GB2153892A - A wall tie, a method of tying the leaves of a cavity wall and a cavity wall incorporating a tie - Google Patents
A wall tie, a method of tying the leaves of a cavity wall and a cavity wall incorporating a tie Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2153892A GB2153892A GB08425218A GB8425218A GB2153892A GB 2153892 A GB2153892 A GB 2153892A GB 08425218 A GB08425218 A GB 08425218A GB 8425218 A GB8425218 A GB 8425218A GB 2153892 A GB2153892 A GB 2153892A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- wall
- tie
- end portion
- leaf
- leaves
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000246 remedial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002320 enamel (paints) Substances 0.000 description 2
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007847 structural defect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
- E04B1/41—Connecting devices specially adapted for embedding in concrete or masonry
- E04B1/4178—Masonry wall ties
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
- E04G23/0222—Replacing or adding wall ties
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
Abstract
A wall tie (44) is shaped such that one end may be inserted in an obliquely drilled hole in the inner leaf (10) of the wall and held therein by an epoxy resin mortar (69), the other end being held between adjacent masonry elements of the outer leaf (11). A brick (70) is first removed from the outer leaf, a hole drilled in the masonry of the inner leaf and the brick (70) replaced after insertion of the tie. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
A wail tie, a method of tying together the leaves of a cavity wall and a cavity wall incorporating a tie
This invention relates to a cavity wall, to a method of tying together the leaves of a cavity wall and to wall ties for use in the method.
In cavity wall construction, wall ties are used to link the inner and outer leaves of masonry at intervals, typically of four or five courses of masonry elements such as bricks.
In recent cavity wall construction, such ties have been made of galvanised steel and very recently plastics material such as polypropylene have been proposed for use in wall ties.
However, in early cavity wall construction in the 1 920's and 30's, mild steel wall ties having water resistant enamel coatings were used, since galvanised ties were not then available.
During the life of a cavity wall, water penetrating the outer leaf may attack and severely corrode unprotected mild steel wall ties. This may take place for example at defects in the enamel coating. The corroded steel expands and splits into weak flakes, heavily oxidised, and having a much greater thickness than the original ties.
This expansion of the corroded steel ties causes opening of the mortar joints and lifting of the masonry above. Horizontal cracks appear in the outer leaf of masonry along the mortar joints in which the wall ties have been positioned. In severe cases, the lifting of the outer leaf of the wall may cause grave structural defects. Additionally, the loss of strength in the ties can result in the leaves of the cavity wall bulging apart. These effects could cause collapse of the wall.
The problems outlined above with early ungalvanised wall ties are only now becoming acutely felt. Previously proposed remedial methods have been unsatisfactory.
For example, it has been proposed to locate the original ties, remove the mortar of the outer leaf of masonry and then, using a bolster chisel, hammer the original tie away from the outer leaf so that it no longer bridges the cavity. The inner and outer leaves must then be reconnected and this is done by drilling through the masonry elements such as bricks, inserting an expansible tie rod and mechanically or frictionally engaging the tie rod with the masonry of the inner and outer leaves.
This method may cause damage to the inner leaf, because the remnants of the original tie may be driven through the inner leaf and the transmission of the hammering forces may damage internal plaster work. Additionally, the insertion of substitute ties through the outer leaf by drilling through the brickwork leaves unsightly traces that tie replacement has been carried out. The expansible ties used are extremely expensive and are not particularly secure because they rely merely on friction to hold them in place.
Another method which has been suggested to resecure the inner and outer leaves together is the use of urethane foam bonding material which bonds to the inner and outer leaves within the cavity and holds them together. While this prevents the masonry leaves from bulging apart, it does not prevent the corrosion and "growth" of the original ties which can still cause severe structural damage to the building by forcing apart the courses of masonry in the outer leaf.
A substitute form of tie which has been proposed as an alternative to the friction tie referred to above involves the insertion through drilled holes in the inner and outer leaves of a tube which carries at one end a double capsule of components which will form an epoxy mortar when mixed together. A threaded rod is forced into the tube, the rod having a spade drill formed leading end which penetrates the capsule, releasing the epoxy material, which then forms the mortar around the threaded rod and embedded in the inner leaf. The part of the threaded rod embedded in the outer leaf is then grouted in with an epoxy mortar. The resulting tie is much more secure than the previously described friction tie but is again inserted through drilled holes in the masonry, the operator being unable to see what is happening at the inner leaf.The resulting drilled holes remain visible after remedial work has been carried out.
According to a first aspect of the invention, a wall tie is provided comprising first and second end portions which, in use, are embedded in respective leaves of a cavity wall and an elongated mid-portion extending between the end portions, wherein the first end portion is substantially flat and parallel to a reference plane which is defined by a surface of the first end portion and the second end portion is spaced substantially from said plane. Preferably, the mid-portion is arranged with its length inclined to said reference plane and the second end portion considered as a whole is substantially parallel to a rectilinear axis, this axis being inclined to said reference plane at an acute angle less that, or substantially equal to, the angle at which the midportion is inclined. The second end portion may be non-rectilinear and/or of non-uniform cross-section.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a cavity wall comprising an outer leaf, an inner leaf and a wall tie, wherein a first end portion of the wall tie is embedded in the outer leaf, a second end portion of the wall tie is embedded in the inner leaf, a mid-portion of the wall tie spans the cavity and the second end portion of the wall tie is displaced from an axis which is perpendicular to the face of the outer leaf adjacent to the cavity and which axis passes through the position where the wall tie enters the outer leaf from the cavity. Preferably, the inner and outer leaves comprise masonry elements, the first end portion of the wall tie is embedded in the outer leaf between adjacent masonry elements, and the seond end portion of the wall tie is embedded in a masonry element of the inner leaf.
According to a third aspect of the invention, a cavity wall is provided comprising an outer leaf, an inner leaf and a wall tie, wherein the outer wall comprises a masonry element, the inner leaf comprises a masonry element, a first end portion of the wall tie is embedded in the outer leaf between adjacent masonry elements and the second end portion of the wall tie is embedded in a masonry element of the inner leaf.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall comprising inserting respective ends of a wall tie into the inner and outer leaves of the wall, wherein a first end portion of the wall tie is embedded in one leaf at a first level and a second end portion of the wall tie is embedded in the other leaf at a second level. The method may include drilling a hole in the masonry of the inner leaf using a drill inserted through an opening in the outer leaf, inserting the tie into the inner and outer leaves of the wall, applying a settable material to retain the tie in the inner leaf and replacing an originally removed masonry element using a settable material capable of simultaneously securing the tie and the masonry element in the outer leaf. Such a settable material preferably comprises an expandible grout.
The settable material may be introduced into the hole either before or after insertion of the tie.
The hole may be inclined at an angle of less than 50 to the outer face of the inner leaf.
The invention will now be described in more detail by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a vertical section through a wall diagrammatically illustrating a wall tie inserted in the wall;
Figure 2 is a plan view of the wall tie of
Fig. 1.
The structure illustrated in the drawings and described hereinafter may result from the repair of a cavity wall wherein it is necessary to replace a corroded tie using the method described in GB 2,100,330.
Referring to Fig. 1 of the drawings, an inner leaf 10 and an outer leaf 11 of a cavity wall are shown, separated by a cavity 1 2.
Although the wall can be built of any form of masonry element, such as bricks or blocks for example, it will be assumed to be a brick wall for purposes of the following description. In order to connect the inner and outer leaves of the wall, a tie 44 is inserted.
Referring to Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings, the tie comprises an outer end portion 46, an inner end portion 47 and a mid-portion 48 extending between the end portions.
The tie 44 is not inserted in the mortar of the inner leaf but into a hole which is drilled into one of the bricks or other masonry elements. This hole is shown at 49, and is drilled by means of a power drill inserted through the space 1 3 left by removal of a brick from the outer leaf. The hole is preferably inclined upwardly in a direction away from the outer leaf. The hole is then filled with a settable material which is preferably an epoxy resin mortar 69. It is preferred that this is done before the inner end portion 47 of the tie is introduced into hole 49 but it may be done afterwards if suitable means can be used for ensuring good penetration of the epoxy resin mortar around the tie.
The tying together of the leaves 10 and 11 at the position shown is completed by reinserting the removed brick at 70, as shown by a broken line in Fig. 1. The outer end portion 46 of the tie is embedded in a layer of mortar on which the brick 70 is bedded. This can be an expandable mortar which may be used on all faces of the brick 70.
It will be appreciated that, since the original brick has been replaced, there is no trace of the remedial work which has been carried out other than the fresh mortar surrounding the brick. This can either be allowed to weather so as to merge in with the remaining mortar or, after the remedial work has been carried out on the wall, the whole wall can be repointed with fresh mortar.
It has been found that, by the use of an epoxy resin mortar, the tie 44 can be very firmly embedded into the brickwork of the inner leaf 1 0. In comparison with known types of tie relying on frictional or mechanical engagement, the attachment of the tie to the inner leaf is much more secure and is not substantially loosened by vibration or the normal loading encountered by the tie in use.
As shown in Fig. 1, to enhance the strength of the connection between the wall tie 44 and the inner leaf 10, the inner end portion 47 of the wall tie is non-rectilinear. Additionally, or alternatively, the inner end portion may have a non-uniform cross-section so that narrow parts of the tie alternate with wide parts along the length of the inner end portion. As shown, the preferred form of the inner end portion is undulate.
To facilitate positioning of the outer end portion 46 of the substitute tie in a joint of the outer leaf 11, the outer end portion is substantially flat. Corresponding joints in the inner and outer leaves of a cavity wall are usually at the same level. Since the inner end portion 47 of the wall tie is required to be inserted in a hole 49 drilled in an element of the inner leaf above the level of the joint in which the outer end portion 46 is embedded, the inner end portion 47 is spaced from a reference plane 71 defined by a surface, for example the lower surface, of the outer end portion 46. Preferably, the spacing between this plane and the inner end portion is at least 15mm and more preferably at least 20mm.
The mid portion 48 of the wall tie is elongated and, preferably, rectilinear. The mid portion is inclined to the reference plane 71, the acute angle a included between this plane and the mid portion preferably having a value of at least 25' and, more preferably, a value between 30 and 40 . Although the inner end portion 47 is non-rectilinear, it can be seen from Fig. 3 that this end portion, considered as a whole, is generally parallel to a medial axis 72 of the end portion.As shown, the axis 72 is preferably inclined to the plane 71 at a small angle, typically within the range 1 to 10 . Thus, the acute angle b between the axis 72 and the mid portion 48 is typically within the range 20 to 35 and preferably within the range 25 to 30 . It will be noted that the angle a exceeds the angle b.
The wall tie 44 is conveniently formed of round, stainless steel wire. The end portion 46 is preferably formed, as shown in Fig. 4, to a substantially closed loop and has a width, that is the dimension extending along the length of the cavity wall, many time greater than the width of the inner end portion 47. As viewed in plan, the inner end portion 47 and the mid portion 48 are rectilinear.
The upward inclination of the mid portion 48 in a direction from the outer leaf 11 towards the inner leaf 10 ensures that water cannot run along the mid portion of the wall tie from the outer leaf to the inner leaf of the wall.
It will be noted that a method of, and tools for, removal and replacement of corroded wall ties has been published in GB 2,100,330.
It will be appreciated that details of tools and methods referred to in the foregoing description may be changed to suit particular applications, without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (14)
1. A method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall, the cavity wall having an inner leaf comprising masonry elements and an outer leaf comprising masonry elements, comprising embedding a first end portion of a wall tie in the outer leaf between adjacent masonry elements and embedding a second end portion of the wall tie in a masonry element of the inner leaf.
2. A method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall according to Claim 1 wherein said first end portion of the wall tie is embedded in one leaf at a first level and said second end portion of the wall tie is embedded in the other leaf at a second level.
3. A method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall according to Claim 2 comprising removing a masonry element from the outer leaf, drilling a hole in the masonry of the inner leaf using a drill inserted through the opening in the outer leaf, inserting the tie into the inner and outer leaves of the wall, using a settable material to retain the replacement tie in the inner leaf and replacing the originally removed masonry element using a settable material capable of simultaneously securing the tie and the masonry element in the outer leaf.
4. A method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall according to Claim 3 wherein an axis is defined perpendicular to the face of the outer leaf adjacent to the cavity and which axis passes through the position where the wall tie enters the outer leaf and the second end portion of the wall-tie is substantially spaced from said axis.
5. A method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall according to Claim 4 wherein said drilled hole extends obliquely with respect to said axis.
6. A method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall according to Claim 5 wherein the settable material which simultaneously secures the replacement tie and the masonry element comprises an expandible grout.
7. A cavity wall comprising an outer leaf, an inner leaf and a wall-tie, wherein the outer leaf comprises masonry elements, the inner leaf comprises masonry elements, a first end portion of the wall-tie is embedded in the outer leaf between two adjacent masonry elements and a second end portion of the wall-tie is embedded in a masonry element of the inner leaf.
8. A cavity wall according to Claim 7 wherein a mid-portion of the wall tie spans the cavity and the second end portion of the wall tie is displaced from an axis which is perpendicular to the face of the outer leaf adjacent to the cavity and which axis passes through the position where the wall tie enters the outer leaf from the cavity.
9. A cavity wall according to Claim 8 wherein a second end portion of the wall tie, considered as a whole, is substantially parallel to a rectilinear axis, a face of one of said two adjacent masonry elements, which face is adjacent to the other of said two elements, defines a reference plane and said rectilinear axis is inclined to said reference plane.
10. A wall-tie suitable for use in a method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall according to Claim 1, comprising first and second end portions which, in use, are embedded in respective leaves of a cavity wall and an elongated mid-portion extending between the end portions, wherein the first end portion is substantially flat and parallel to a first reference plane which is defined by a surface of the first end portion, the second end portion is spaced substantially from said first reference plane, the second end portion, when considered as a whole, is substantially parallel to an axis, the length of the intermediate portion is inclined to said first reference plane at an acute angle and, as viewed in a second plane perpendicular to the first plane, and in a direction towards the first reference plane, the intermediate portion and the second end portion are collectively substantially parallel to the second reference plane.
11. A wall-tie according to Claim 10 wherein said axis is inclined to said first reference plane.
1 2. A wall tie according to Claim 11 wherein the mid-portion is inclined to said first reference plane at an acute angle exceeding the acute angle at which the mid-portion is inclined to said rectilinear axis.
1 3. A wall tie according to Claim 1 2 wherein the second end portion is non-rectilinear and/or of non-uniform cross-section.
14. A wall tie according to Claim 1 3 wherein the mid-portion is substantially rectilinear.
1 5. A method for tying together the leaves of a cavity wall substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
1 6. A cavity wall substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
1 7. A wall tie substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08425218A GB2153892B (en) | 1981-06-13 | 1984-10-05 | A wall tie, a method of tying together the leaves of a cavity wall and a cavity wall incorporating a tie |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8118235 | 1981-06-13 | ||
| GB8214959A GB2100330B (en) | 1981-06-13 | 1982-05-21 | Replacing cavity wall ties |
| GB08425218A GB2153892B (en) | 1981-06-13 | 1984-10-05 | A wall tie, a method of tying together the leaves of a cavity wall and a cavity wall incorporating a tie |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8425218D0 GB8425218D0 (en) | 1984-11-14 |
| GB2153892A true GB2153892A (en) | 1985-08-29 |
| GB2153892B GB2153892B (en) | 1986-03-05 |
Family
ID=27261202
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08425218A Expired GB2153892B (en) | 1981-06-13 | 1984-10-05 | A wall tie, a method of tying together the leaves of a cavity wall and a cavity wall incorporating a tie |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2153892B (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0279266A2 (en) * | 1987-02-20 | 1988-08-24 | Claude Meyers | Spacer |
| GB2270937A (en) * | 1992-09-26 | 1994-03-30 | Red Circle Ltd | Cavity wall ties |
| DE9416417U1 (en) * | 1994-10-12 | 1994-12-22 | Dausend, Hans-Werner, 42289 Wuppertal | Air layer anchor |
| CN103924675A (en) * | 2014-05-06 | 2014-07-16 | 宁夏煤炭基本建设有限公司 | Outer wall strengthening rivet and outer wall strengthening method |
| US10876285B1 (en) * | 2016-06-22 | 2020-12-29 | Rodenhouse, Inc. | Masonry veneer wall tie apparatus and method for building construction |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB256875A (en) * | 1926-03-04 | 1926-08-19 | John Henderson | Improved wall tie |
| GB437965A (en) * | 1934-05-11 | 1935-11-08 | William John Parker | Improvements in walling ties |
| GB594962A (en) * | 1945-10-03 | 1947-11-24 | Percy Thomas Oscar Boult | Improvements relating to the walls of buildings |
| GB623296A (en) * | 1947-04-26 | 1949-05-16 | Roland Mckinney | Improvements in or relating to wall ties |
| GB1511068A (en) * | 1976-11-11 | 1978-05-17 | Clark G Ltd | Wall ties |
| GB1572953A (en) * | 1978-02-22 | 1980-08-06 | Leedham R | Wall ties for cavity walls of brick and timber construction |
| GB2062719A (en) * | 1979-10-23 | 1981-05-28 | Ibstock Building Products Ltd | Linking Members |
| GB2096664A (en) * | 1981-04-09 | 1982-10-20 | Durrant Clive Guy | Wall tie |
-
1984
- 1984-10-05 GB GB08425218A patent/GB2153892B/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB256875A (en) * | 1926-03-04 | 1926-08-19 | John Henderson | Improved wall tie |
| GB437965A (en) * | 1934-05-11 | 1935-11-08 | William John Parker | Improvements in walling ties |
| GB594962A (en) * | 1945-10-03 | 1947-11-24 | Percy Thomas Oscar Boult | Improvements relating to the walls of buildings |
| GB623296A (en) * | 1947-04-26 | 1949-05-16 | Roland Mckinney | Improvements in or relating to wall ties |
| GB1511068A (en) * | 1976-11-11 | 1978-05-17 | Clark G Ltd | Wall ties |
| GB1572953A (en) * | 1978-02-22 | 1980-08-06 | Leedham R | Wall ties for cavity walls of brick and timber construction |
| GB2062719A (en) * | 1979-10-23 | 1981-05-28 | Ibstock Building Products Ltd | Linking Members |
| GB2096664A (en) * | 1981-04-09 | 1982-10-20 | Durrant Clive Guy | Wall tie |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0279266A2 (en) * | 1987-02-20 | 1988-08-24 | Claude Meyers | Spacer |
| EP0279266A3 (en) * | 1987-02-20 | 1989-11-29 | Claude Meyers | Spacer |
| GB2270937A (en) * | 1992-09-26 | 1994-03-30 | Red Circle Ltd | Cavity wall ties |
| DE9416417U1 (en) * | 1994-10-12 | 1994-12-22 | Dausend, Hans-Werner, 42289 Wuppertal | Air layer anchor |
| DE19533980A1 (en) * | 1994-10-12 | 1996-04-18 | Dausend Hans Werner | Wall clamp as undulated ends of round wire |
| DE19533980C2 (en) * | 1994-10-12 | 1998-07-02 | Dausend Hans Werner | Air layer anchor |
| CN103924675A (en) * | 2014-05-06 | 2014-07-16 | 宁夏煤炭基本建设有限公司 | Outer wall strengthening rivet and outer wall strengthening method |
| US10876285B1 (en) * | 2016-06-22 | 2020-12-29 | Rodenhouse, Inc. | Masonry veneer wall tie apparatus and method for building construction |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2153892B (en) | 1986-03-05 |
| GB8425218D0 (en) | 1984-11-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |