GB2271562A - Binding agent for ceramic materials - Google Patents
Binding agent for ceramic materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2271562A GB2271562A GB9320055A GB9320055A GB2271562A GB 2271562 A GB2271562 A GB 2271562A GB 9320055 A GB9320055 A GB 9320055A GB 9320055 A GB9320055 A GB 9320055A GB 2271562 A GB2271562 A GB 2271562A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- binding agent
- agent according
- grain
- ceramic material
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 67
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 31
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008394 flocculating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011214 refractory ceramic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
- C04B35/6303—Inorganic additives
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
Description
2271562 BINDING AGENT FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS is The invention relates to a
binding agent for ceramic materials based on refractory oxides.
Various types of binding agents are known for preparing refractory ceramic materials. Sulphates, phosphates, cements, water glass, clays and/or substances containing carbon, for example, are included here. In the case mentioned last usually a "carbon bond" is aimed at; a "carbon framework structure" which forms during the pyro-process is also mentioned in some cases.
The remaining cases relate to more or less temporary binding agents, the use of which causes, amongst other things, the following problems:
Under the effect of temperature the binding agents vaporize sooner or later so that a corresponding porosity forms in the structure of the material or of the moulded part produced therefrom, which is often undesirable. An increased porosity also usually results in a reduced infiltration-resisting property and corrosion-resisting property.
The other problem is found in that the known binding agents often reduce the refractory quality of the associated material (of the moulded part) in an undesirable manner.
The underlying object of the invention in this respect is to provide a binding agent for ceramic materials based on refractory oxides, which agent, after adding to a ceramic material and possibly also after producing moulded parts, guarantees good green bonding and resistance to heat in the products. Also the further above-mentioned properties, which are specific to use, such as the infiltration-resisting property, the corrosion-resisting property etc., should be maintained as far as possible or even improved.
In achieving this obj ect one proceeds from the following consideration: conventional refractory ceramic materials, such as used in technology, consist of a granular matrix which has a largely continuous particlesize distribution curve. "Largely continuous" signifies that no larger granulation gaps exist. In terms of production technology the result is however that, proceeding from the maximum grain, no continuous particlesize distribution curve as far as "zero" is produced, rather the particlesize distribution characteristic curve terminates at a distance from the 11zero value", usually approximately 10 to 30 pm. This means that typically 96 to 98% by weight of the ceramic material lies within the above-mentioned grain upper and lower limits, whilst the remainder consists partially of impurities and partially of a random oversize and undersize.
Using this as a premise the invention proceeds from the further consideration that the binding agent should, in its granular composition, join the particle-size distribution curve of the ceramic material, in order to continue this in a continuous manner "downwards", if possible as far as "zeroft. In this case the binding agent can and should also be structured on the basis of refractory oxides so that during baking a purely ceramic bond is produced and annealing out of the thermally volatile components is prevented.
- The binding agent part, which, for example, lies between 2 and 15% by weight relative to the total material, can be produced in completely different methods in order to obtain the desired fine grain fractions.
The refractory oxides of the binding agent can, in this connection, be obtained as a re-oxidised product of vaporization with reducing meltingdown of the aluminium, chromium or magnesium carriers in electric arc furnaces.
Accordingly the invention relates to a binding agent for ceramic materials based on refractory oxides, wherein the granular structure of the material f ollows a largely continuous particle-size distribution curve, with the following features:
- the binding agent consists of at least one refractory oxide, - the binding agent has a particle-size distribution curve which joins the fine grain end of the particle-size distribution curve of the ceramic material in a substantially continuous manner and, as a result, together with the ceramic material, at least 98% by weight covers a grain spectrum of between zero and the maximum grain size of the ceramic material.
In the ideal case a continuous particle-size distribution curve from "zero" up to the maximum grain size is produced, wherein the lower range of grain size is covered by the binding agent and the upper range of grain size by the ceramic material. A value of 100 by weight represents in this respect a "theoretical" value because impurities are present in some cases and a technical limiting grain size in the fine grain range (for example below 1.0 pm) will usually be present for technical reasons.
According to an advantageous embodiment, however, a value of more than 99 by weight is aimed at within the grain spectrum mentioned.
For this purpose it is important for the performance of the binding agent, according to the invention, that it covers the grain range below the refractory oxides of the ceramic material, in order to fill up "pores" in the material, likewise with refractory oxides. In this manner an almost optimum structure-filling ratio is produced with the green bonded as well as with the fired product.
Because the binding agent also consists of refractory oxides, there is no longer the problem of shrinkage processes when drying or in the pyroprocess of ceramic materials/bodies. The binding agent itself does not contain any "volatile components" or at least none worth mentioning.
An S'02 part which is usually contained in known binding agents in amorphous form is also deliberately omitted. The disadvantage of these binding agents containing S'02 is their unfavourable effect on the resistance to heat and resistance to heat-corrosion of the ceramic products produced. theref rom. The S'02 part causes the formation of the mullite-like and/or glasslike phases in the product. From the phase system A1203S'02 it can be inferred that the f irst melting can be expected at approximately 15950 Celsius, whilst for example pure A120.. such as used for example as refractory oxide in a binding agent, according to the invention, does not melt until just above 2000 Celsius.
With the formation according to the invention of the binding agent, additives of phosphates or alkalis traditionally used as binding agents and which have a disadvantageous effect on the resistance to heat can be omitted. Additives containing phosphates or alkalis are possibly contained only in the sense of a dispersion agent and are, as a result, only in a substantially reduced supplementary amount.
In other words: because the binding agent preferably contains the same refractory oxides as the ceramic material, the binding agent assists the advantageous mechanical properties and corrosion properties as well as the inf iltration- inhibiting effect of the products formed therefrom.
The refractory oxides used in the binding agent should have densities which are as close as possible to the theoretical density so that they are subject to practically no subsequent shrinkage. The "grain size division" between the ceramic material and the binding agent is determined depending on the application. Usually the grain size division will lie at approximately 10 to 30 pm.
Corresponding to an exemplary embodiment, according to which 953% by weight of the binding agent is present in a grain fraction below the grain size division, this means that with a grain size division of, for example 30 pm, 95% by weight of the binding agent lies in a grain fraction of < 30 pm.
As explained above the binding agent should be selected in its grain fraction so that it continues the particle-size distribution curve of the associated ceramic material in a continuous manner in the fine grain range. The particle-size distribution curve of the binding agent can, as a result, also follow a Fuller curve.
A binding agent with one or several of the following refractory oxides: A1203. Cr203.Zr02P MgO, has proven to be particularly preferable.
The refractory oxides of the binding agent can as a result be identical to those of the refractory ceramic -6 material. It is also quite possible to prepare a ceramic material which contains, for example, 99% by weight A1203r the binding agent of which also consists practically exclusively (except for impurities) of A1203 powder.
i 11 However, the use of different oxides for forming mixed crystals for example of the type A1203-Cr203, also lies within the scope of the invention. In the abovementioned case the melting point increases with an increasing content of Cr203.
The behaviour of the binding agent can be optimised in that its particles are dispersed beforehand or added to the ceramic material together with a dispersing agent.
A preceding dispersion can be carried out, for example, as follows:
A dry mixture of an oxide micro-powder and a dispersing agent powder is produced in a mixing unit in that for example 0.61% phosphate disperser is added to the micro-powder and mixed for five minutes.
Sodium tripolyphosphate, for example, can be indicated as dispersing agent which is added to the binding agent. The binding agent can then be added as dry finished mixture to the refractory ceramic matrix material and the whole material is treated with water.
Depending on the area of use the binding agent can also contain a content (preferably 0.01 to 1.0 % by weight relative to the binding agent) of a flocculating agent, which is selected from such materials which are not effective until dispersion of the particles has taken place. Substances releasing calcium ions are above all suitable for this purpose.
Finally the invention also provides the addition of so-called conditioning agents which affect the setting performance of the binding agent. Setting accelerators and retarders belong to these and depend on the case of application. In order to retard setting carboxylic acids such as citric acid for example are used. Also with the aid of additives, such as cellulose derivatives, which affect the water retention value, the viscosity and the processability of the binding agent can be adjusted in a targeted manner to the particular area of application.
In the following, range limits for such dispersing agents, flocculating agents and conditioning agents are indicated, which in each case are calculated relative to the overall mass of the binding agent:
- Dispersing agent(s): 0.01% to 2.0% Flocculating agent(s): 0.01% to 2.0% - Conditioning agent(s): 0.01% to 2.0% wherein the overall quantity of additive should not exceed 6.
Further features of the invention are found in the features of the subclaims as well as the other documents of application.
The invention will be illustrated in more detail with the aid of an exemplary embodiment.
A material based on alumina with a maximum grain size of 3mm is available here. The grain spectrum of the refractory ceramic material is as follows:
3.0 1.2 0.063 < 0. 005 mm to 1. 2 mm to 0.063 mm to 0.005 mm by weight 48 by weight 14 by weight 8 by weight 100% by weight by weight of a binding agent according to the invention is now added to this material, which itself consists likewise of an alumina-micro powder, 98 by weight of which is present in a grain fraction < 0.005 mm.
The attached Figure shows that the particle-size distribution curve of the binding agent joins the particle-size distribution curve of the ceramic material in an almost interrupted manner and this continues into the very fine grain fractions (almost zero).
The advantages achieved by using the binding agen according to the invention are discussed above in detail.
n- -g-
Claims (18)
1. 1 the binding agent consists of at least one refractory oxide and 1.2 has a particle-size distribution curve which joins the fine grain end of the particle-size distribution curve of the ceramic material in a substantially continuous manner and, as a result, together with the ceramic material, at least 98 by weight covers a grain spectrum of between zero and the maximum grain size of the ceramic material.
2. A binding agent according to claim 1, in which the grain fraction of the binding agent is selected such that the binding agent with the material covers a grain spectrum of between zero and the maximum grain of the ceramic material of at least 99% by weight.
3. A binding agent according to claim 1 or 2, with a proportion of more than 95% by weight in a grain fraction below the grain size division relative to the ceramic material.
4. A binding agent according to claim 3, with a proportion of more than 95% by weight in the grain fraction < 10 pm.
5. A binding agent according to one of claims 1 to 4, the particle-size distribution curve of which follows a Fuller curve.
6. A bindIng agent accordIng to one of cla:Lms 1 to 5, with a major content of one or several of the following refractory oxides: A1,03. Cr2030' Zr029' M90 v
7. A binding agent according to one of claims 1 to 6, the refractory oxide(s) of which corresponds (correspond) to that/those of the ceramic material.
8. A binding agent according to one of claims I to 7, the refractory oxide parts of which, themselves and/or with the refractory oxides of the ceramic material, form a spinel.
9. A binding agent according to one of claims 1 to 8, with a content of one or several of the named refractory oxides in sol form or gel form.
10. A binding agent according to one of claims 1 to 9, in which the particles of the refractory oxide component were isolated beforehand using a dispersing agent.
11. A binding agent according to one of claims 1 to 9, in which the refractory oxide component is present in a homogenous mixture with a dispersing agent.
12. A binding agent according to claim 11, in which the dispersing agent consists of phosphates.
13. A binding agent according to one of claims 1 to 12, in which the refractory oxide component contains a flocculating agent.
14. A binding agent according to claim 13, in which the flocculating agent consists of calcium salts or other alkaline earth salts.
15. A binding agent according to one of claims 1 to 14, in which the refractory oxide component contains an additive (conditioning agent) affecting the setting performance.
16. A binding agent according to claim 15, in which the additive consists of cellulose derivatives and/or carboxylic acids.
17. A binding agent according to one of claims 11 to 16, in which the dispersing agent, the flocculating agent and/or the conditioning agent is (are) present in each case in a quantity of a maximum of 2.0% by weight and, together, a maximum of 6. 0 % by weight, in each case relative to the total binding agent.
18. A binding agent substantially as herein described as an exemplary embodiment.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4233015A DE4233015C1 (en) | 1992-10-01 | 1992-10-01 | Binder for ceramic masses |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9320055D0 GB9320055D0 (en) | 1993-11-17 |
| GB2271562A true GB2271562A (en) | 1994-04-20 |
Family
ID=6469386
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9320055A Withdrawn GB2271562A (en) | 1992-10-01 | 1993-09-29 | Binding agent for ceramic materials |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AT (1) | AT398757B (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4233015C1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2696444A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2271562A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1272712B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2283740B (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 1997-07-30 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd | Method of manufacturing a porous preform for an optical fiber |
| DE4409078C1 (en) * | 1994-03-17 | 1995-02-02 | Veitsch Radex Ag | Refractory brick |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3516840A (en) * | 1964-10-22 | 1970-06-23 | Aluminum Co Of America | Production of ceramic bodies |
| US4125407A (en) * | 1976-02-17 | 1978-11-14 | Kurosaki Refractories Co., Ltd. | Refractories which have dense-structure as well as spalling resistance and method for fabricating same |
| GB2007641A (en) * | 1977-10-05 | 1979-05-23 | Feldmuehle Ag | Sintered material |
| US4310480A (en) * | 1974-08-13 | 1982-01-12 | Kurosaki Refractories Co., Ltd. | Process for fabrication of dense-structure refractories which have resistance to spalling |
| GB2094779A (en) * | 1981-03-11 | 1982-09-22 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Ceramic matrix material |
| EP0318305A2 (en) * | 1987-11-26 | 1989-05-31 | Alcan International Limited | Refractory material produced from red mud |
| US5004039A (en) * | 1981-03-23 | 1991-04-02 | Remet Corporation | Refractory material |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3272840D1 (en) * | 1982-05-04 | 1986-10-02 | Remet Corp | Refractory material |
| AT382142B (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1987-01-12 | Ruthner Michael Johann Dipl In | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING CERAMIC POWDERS BASED ON ONE AND / OR MULTI-COMPONENT METAL OXIDS, AND MIXTURES THEREOF |
| US4678762A (en) * | 1985-02-04 | 1987-07-07 | Norton Company | Very smooth and flat polycrystalline alumina substrates from direct firing |
| JPH01212259A (en) * | 1988-02-19 | 1989-08-25 | Shinagawa Refract Co Ltd | Castable refractories for spray coating |
| DE3808123A1 (en) * | 1988-03-11 | 1988-07-07 | Krupp Gmbh | Process for producing sintered parts of finely particulate metal or ceramic powders |
| DE3907022A1 (en) * | 1988-03-11 | 1989-09-21 | Krupp Gmbh | Process for producing sintered parts from fine metal or ceramic powders |
| DE3840316C1 (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1990-04-19 | Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh, 7500 Karlsruhe, De | |
| JPH0656506A (en) * | 1992-06-05 | 1994-03-01 | Veitscher Magnesitwerke Ag | Production of ceramic material and its molding using finely powdered fire-proofing oxide |
-
1992
- 1992-10-01 DE DE4233015A patent/DE4233015C1/en not_active Revoked
-
1993
- 1993-09-24 AT AT0192793A patent/AT398757B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-09-29 GB GB9320055A patent/GB2271562A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-09-30 FR FR9311639A patent/FR2696444A1/en active Pending
- 1993-09-30 IT ITMI932086A patent/IT1272712B/en active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3516840A (en) * | 1964-10-22 | 1970-06-23 | Aluminum Co Of America | Production of ceramic bodies |
| US4310480A (en) * | 1974-08-13 | 1982-01-12 | Kurosaki Refractories Co., Ltd. | Process for fabrication of dense-structure refractories which have resistance to spalling |
| US4125407A (en) * | 1976-02-17 | 1978-11-14 | Kurosaki Refractories Co., Ltd. | Refractories which have dense-structure as well as spalling resistance and method for fabricating same |
| GB2007641A (en) * | 1977-10-05 | 1979-05-23 | Feldmuehle Ag | Sintered material |
| GB2094779A (en) * | 1981-03-11 | 1982-09-22 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Ceramic matrix material |
| US5004039A (en) * | 1981-03-23 | 1991-04-02 | Remet Corporation | Refractory material |
| EP0318305A2 (en) * | 1987-11-26 | 1989-05-31 | Alcan International Limited | Refractory material produced from red mud |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AT398757B (en) | 1995-01-25 |
| ATA192793A (en) | 1994-06-15 |
| ITMI932086A0 (en) | 1993-09-30 |
| DE4233015C1 (en) | 1993-10-28 |
| GB9320055D0 (en) | 1993-11-17 |
| IT1272712B (en) | 1997-06-26 |
| ITMI932086A1 (en) | 1995-03-30 |
| FR2696444A1 (en) | 1994-04-08 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |