of manufacture, into the panelling or other structures surrounding the storage compartment of a domestic or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet.
  4. 4. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a microprocessor controlled, electronic unit, housed within a rigid polymer casing and fitted with a discharge needle assembly and grid, which, when supplied with electrical power, generates and passes both ozone and anions into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of said domestic, or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet.
  5. 5. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the discharge needles and a grid assembly is designed to be positioned independently of the electronic unit in order to allow the former be fitted, at any predetermined position, within the lining material of the storage compartments of domestic and commercial refrigerators and cooling cabinets.
  6. 6. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the discharge needles and a grid assembly is designed to fitted within the lining, material, referred to above, which will have been moulded or fabricated, with a suitably shaped, recessed penetration, in order to receive the discharge needle and grid assembly and allow the latter to be secured with a water and gas tight seal.
  7. 7. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein he discharge needle and grid assembly will be positioned within the lining material, referred to above, so as to allow of the ozone and anions generated unimpeded passage into the storage compartments of domestic and commercial refrigerators and cooling cabinets.
  8. 8. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the discharge needle and grid assembly is designed so that the discharge needles are adequately protected from inadvertent contact with the contents of the domestic and commercial refrigerators and cooling cabinets.
  9. 9. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the electronic unit has an external power supply, which is typically a mains supply of 100 to 240 Volts AC and at 50 or 60.Hz, is connected to a voltage stabiliser in order to supply a power generation stage, which generates typically 3.4kVolts at 10 kHz to supply, in turn, the ozone/anion generator.
  10. 10. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein it has a voltage stabiliser managed by a micro-controller, a timer and a timer/booster, to control and maintain the ozone/anion flow.
  11. 11. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein it generates ozone and anions into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of a domestic or catering refrigerator or a cooling cabinet, at levels, which wilt both oxidatively disable ethylene and odour compound molecules.
  12. 12.The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein it generates ozone and anions into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of a domestic or catering refrigerator or a cooling cabinet, at levels, which are capable of the oxidative disabling of any other gaseous spoilage chemicals within that atmosphere.
  13. 13. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein it generates ozone and anions into the atmosphere of the storage compartment of a domestic or catering refrigerator or a cooling cabinet, at levels, which will destroy both airborne and surface contaminating spoilage and pathogenic, microbial organisms.
  14. 14.The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein, in order to maintain a constant, effective ethylene disabling and microbially destructive output level of ozone and anions, circuit enhancements have been added to compensate for temperature variations and, where necessary, humidity variations within the storage chamber of a domestic or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet.
  15. 15. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein compensation requirements, in terms of the ozone output levels, for the temperature and humidity variations within the atmosphere of the storage chamber of a domestic or commercial refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, are automatically identified and appropriately responded to by the circuit design.
  16. 16.The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein compensation requirements, in terms of the ozone output levels, for variations in the ozone content of the atmosphere of the storage chamber of a domestic or commercial refrigerator or cooling cabinet, due to door openings and closures, are identified and appropriately responded to by the circuit design.
  17. 17.The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the device in this invention has a visual ozone output indicator filled integrally to the electronic unit.
  18. 18. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the output cycling and levels are processor controlled and are optimised to suit the volume of the storage chamber of the particular domestic or catering refrigerator or cooling cabinet, in which the device is integrally installed.
  19. 19. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein compensation requirements, in terms of the optimum ozone output levels, for the temperature and humidity variations within the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, are automatically identified and initiated by the circuit design.
  20. 20. The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein compensation requirements, in terms of the ozone output levels, for variations in the ozone content of the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, due to door openings and closures, are automatically identified and initiated by the circuit design.
  21. 21.The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the output cycling and levels of ozone are processor controlled and are optimised to suit the volume, or changes in volume, of the storage chamber of the particular refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, in which the device is installed.
  22. 22.The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the output cycling and levels of ozone are processor controlled to ensure that the presence of ozone within the atmosphere of the storage chamber of the refrigerator, or cooling cabinet, are at levels significantly below the UK Health and Safety Executive safety criteria.
  23. 23.The ozone generating device according to claim 1, wherein the ozone/anion generator is designed so that the corona discharge from the needles and grid is both extremely low and cool', in that the temperature produced is very substantially lower than the 135°C required to ignite an accidental leakage of the refrigerant gas, isobutene R600a, into the atmosphere within the storage compartment of a refrigerator, or cooling cabinet.
GB1205536.4A 2012-03-29 2012-03-29 Food spoilage inhibitor Expired - Fee Related GB2500665B (en)

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GB2500665B GB2500665B (en) 2016-03-23

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016079695A1 (en) * 2014-11-20 2016-05-26 Patiño Brenes Marta Patricia Device for refrigerator and freezer ozonation

Citations (8)

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US5946919A (en) * 1997-05-02 1999-09-07 Sharper Image Corp. Food conservator system
US20060130498A1 (en) * 2004-12-20 2006-06-22 General Electric Company System and method for preserving food
GB2459595A (en) * 2007-04-26 2009-11-04 Panasonic Corp Refrigerator, and electric device
WO2010004724A1 (en) * 2008-07-08 2010-01-14 パナソニック株式会社 Food storage device and refrigerator
WO2010023822A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2010-03-04 パナソニック株式会社 Food storage container
US20100223944A1 (en) * 2007-10-09 2010-09-09 Panasonic Corporation Refrigerator
US20100236269A1 (en) * 2007-11-06 2010-09-23 Panasonic Corporation Refrigerator
WO2011121892A1 (en) * 2010-03-29 2011-10-06 パナソニック株式会社 Refrigerator and electrostatic atomization device

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5946919A (en) * 1997-05-02 1999-09-07 Sharper Image Corp. Food conservator system
US20060130498A1 (en) * 2004-12-20 2006-06-22 General Electric Company System and method for preserving food
GB2459595A (en) * 2007-04-26 2009-11-04 Panasonic Corp Refrigerator, and electric device
GB2460973A (en) * 2007-04-26 2009-12-23 Panasonic Corp Humidity Control Within a Refrigerator by Condensing and Atomizing Storage Compartment Moisture
US20100223944A1 (en) * 2007-10-09 2010-09-09 Panasonic Corporation Refrigerator
US20100236269A1 (en) * 2007-11-06 2010-09-23 Panasonic Corporation Refrigerator
WO2010004724A1 (en) * 2008-07-08 2010-01-14 パナソニック株式会社 Food storage device and refrigerator
WO2010023822A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2010-03-04 パナソニック株式会社 Food storage container
WO2011121892A1 (en) * 2010-03-29 2011-10-06 パナソニック株式会社 Refrigerator and electrostatic atomization device

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016079695A1 (en) * 2014-11-20 2016-05-26 Patiño Brenes Marta Patricia Device for refrigerator and freezer ozonation

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GB2500665B (en) 2016-03-23
GB201205536D0 (en) 2012-05-09

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