GB2194034A

GB2194034A - Heating a building by solar energy

Info

Publication number: GB2194034A
Application number: GB08707911A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Jean-Pierre Barbason; Andre Vigneron
Original assignee: SOLETRA SA
Current assignee: SOLETRA SA
Priority date: 1986-04-02
Filing date: 1987-04-02
Publication date: 1988-02-24
Anticipated expiration: 2007-04-02
Also published as: FR2596856A1; BE904532A; GB8707911D0; FR2596856B1; GB2194034B; DE3710667A1

Description

SPECIFICATION Integrated installation for the heating and regulation of a building by solar energy. Associated composite slab and building comprising this installation and this slab The invention concerns an integrated installation for the heating and heat regulation of a building by solar energy, allowing a comfortable temperature to be maintained inside the building thanks to the energy recuperated from solar radiation when the sun is shining and thanks to a backup heating which comes into service as infrequently as possible, when prolonged bad climatic conditions prevent the use of solar energy.

The invention also concerns a composite building slab associated with this installation, as well as a building comprising such an in stallation and such a slab.

Already known (Belgian patent 887 871) is a system of construction and integration of a building with solar heating which comprises a passive system consisting of insulation devices, of effects of thermal mass, of orientation of surfaces exposed to radiation, and an active system consisting of solar pickups with air pulsed from a vertical storage area for calories consisting of-river-shingle and of a system of ventilation-regulation.

Also known are solar heating systems with integrated circulation of heat-carrying fluid of the type with air or water soiar pickups allow- ing economies of heating energy. The general principle of-these pickups is to recuperate cai- ories from solar radiation to condition the inside air, while limiting the area of glazed surfaces to avoid thermal discomfort due to the hothouse-effect which would be caused by a large glazed area in the absence of adequate means of thermal regulation.

These known systems give satisfaction in general and permit'significant economies in heating and regulation energy, particularly in Winter. However, the economies achieved in this way are not sufficient in relation to the initial investment necessary for installing the known systems. Moreover, the known sys tems are not effective in the Winter period when all that can be done is to cut them off.

Generally they are not capable of regulating comfortable temperatures. In general, they have a relatively short life in relation to the investment.

The invention aims at overcoming these disadvantages, and for this purpose it proposes an integrated installation of heating and heat regulation of a building by solar energy, allowing a comfortable temperature to be maintained inside the building thanks to the energy recuperated from solar radiation, and possibly a backup heating which combines at least : -a surface forming an insulating wall exposed to solar radiation and transparent to solar radiation, in particular a glazed surface, without necessarily making use of a solar pickup device with integrated circulation of heat-bearing fluid, of the flat solar pickup type or other, -means for the natural storage of calories which are an integral part of the structure of the building, made up at least in part by the structure itself of the building whose mass is more than the normal mass necessary to the construction of the building to form thermal inertia, -means for the forced storage, of calories, -means of heat exchange between the air conveyed by the means of air circulation and the means for the forced storage of calories, -means of forcing the circuiation of air between the rooms of the building, the outside of the building, the means for the storage of calories, and the means of heat exchange.

The means for the storage of calories are laid out in a way which is not uniform in relation to the height of the building, the lower part of the building comprising means for the forced storage of calories, while the upper part of the building does not comprise any means for the forced storage of calories, and is lightened as much as possible to prevent any accumulation of calories and to diminish its capacity for the natural storage of calories; the means of air circulation comprise means for varying the flow of air in circulation, in particular two fans, one with high discharge, the other with low discharge; the means of heat exchange are integrated in the composite floor slab, and the means of air circulation comprise a circuit for conveying air to these means of heat exchange; the means for the forced storage of calories have a calorific capacity superior or equal to that of the means for the natural storage of calories ;.. the means for the forced storage of calories are composed by at least one composite slab, in particular a slab of the lower flooring, comprising the integration of means of forming calorific capacity, means of heat exchange, and means of forcing the circulation of air in the means of heat exchange according to a determined trajectory.

The means of air circulation also comprise means of aspiration of the air inside the build- ing, means of aspiration of air from outside, means of supplying the heat exchangers, means of discharging the air coming from the heat exchangers, on the one hand to the inside the building and/or, on the other hand, to the outside. The installation according to the invention also comprises means of regulating the air circulation consisting of means of mea- suring temperatures and/or flows, means with distribution valves or dampers, and logical electronic means of control allowing, according to climatic conditions, the forcing of the circulation of air according to at least one of the following five ~ -a first closed circuit with high discharge by which the air is sucked in to the means of aspiration inside the building by the high dis charge fan, then circulated via the means of supply to the heat exchangers, in contact with which it cools down by supplying calories to the means of forced storage, and is then fed back to the interior of the building where it is reheated by solar radiation, then returned by natural convection towards the means of aspi ration, -a second open circuit with strong dis charge by which the hot air is sucked in from the inside of the building into the means of aspiration by the fan with strong discharge, and is forced back directly to the outside of the building by the means of discharge to the outside, while the fresh air is sucked in from the outside by the means of aspiration from the outside and is fed back to the inside of the building, -a third open circuit with strong discharge by which air is sucked in from the outside into the means of aspiration by the fan with strong discharge, and then circulates via the means of supply-into the heat-exchangers, on contact with which it is heated up by taking in calories from the means of forced storage which cool down, and is then fed back towards the outside of the building by the means of discharge to the outside, -a fourth open circuit with low discharge by which air is sucked in from the inside-of the building into the means of aspiration by the fan with low discharge, then circulates, via the means of supply, into the heat exchangers, on contact with which it cools down by supplying calories to the means of forced storage, then is fed back to the outside of the building via the means of discharge to the outside, the fresh renewal air being sucked in from the outside by normal depression.

-a fifth open circuit with-low discharge by which air. is sucked in from the inside of the building into the means of aspiration by the fan with low discharge, then fed back directly towards the outside of the building via the means of discharge to the outside, the fresh renewal air being sucked in from the outside by normal depression.

The logical means of control establish the circulation of the air: -along the first closed circuit when solar radiation or other means significantly heat ~ air inside the building and the inside temperature is below a given limit temperature TL1, and above the temperature of-the heat exchangers, the temperature of the means of forced storage and/or heat exchangers remaining below a given limit temperature TL2.

-along the secorid open circuit when solar radiation or other means significantly heat the air inside the building and the inside temperature is superior or equal to the given limit temperature TL1 and/or the temperature of the means of forced storage and/or heat exchangers is superior or equal to a given limit temperature TL2.

-along the third open circuit when the outside temperature is below the temperature of the means of forced storage and/or heat exchangers, in particular during the night in Summer, and when the temperature of the means of forced storage and/or heat exchangers is superior to a given limit temperature TL3 necessary to ensure the thermal comfort of the building, in particular during the say in Summer.

-along the fourth open circuit when solar radiation is absent and/or insufficient significantly to heat the air inside the building and/or when the backup heating is active and the temperature of the means of forced storage and/or heat exchangers is below the temperature of the ambient air inside the building.

-along the fifth open circuit when solar radiation is absent and/or insufficient significantly to heat the air inside the building and the temperature of the inside air is below the temperature of the means of forced storage and/or heat exchangers or when the first circuit or the third circuit is established. A composite slab according to the invention comprises a layer of heat exchanges comprising in particular the means of heat exchange, recessed between two layers of concrete forming the means of forced storage of calories; the whole thus formed is insulated on all its faces, with the exclusion of the cell (s) in contact with the air inside the building ; the heat exchangers are, for example, constructed of a horizontal bed of river shingle ; the distribution and recovery plenums of the layer of heat exchangers are laid out in such a way that the arrival of air in the distribution plenum is diagonally opposed to the outflow of air from the recovery plenum so as to balance the heat exchanges in the means of heat exchange; the heat exchanger layer comprises a number of distribution ducts sandwiched between a number of recovery ducts, or as a variant it comprises only one single distribution channel and one single recovery channel.

A building according to the invention has one or more levels, in particular a single-storey dwelling or a group of dwellings, comprising an integrated heating and heat regulation installation by solar energy according to the invention and at least one composite slab, in particular the floor, according to the invention; the outside foundation and elevation walls are preferably double and comprise sandwiched means of insulation; the specific floor covering of the ground floor is an integral part of the lower composite slab; the separation slabs between the floors are overdimensioned but not insulated so as to permit the warm air to rise in the building by convection/conduction; the walls of the upper floor and the upper ceiling are in light material and comprise external means of insulation.

The invention thus allows considerably economies of energy to. be made, while maintaining excellent thermal comfort inside the building both in Winter and in Summer.

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the following description of one of the preferential ways of carrying it out, with reference to the attached figures, in which: -Figure 1 is a view in vertical section in the South-North axis, the South being at the left of the figure and the North at the right, of a building according to the invention -Figures 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d are views in horizontal section of a composite slab according to the invention, illustrating the preferential layout of the means of heat exchange.

-Figure 3 is a view in partial vertical section of a composite slab according to the invention.

-Figure 4 is a schematic view illustration the means for the circulation of air of-an installation according to the invention.

The invention concerns an integrated installation for the heating and heat regulation of a building 1 by solar energy which allow the air in the inside 2 of the building 1 to be maintained at a comfortable temperature whatever the climatic conditions at the-outside 3 of the building 1. It also permits-the saving of a considerable part of the expenses normally incurred in cold periods for heating the air, and also of cooling the inside air simply and cheaply during the hot season.

A traditional backup. heating device (not represented) is advantageous to help out an installation according to the invention when the sky is overcast and the weather cold.

However, from a certain latitude onwards, the great effectiveness. of the invention even al- lows the backup heating to be dispensed with.' The invention is advantageously applied to a building 1 of the type dwelling or group of dwellings.

An installation according to the invention, as represented by the figures, combines: -a surface 4 forming a wall exposed to solar radiation and transparent to solar radiation, in particular a glazed surface, without necessarily making use of a solar pickup device with integrated circulation of heat-carrying fluid of the type flat solar pickup or other, -means 5 for the natural storage of calories being an integral part of the structure 6 of the building 1 and constituted at least partly by the structure 6 itself of the building 1 the mass of which is greater than normally necessary for the construction of the building one so as to form thermal inertia, -means 11 for the forced storage of calories, -means 8 of heat exchange between the air conveyed by the means 7 of air circulation and the means 11 for the forced storage of. calories ; -means 7 of forcing the circulation of air between the rooms of the building 1, the outside 3 of the building, the means 5, ~ 1. 1. ~for the storage of calories and the means 8 of heat An integrated solar pickup device with circu- lation of heat transporting fluid can be provided, for example to supply hot water. According to the invention, a pickup device of this kind is not necessary for heating or regulating the heat of the ambient air : The life of an installation according to the invention is at least equal to the life of the building. Only the dampers and fans have a more limited life.

The building 1 of a preferential manner of carrying out the invention preferably comprisers a ground floor 9 and a first floor 10.

Going upwards, the structure 6 of the building is constituted by the composite slab 11 in contact with the ground (described in more detail hereafter), the lower peripheral or outside walls 12 of the ground floor 9, the parti- tions 13 separating the rooms on the ground floor 9, a separation slab 14 forming the ceiling of the ground floor 9 and the-floor of. the upper storey 10, upper peripheral or outside walls 15 of the first floor 10, partitions 16 separating the rooms of the first floor 10 ; a first floor ceiling 17, a roof frame 18 and roof 19. Posts and beams are not represented but can be provided as appropriate ifnecessary.

A building 1 according to the invention consists, for example, of a habitable'part 20 situated on the South side and a utility part 21 situated on the North side. The utility part 21 has at least one floor less than the habitable part 20. The ridge pole 22 of the roof 19Js at right angles to the vertical mid-perpendicular plane of symmetry of the habitable part 20, and the frame 18 and the roof 19 are prolonge on the North side to cover the utility part 21 and thus form a screen which diverts North winds upwards. It is considered in all that follows that the installation arid the slab according to the invention are applicable only to the habitable part 20, since in general there is no utility in heating or regulating the heat of the utility part 21.

The means 11 for the forced storage of calories are constituted by at least one composite slab 11-in particular a lower floor slab comprising in an integrated manner the means 8,26,28 of forming calorific capacity, the means 8 of heat exchange and the means 31, 32,33,34 forcing the circulation of air in the means 8 of heat exchange following a determined trajectory.

The utility part 21 comprises, for example, a garage surmounted by an attic, and adjoins the habitable part 20 on the North side on at least a central part of this habitable part 20.

According to the invention, the. means 5,11 of storage of calories are laid out in a nonuniform way in relation to the height of the building 1, the lower part 9 of the building 1 comprising means 11 of forced storage of cal ories,-while the upper part of the building 10 does not comprise any means 11 of the forced storage of calories, and is lightened as far as possible to prevent any accumulation of calories and reduce its capacity for the natural storage of calories..

For this purpose, the composite ground slab 11 constitutes the means 11 of the forced storage of calories and its thickness is. twice that of the normal thickness of a traditional floor slab, in particular at least 45 cm, whereas the normal thickness is only 10 to 20 cm. The composite floor slab 11 is insu- lated thermally from the ground and the foundations 23 by advanced means of insulation 24,25 constituted by the doubte watts 23 of the foundation of the building 1 associated with one or more layers of insulating material with a thickness of more than 7 cm, in particular of about 14 cm, and by a horizontal layer of insulating material with a thickness of more than 4 cm, in particular of about 7 cm, so as to constitute a casing not heat insulated upwards. The slab according to the invention is constituted (figure 3), starting from the undermost layer,. of a foundation layer 26 in reinforced concrete with a thickness between 5 and 10 cm, for example 8 cm, of a heat exchange layer 27 comprising in particular means of heat exchange recessed in this layer 27, with a thickness between 20 and 35 cm, for example 31 cm, of an upper layer 28 of reinforced concrete forming in particular part of the means 5 for the storage of calories, with a thickness between 20 and 30 cm, for example 27 cm, and of a capping 29 supporting the floor covering 30, for example of tiles.

The thickness of the capping 29 is between 3 and 10 cm, for example 9 cm.

Thus the layer 27 of heat exchangers is recessed between to layers 26,28 of concrete constituting the means 11 for the forced storage of calories. The whole thus formed is perfectly insulated on all its faces excluding the face (s) in contact with the air in the inside 2 of the building 1.

The figures 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d illustrate different methods of making the layer 27 of heat exchangers.

The layer 27 of heat exchangers comprises an arrival of air 31, an outflow of air 31, at least one channel forming the distribution plenum. 33 for arriving air, at least one channel forming the plenum 34 for the recovery of outflowing air, and means 8 for the exchange of calories with the air in circulation, in parti- cular a horizontal bed of river shingle. This shingle also plays the role of intermediate forced storage of calories between. the air in circulation and the layers 26, 28 of concrete forming the forced storage of calories.

The layer 27 of heat exchangers of a slab 11 according to the invention is is generally rectangular overall in horizontal section. In a first variant of execution (figures 2a, 2b), the plenums 33 for distribution and for recovery 34 of air are parallel to the breadth of the layer 27 and the air circulates between these plenums 33,34 more or less parallel to the. length of the layer 27.

In a second variant of execution (figure 2c, 2d), the plenums 33,34 are parallel to the length of the layer 27, and the air circulates between these plenums 33,34 more or less parallel to the breadth of the layer 27.

So as to balance the heat exchanges in the means 8 of heat exchange, the plenums for distribution 33 and recovery 34 are laid out in such a way that the entry of air into the distribution plenum 33 is diagonally opposite to the outflow 32 of air from the recovery plenum 34.

In-a first variant (figures 2a, 2c), the layer 27 of heat exchangers of the slab 11 comprises a single distribution plenum 33 and a single recovery plenum 34, laid out respectively along the two opposite sides of the slab 11. In a second version, which is considerably more advantageous, (figures 2b, 2d), the plenums 33 for distribution and 34 for recovery are each constituted of several ducts for distribution of the air, sandwiched and connected with one another for each plenum to ensure the homogeneity of the heat exchange. The distribution ducts forming the plenums 33 for distribution and 34 for recovery comprise performations distributed uniformly over their length, and are obturated at their free extremity. Variant 2d in which the ducts are disposed along the length of the layer 27 is particularly preferred.

The total perforation surface of the ducts forming the plenums 33,34 per metre of ducts related to the outside surface of a metre of ducts is above 10 %, in particular about 30 %. The total calorific capacity of the slab 11 per horizontal square metre is more than 150 Wh/m2 and is in particular of the order of 400 Wh/m2. The contract between the upper surface of the means 8 of heat exchange and the upper layer 28 of concrete is direct, excluding all insulating material, and the area of the upper surface of the means 8 of heat exchange related to the area of the horizontal surface of the slab 11 is more than 50 % and is in particular of the order of 65 %. The thickness of the layer 28 of concrete above the layer 27 of heat exchanges is more than 20 cm and in particular of the order of 37 cm. This thickness produces a homogeni zatión of the temperaures in its surface in contact with the air inside the building 1, and a dephasing of the deplacement of the thermal front of more than 4 hours, in particular of the order of 8 hours. All these dispositions permit a homogeneous distribution of the circulation of air in the means 8 of heat exchangers.

The means 11 of forced storage according to the invention thus also constitute the means for dephasing the displacement of calories in the inside 2 of the building 1, which dephase the establishment of thermal balance in the inside 2 of the building 1.

The arrows on figures 2a to 2d represent schematically the circulation of air accross the means 8 of heat exchangers.

According to the invention, the means 11 for the forced storage of calories are, among other things, constituted by the lower ground composite slab 11 already mentioned. The means 5 for the natural storage of calories are constituted by at least one intermediary separation slab 14 above the lower ground composite slab 11, and with a thickness at least equal to twice the normal, in particular at least 26 cm, and/or by the peripheral 12 and inside 13 walls separting the rooms of the lower part 9 made in materials with a high caloric capacity, in particular in plain heavy concrete.

The lower peripheral walls 12 are double and comprise means 35 of insulation, for example a layer of insulating material sandwiched between the two parts forming these walls 12.

It is advantageous to provide this last disposition only for the walls 12,15 limiting the habitable part 20. In fact, it is useless to provide particular means of insulation for the outside walls of the utility part 21.

On the other hand, according to the invention, the structure 6 of the upper part 10 of the building 1 is constituted of light materials, such a concrete composed of expanded aggregates, and is insulated from the outside 3 in the same way as the lower peripheral walls 12 by means 35 of outside insulation. The elevation structure is insulated from-the outside 3 by means 35 of insulation whose thickness is at least 50 % more than the normal, in particular of the order of 15 cm for elevation walls 15, and of 24 cm for the ceiling 17 of the upper part 10 of the building-1.

The slab (s) 14 for separation between the floors is (are) overdimensioned but not insulated, to allow the warm air to rise in the building 1 by convection.

As a variant or in combination, at least one separation slab 14 can consist of a composite slab 11 according to the invention, although this is not the case in the preferential mode of execution represented.

Each transparent insulation surface 4 consists of multiple insulating glazing, in particular with a solar factor of the order of 0.6 to 0.65, for a coefficient of loss k less-than 1.5 W/m2. c, with or without the addition of insulating shutters at night.

The means 11 for the forced storage of calories have a calorific capacity superior or equal to the means 5 for the natural storage of calories.

The South facade and/or the angle formed by the directions Southeast and Southwest of the habitable part 20 consists of glazed bays forming an insulating surface 4, over the whole of its height for example.

A building 1 according to the invention may comprise no solar pickup device with integrated circulation of heat-carrying fluid, of the flat solar pickup or other type, whether with air or with water. On the other hand, the area of the transparent insulating surface 4 is significantly greater than the usual standard applied in installations comprising means of calorie storage of usual mass.

The relation of the area of the transparent insulating surface 4 in the angle formed by the directions Southeast and Southwest to the volume of the air heated and/or regulated inside building 1 is superior to 5 %, in particular of the order of 10 %.

This large proportion of transparent insulating surface 4 creates a hothouse effect inside, but does not produce thermal discomfort since it is regulated thanks to the. means 11 for the forced storage of calories, to the means 7 for circulating air in the building 1, and to the means 8 of heat exchange.

The weight of masonry and concrete in the composite slab (s) 11 forming the means of forced storage, related to the volume of air heated and/or regulated inside the building 1 is over 100 kg/m3 and in particular of the order of 330 kg/m3 and the total weight of the means 5, 11 of natural and forced storage, constituted by the composite ground slab 11, the intermediate separation slab (s) 14 and the peripheral 12 and inside 13 walls of the lower part 9, related to the same volume of air, is over 280: kg/m3 and in particular of the order of 560 kg/m3.

Calculations have been made by the inventor for an individual house with three bedrooms, a lounge-dining room and a garage, with 100 m2 habitable, the glazed surface 4 at the South is about 25 m2, the volume V, of concrete andmasonry is of the order of 75 to. 80 m3, the means 8 of heat exchange consist of 10 to 11 m3 of river shingle, increasing the calorific capacity and thus forming part of the means 11 for the forced storage of calories. Thus, the means 8 for heat exchange constitute a part of the means 11 for the forced storage of calories, in particular of the order of 12 % by volume of the means of natural 5 and forced 11 storage of calories.

The thermal mass is insulated from the outside 3 in a very advanced manner by the means 24,25,35 of insulation, and by other dipositions (in particular to avoid heat bridges between slabs and foundations). This has excellent isothermal properties. In particular it has been found that for an outside temperature of-10 C, the temperature of the lower composite slab 11 constituting more than 50 % of the thermal mass fell only by 0.1 to 0.3 C per 24 hours, in the total absence of means of heating inside the building.

The means 7 of air circulation (figure 4) which are essential to the invention, comprise means 36,37 for varying the discharge of air in circulation, constituted in particular of two fans 36,37, the fan 36 with strong discharge, in particular to permit a recycling of the air in the inside 2 of the building 1, the number of cycles per hour being more than 5, in particular of the order of 10; the other fan 37 with weak discharge, in particular to permit a renewal of air in the inside 2 of the building 1 of the order of once every two hours.

In the example given above, the fan 36-with strong discharge-had a normal nominal discharge of 2,500 m3/h, whereas the fan 37 with-weak discharge had a nominal discharge of 150 m3/h.

The means 8 of heat exchange being recessed in the composite slab 11 in contact with the ground, the means 7 of air circulation comprise a circuit 38 for conveying air to these means 8 of heat exchange.

The means 7 of air circulation comprise means 39 for aspiration of are in the inside 2 of the building 1, means 40 for the aspiration n of air from the outside 2, means 38 for supplying the means 8 of heat exchange, means of discharging the air coming from the means 8 of heat exchange, on the one hand 41 to the inside 2 of the building. 1 and/or on the other hand 42 to the outside 3 of the building 1.

The fans 36, 37 are connected in parallel at the outlet of the means 39,40 for the spiration of air feeding. one-and/or the other of these fans 36, 37 via means with valves or dampers (43,44,48, 49, 50 to 52).

The desired reference temperatures and the given limit temperatures both for the air in the inside 2 of the building and for the means 11 of forced storage and/or 8 of heat exchangers can be regulated thermostatically in accordance with the climatic conditions and/or the appreciation made by the user of his thermal comfort. The means for regulating the ventilation are concentrated in a cabinet provided for this purpose at an appropriate place in the building 1, possibly together with the means of measurement.

The slab according to the invention can also comprise means of conctributing heat, for example a heated floor, to maintain the tem perature of the means 11 of forced storage above a given limit temperature TL4 which can be regulated thermostatically.

The first circuit works when the sun is heat ing and ensures the charge of the means 5 of storage while maintaining thermal comfort.

The second circuit is used in the case of overheating in the inside. The cold-air enters. by the damper 44a which is opened by de pression. The fourth circuit, when there is no sun, permits the recuperation of the difference of temperature between the air at the output 32 of the means 8 of heat exchange (at about 18-19 C) and the temperature of the air at the highest point of the building 1 (normally of the order of 24 C) to maintain the means 5 of storage at a given temperature of the order of 20 C. The fifth circuit evacuates the air from the highest point of the-building 1 when the means 5 of storage are sufficiently charged (e. g. when they reach +28 C). The third circuit works at night in the Summer to cool down the means 5 of storage which keep the building 1 cool during the day.

A sixth circuit can be provided in warm and sunny latitudes. Along this sixth circuit, the warm air is sucked in by day in the inside 2 of the building, then circulates in the means 8 of heat exchange to be cooled down. The means 8 of heat exchange and the means 11 of forced storage have been cooled down at night by the third circuit, the cool air is then fed back to the inside of the-building. Along this sixth circuit, the warm air is preferably sucked in from the top part 10 and the cooled air fed back to the lower part 9.

In a building according to the invention, the foundation and-elevation walls 23 are double and comprise means 35 of insulation sandwiched, any slabs 14 separating the floors are overdimensioned but not insulated to permit the warm air to rise in the building by convection/conduction, and the walls 15 and the ceiling 17 of the upper floor 10 are in lightened material and comprise means 35 of outside insulation.

The preferential mode of execution given above as a non-limitative example can be subjected to numerous variants, in particular the building-1-may have only one storey, or on the other hand it can have several storeys, or again it can consist of the superposition of buildings as described above or otherwise.

Claims

1. Integrated installation for the heating and heat regulation of a building by solar energy, allowing a comfortable temperature to be maintained in the inside of the building thanks to the energy recuperated from solar radiation and possibly a backup heating characterized by the fact that it combines at least : -a surface (4) forming an insulating wall exposed to solar radiation and transparent to solar radiation, in particular a glazed surface, without necessarily making use of a solar pickup device with integrated circulation of heat-carrying fluid, of the type with flat solar pickup or other, -means (5) of natural storage of calories making an integral part of the structure (6) of the building (1) and being constituted at least partly by the structure (6) itself of the building (1) whose mass is greater than normally necessary for the construction of the building (1) to form thermal inertia, -means (11) for the forced storage-of calo- ries, -means (8) of heat exchange between the air conveyed by the means (7) of air circulation to the means (11) for the forced storage of calories ; -means (7) for forcing the circulation of air between the rooms of the building (1), the outside (3) of the building, the means (5,11) for the storage of calories, and the means (8) of heat exchange.

2. Installation according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the storage of calories is made mainly in the lower part of the building.

3. Installation according to claims 1 or 2 characterized by the fact that the means (11) for the forced storage of calories are constituted of at least one composite slab (11)-in particular a lower ground-slab-with integrated means (8,26,28) forming a calorific capacity, means (8) of heat exchange, and means (31,32,33,34) forcing the circulation of air in the means (8) of heat exchange following a determined trajectory.

4. Installation according to any one of the claims 1 to 3 characterized by the fact that the relation of the area of the transparent insulating surface (4) in the angle formed by the directions Southeast and Southwest, and the volume of air heated-and/or regulated inside the building (1) is more than

5 %,-in particular of the order of 10 % 5. Installation according to any one of the claims 1 to 4 characterized by the fact that the means (11) for the forced storage of calories are constituted among other things by the composite lower ground slab (11) whose thickness is more than twice that of a traditional floor slab, or at least 45 cm, and which is thermally insulated. from the foundations (23) by one or more layers of insulating material of a thickness of more than 7 cm, in particular of the order of 14 cm, and from the ground by a horizontal layer of insulating material of a thickness of more than-4 cm, in particular of the order of 7 cm, so as to constitute. a chamber not thermally insulated upwards and/or by the fact the the means (5) for the natural storage of calories are constituted by at least one intermediate separation slab (14). above the lower floor composite slab. (11), the thickness of which is at least equal to twice the normal, in particular at least 26 cm and/or by the peripheral (12) and inside (13) walls consisting of materials with a strong caloric capacity, in particular in heavy plain concrete.

6. Installation according to any one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized by the fact that the weight of masonry and concrete of the composite slab (s) 11 forming the means of forced storage, in relation to the volume of the air heated and/or regulated in the inside of the building. (1) is more than 100 kg/m3,-in particular of the order of 330 kg/m3, and by the fact that the total weights of the means (5,11) of natural and forced storage, constituted by the composite ground slab 11"the intermediate separation slab (s) 14 and the per- ipheral (12) and inside (13) walls of the lower part (9), related to the same volume of air, is more than 280 kg/m3, and in particular of., the order of 560 kg/m3.

7. Installation according to any one of the claims 1 to 6 characterized by the fact the the means (7) of air circulation comprise means (39) of air aspiration from the inside (2) of the building (1), means (40) of air aspiration'from the outside (3), means (38) of supplying the means (8) of heat exchange, the means o. f feeding back the air coming from. the means (8) of heat exchange, on the one hand (41). to the inside of the building (1) and/or, on the other hand (42) to the outside (3). of the building (1).

8. Installation according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the means (39) of aspiration from the inside (2) of the building (1) suck in the air from the upper part (10) of the building (1), means (41) of feeding back the air to the inside (2) of the building (1), feeding the air back to the lower part (9) of the building (1), so as to recuperate the heated air which has risen by convection to the upper part, and to feed it back to. lower part (9) where the temperature is natu- rally lower, possibly after passing. via the. ~ means (11) of forced storage, to heat them up.

9. Installation according to one of the claims 7 or 8, characterized by the fact that it comprises means of regulating the circulation. of air constituted by means of measuring temperatures and/or flows, means of distribution with valves or dampers, and logical electronic means of control permitting, according. to-cli- matic conditions and/or desired temperatures of the ambient air in the inside (2) of the building (1) the forcing of the circulation of air along at least one of the five following circu- its: -A first closed circuit with strong discharge by which the air is aspired from-the inside (2) of the buflding in the means (39) of aspiration by the fan (36) with strong discharge, then circulates via the means (38) of supply into the means (8) of heat exchange,. on contact with which the air is cooled down by supplying calories to the means (11) of forced sto- rage, and is then fed back to the inside (2) of the building (1) by the means (41) of feeding back, where it is reheated by solar radiation then returned by natural convection towards. the means (39) of aspiration, -a second open circuit with strong discharge by which warm air is aspired from the inside (2) of the building (1) into the means ; (39) of aspiration by the fan (36) with strong discharge, and is fed back directly to the outside (3) of the building by the means (42) of discharge to the outside, while the cool air. is- aspired from the outside (3) by the means of aspiration (40) from the outside and is fed back to the inside (2) of the building (1).

-a third open circuit with strong discharge by which air is aspired from the outside (3) into the means (40) of aspiration by the fan (36) with strong discharge, then circulates via the means (38) of supply into the means (8) of heat exchange, on contact with which it is heated by picking up calories from the means (11) of forced storage which cool down, then is fed back to the outside (3)-of the building by the means (42) of discharge to the outside (3).

-a fourth open circuit with weak discharge by-which air is aspired from the inside (2) of the building into the means. (39) of aspiration by the fan (37) with weak discharge then circulates, via the means (38) of supply, into the means (8) of heat exchange, on contact with which it cools down by supplying calories to the means (11) of forced storage, then is fed back to the outside (3) of the building by the means of discharge (42) to the outside, the cool renewal air-being sucked in from the outside (3)-by normal depression.

-a fifth open circuit with weak discharge by which air is aspired from the inside (2) of the building into the means (39) of aspiration by the fan (37) with weak discharge and is then fed back directly to the outside (3) of the building by the means- (42) of discharge to the outside (3), the fresh renewal air being sucked in from the outside (3) by normal depression.

10. Installation according to claim-9, characterized by the fact that the logical electronic means of control establish the circulation of the air: -along the first closed circuit when solar radiation or other means singificantly heat the air in the inside. (2) of the building that the inside temperature is below a given limit temperature TL1 and above the temperature of the means (11) of forced storage and/or (8) of heat exchange, the temperature of the means (11) of forced storage and/or (8) of heat exchange remaining below a given limit temperature TL2, -along the second open circuit when solar radiation or other means significantly heat the air in the inside (2) of the building- (1) and the inside temperature is superior or equal to a given limit temperature TL1 and/or the temperature of the means (11) of forced storage and/or (8) of heat exchange is superior orequal to a given limit temperature TL2, -along the third open circuit when the outside temperature is below the temperature of the means (11) of forced storage and/or (8) of heat exchange, in particular during-the night in Summer, and the temperature of the means (11) of forced storage and/or (8) of heat exchange is above a given limit temperature TL3 necessary to ensure the thermal comfort of the building (1), in particular during the day in Summer, -along the fourth open circuit when solar radiation is absent and/or insufficient significantly to heat the air in the inside (2) of the building and/or when the backup heating is in action, and the temperature of the means (11) of forced storage and/or (8) of heat exchange is lower than the temperature of the ambient air in the inside (2) of the building.

-along the fifth open circuit when solar radiation is absent and/or insufficient significantly to heat the ambient air in the inside (2) of the building and the temperature of the air in the inside (2) is lower than the temperature of the means (11) of forced storage and/or (8) of heat exchange or the first circuit or the third circuit is established.

11. Installation according to any one of the claims 1 to 10, characterized by the fact that it comprises a sixth circuit for the air, sucking in warm air during the day from the inside (2) of the building (1)-in particular from the upper part (10)-and making it circulate in the means (8) of heat exchange which have been cooled down during the night and the means (11) of forced storage by the third circuit, then feeding back the cool air to the inside (2) of the building (1)-in particular to the lower part (9)

12. Composite slab for building, characterized by the fact that it comprises a layer (27) of heat exchanges, comprising in particular means (8) of heat exchange, recessed between two layers (26,28) of concrete forming means (11) for the forced storage of calories, and in the fact that the whole thus formed is perfectly insulated on all its faces, excluding the face (s) in contact with the air in the inside (2) of the building (1).

13. Slab according to claim 12, characterized by the fact the the layer (27) of heat exchanges comprises an arrival of air (31), a discharge of air (32), at least one channel forming a plenum (33) for distributing the air on arrival, at least one channel forming a plenum (34) for the recovery of air on discharge, and between these plenums (33,34) means (8) of calorie exchange with the air in circulation, in particular a horizontal bed of river shingle.

14. Slab according to claims 12 and 13, characterized by the fact that the layer (27) of heat exchanges is rectangular overall in horizontal section, and that the plenums for distribution (33) and recovery (34) of air are paral- lel to the length of the layer (27) and the air circulates between these plenums (33,34) in the means (8) of heat exchange more or less parallel to the length of the layer (27).

15. Slab according to either of the claims 12 or 13 characterized by the fact that the layer (27) of heat exchanges is rectangular overall in horizontal section, and the plenums for distribution (33) and recovery (34) of air are parallel to the length of the layer~ (27) and the air circulates between these plenums (33, 34) more or less parallel to the breadth of the layer (27).

16. Slab according to any one of the claims 12 to 15 characterized by the fact that the plenum for distribution (33) and the plenum for recovery (34) each consist of a number of air distribution ducts sandwiched and connected to one another for each plenum to ensure that the heat exchange is homogeneous.

17. Slab according to claim 16, characterized by the fact that the distribution ducts forming the plenums for distribution (33) and recovery (34) comprise. perforations distributed uniformly over their length, and are obturated at their free extremity.

18. Slab according to claim 17, characterized by the fact that the total surface of perforation of the ducts forming the plenums (33, 34), per metre of ducts, related to the outside surface of a metre of ducts, is more than 10 %, in particular of the order of 30 %.

19. Slab according to any one of the claims 12 to 18, characterized by the fact that the plenums for distribution (33) and recovery (34) are laid out in such a way that the entry of air (31) into the channel (33) of distribution is diagonally opposite to the discharge (32) of air from the recovery plenum (34) so as to balance the heat exchanges in the means (8) of heat exchange.

20. Composite slab according to any one of the claims 12 to 19, characterized by the fact that its total calorific capacity per horizontal square metre is more than 150 Wh/m2 and in particular of the order of 400 Wh/m2. c.

21. Composite slab according to any one of the claims 12 to 20, characterized by the fact that the contact between the upper surface of the means (8) of heat exchange and the upper layer (28) of concrete is direct, excluding any insulating material, and by the fact that the area of the upper surface of the means (8) of heat exchange related to the horizontal surface of the slab is more than 50 %, and in particular of the order of 65 %

22. Composite floor slab according to any one of the claims 12 to 21, characterized by the fact that the thickness of the layer (28) of concrete situated above the layer (27) of heat exchanges is more than 20 cm and in particular of the order of 37 cm, and by the fact that this thickness produces a homogenizatiori of the temperatures in its surface in contact with the air in the inside of the building (1) and a dephasing of the displacement of the thermal front of more than 4 hours, in particular of the order of 8 hours.-

23. Slab according to any one of the claims 12 to 22, characterized by the fact that it comprises means of backup heating to maintain the temperature of the means (11) of forced storage about a limit temperature TL4.

24. Building characterized by the fact that it comprises an integrated installation of heating and heat regulation by solar energy according to any one of the claims 1 to 11 and at least one composite floor slab according to any one of the claims 12 to 23.

25. Building according to claim 24, characterized by the fact that the foundation and elevation walls (23) are double and comprise means (35) of sandwiched insulation, and by the fact that the specific floor covering of the ground floor (9) is an integral part of the composite floor slab (11) and by the fact that any slabs (14) separating the floors are overdimensioned but not insulated to permit the warm air to rise in the building by convection/conduction, and by the fact that the walls (15) and the ceiling (17) of the upper floor are in lightened material and comprise means (35) of outside insulation.