GB2117698A - Making a two-layer parison by injection moulding - Google Patents

Making a two-layer parison by injection moulding Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2117698A
GB2117698A GB08308817A GB8308817A GB2117698A GB 2117698 A GB2117698 A GB 2117698A GB 08308817 A GB08308817 A GB 08308817A GB 8308817 A GB8308817 A GB 8308817A GB 2117698 A GB2117698 A GB 2117698A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
parison
moulding
temperature
layer
synthetic resin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB08308817A
Other versions
GB8308817D0 (en
Inventor
Katashi Aoki
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of GB8308817D0 publication Critical patent/GB8308817D0/en
Publication of GB2117698A publication Critical patent/GB2117698A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/08—Biaxial stretching during blow-moulding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/16—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
    • B29C45/1684—Injecting parison-like articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/02—Combined blow-moulding and manufacture of the preform or the parison
    • B29C49/06—Injection blow-moulding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/22—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor using multilayered preforms or parisons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/02—Combined blow-moulding and manufacture of the preform or the parison
    • B29C2049/023—Combined blow-moulding and manufacture of the preform or the parison using inherent heat of the preform, i.e. 1 step blow moulding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
    • B29C2949/20—Preforms or parisons whereby a specific part is made of only one component, e.g. only one layer
    • B29C2949/22—Preforms or parisons whereby a specific part is made of only one component, e.g. only one layer at neck portion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
    • B29C2949/20—Preforms or parisons whereby a specific part is made of only one component, e.g. only one layer
    • B29C2949/24—Preforms or parisons whereby a specific part is made of only one component, e.g. only one layer at flange portion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
    • B29C2949/30—Preforms or parisons made of several components
    • B29C2949/3016—Preforms or parisons made of several components at body portion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
    • B29C2949/30—Preforms or parisons made of several components
    • B29C2949/302—Preforms or parisons made of several components at bottom portion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
    • B29C2949/30—Preforms or parisons made of several components
    • B29C2949/3024—Preforms or parisons made of several components characterised by the number of components or by the manufacturing technique
    • B29C2949/3026—Preforms or parisons made of several components characterised by the number of components or by the manufacturing technique having two or more components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
    • B29C2949/30—Preforms or parisons made of several components
    • B29C2949/3032—Preforms or parisons made of several components having components being injected
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
    • B29C2949/30—Preforms or parisons made of several components
    • B29C2949/3032—Preforms or parisons made of several components having components being injected
    • B29C2949/3034—Preforms or parisons made of several components having components being injected having two or more components being injected
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/712—Containers; Packaging elements or accessories, Packages

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)

Abstract

A process for making two-layer bottles is described in which a two- layer parison is injection moulded using two kinds of synthetic resin which have different working temperatures. In this process, an inner parison is injection moulded using a synthetic resin having a low working temperature and an outer parison is injection moulded around the inner parison using a synthetic resin having high working temperature. An outer surface of the inner parison is cooled to a relatively low temperature prior to the moulding of the outer parison and the two- layer parison is stretched and blow moulded immediately after the moulding of the outer parison.

Description

SPECIFICATION Process for making a two-layer hollow article by injection moulding, stretching and blow moulding THIS INVENTION relates to a process for injection moulding, stretching and blow moulding two-layer hollow articles such as bottles and the like using two kinds of synthetic resin which have different working temperatures.
When a two-layer parison formed by injection moulding is subsequently stretched and blow moulded to make a hollow article such as a two-layer bottle, there is a problem in that the temperature of a first synthetic resin used to form an inner parison and the temperature of a second synthetic resin used to form an outer parison must be within the range of the respective stretching and blowing working temperatures.
In the stretching and blow moulding of twolayer bottles using one and the same resin or two kinds of synthetic resin which are not very different in working temperature, even if a difference in temperature occurs to some extent between the inner and outer layers, the temperature can be appropriately adjusted immediately before the stretching and blow moulding to form the bottles. However, in the case of two synthetic resins which have significantly different working temperatures, it is difficult to adjust the temperature and therefore two-layer bottles or the like cannot be moulded using such a combination of materials.
In injection moulding a two-layer parison using two kinds of synthetic resins which have different working temperatures, a synthetic resin having a low working temperature is first moulded to form the inner parison and an outer parison of synthetic resin having a high working temperature is then moulded around the inner parison. The temperature of the inner parison tends to become higher, as a result of the injection moulding of the outer parison, than the working temperature suitable for the subsequent stretching and blow moulding operation which has to take place. If the temperature difference between the two kinds of synthetic resin is not large, the temperature of the whole two-layer parison may be adjusted to bring the respective temperature of the two layers within their respective working temperature ranges.However, such adjustment is extremely difficult when using synthetic resins which have significantly different working temperatures. An overall temperature adjustment is then impossible to make and the temperatures of the inner and outer parisons would have to be adjusted individually. That is, cooling means is required in order to adjust the temperature of the inner parison, which has been increased to a higher level than necessary, to the working temperature suitable for the stretching and blow moulding operation. In contrast, the outer parison needs to be protected against lowering of its temperature while the temperature adjustment of the inner parison is taking place. It is difficult for a single device to effect cooling on the one hand and heat retention on the other hand. Furthermore, such temperature adjustment has to be made in an extremely short period of time.
The present invention aims to provide a process which enables the production of hollow articles such as two-layer bottles and the like using two kinds of synthetic resin which have different working temperatures by applying a stretching and blow moulding operation to the synthetic resins immediately after injection moulding step without requiring complex temperature adjustment of the two-layer parison.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for making a two-layer hollow article such as a bottle, in which a two-layer parison is injection moulded using two kinds of synthetic resin having different working temperatures and the two-layer parison is stretched and blow moulded into the hollow article, which process includes moulding an inner parison using a synthetic resin having a lower working temperature, moulding an outer parison around the inner parison using a synthetic resin having a higher working temperature, cooling an outer surface of the inner parison to a relatively low temperature prior to moulding the outer parison, and stretching and blow moulding the two-layer parison immediately after the moulding of the outer parison.
The inner parison may be moulded from a synthetic resin, such as polyethylene terephthalate, which has relatively low working temperature and the outer parison from a synthetic resin, such as polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylenevinyl acetate, which has a relativey high working temperature.
A process embodying the present invention can be put into practice using the injection blow moulder devised by the inventor of the present invention and disclosed in his U.S.
Patent 4,321,029. In that case, it is not necessary to utilize a stage of the temperature control which is disclosed in the U.S. Patent.
In order that the invention may be readily understood, an embodiment thereof will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the step of injection moulding an inner parison; Figure 2 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the step of injection moulding an outer parison; Figure 3 is a partial sectional view of the two-layer parison; and Figure 4 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a state of a two-layer bottle produced by injection stretching and blow moulding the two-layer parison in a blow mould.
In an injection station a synthetic resin having a low working temperature is injected between a mould cavity part 1 and a mould core part 2 to form an inner parison 11 as shown in Fig. 1. Subsequently, an outer surface of the inner parison 11 is cooled to a temperature as low as possible by coolant circulated through coolant channels in the mould cavity part. Thereafter, the parison 11 is released from the cavity 1 and core 2 for transfer into another mould cavity 3. The parison is inserted into the cavity 3 and a core 4 is inserted into the parison, after which a synthetic resin having a high working temperature is injected into the space around the inner parison to form an outer parison 12 as shown in Fig. 2.
After a two-layer parison 13 has been injection moulded as described above, the parison is released from the cavity 3 and core 4 and moved to a stretching and blowing station, where the parison is immediately stretched and blow moulded to form a hollow product such as a two-layer bottle.
In the above-described procedure, if the outer parison 12 were subjected to moulding without the extreme cooling of the outer surface of the inner parison 11, the inner parison 11 would subsequently be heated too much and the temperature would rise too high as a result of the high injection moulding temperature of the synthetic resin used to mould the outer parison around the inner parison 12. On the other hand, with the outer surface of the inner parison being initially cooled to as low a temperature as possible, the heating of the inner parison resulting from the injection of the outer parison 12 first influences the outer surface of the inner parison and thus elevates the surface temperature only.The whole of the inner parison 11 will not therefore rise in temperature more than is needed as a result of the thermal effect of the outer parison 12 until the outside surface temperature of the outer parison 12, that is, the temperature of a boundary layer 14 (Fig. 3) between the inner parison and the outer parison 12, reaches the internal temperature of the inner parison 11.
Of course, the outer parison 12 causes the temperature of the inner parison 11 to increase as time elapses, whilst the temperature of the outer parison itself decreases. As a consequence, the temperatures of both the parison layers tend to deviate from the respective working temperature ranges suitable for the subsequent stretching and blowing operation. In addition, the heating rate created thereat is not so high, and therefore, there occurs a phenomenon which causes the boundary layer 14 to become whitened.Accordingly, following the moulding of two-layer parison 13 the two-layer bottle 18 or the like is immediately moulded before the occurence of this phenomenon by stretching the parison in the longitudinal direction with a stretch rod 16 within the blow mould 1 5 and at the same time by blowing air from nozzle 17. as shown in Fig. 4.
Example (1) Moulding materials for the two-layer parison 1 3 Inner parison 11 ... Polyethylene terephthalate Outer parison 1 2... Polycarbonate (2) Moulding conditions Inner side Cavity cooling water temperature... below 5"C Core cooling water temperature . . . 20-30 C Outer side Cavity Temperature.. 80-90 C Core Temperature.. 70-80 C (3) Temperature of parison Inner parison 11... 90-1 00 C Outer parison 12... 130-140'C Here, the temperature of the inner parison 11 is the temperature increased by the potential heat of the outer parison 12.
(4) Results A two-layer bottle was obtained which is excellent in transparency, uniform in distribution of wall thickness, and with little tendency to peel.

Claims (3)

1. A process for making a two-layer hollow article such as a bottle, in which a twolayer parison is injection moulded using two kinds of synthetic resin having different working temperatures and the two-layer parison is stretched and blow moulded into the hollow article, which process includes moulding an inner parison using a synthetic resin having a lower working temperature, moulding an outer parison around the inner parison using a synthetic resin having a higher working temperature, cooling an outer surface of the inner parison to a relative low temperature prior to moulding the outer parison, and stretching and blow moulding the two-layer parison immediately after the moulding of the outer parison.
2. A process for injection, stretching and blow moulding a two-layer hollow article substantially as hereinbefore described with refer ence to the accompanying drawings.
3. Any novel feature or combination of features described herein.
GB08308817A 1982-03-31 1983-03-30 Making a two-layer parison by injection moulding Withdrawn GB2117698A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP57054050A JPS58168531A (en) 1982-03-31 1982-03-31 Injection stretch blow molding of two-layered bottle

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB8308817D0 GB8308817D0 (en) 1983-05-11
GB2117698A true GB2117698A (en) 1983-10-19

Family

ID=12959777

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB08308817A Withdrawn GB2117698A (en) 1982-03-31 1983-03-30 Making a two-layer parison by injection moulding

Country Status (7)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS58168531A (en)
KR (1) KR860000209B1 (en)
DE (1) DE3311608A1 (en)
ES (1) ES521200A0 (en)
FR (1) FR2524373B1 (en)
GB (1) GB2117698A (en)
IT (1) IT1165741B (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0228616A2 (en) * 1985-12-20 1987-07-15 Battenfeld Fischer Blasformtechnik Gmbh Method and apparatus for the production of hollow articles from thermoplastic materials
WO1995022451A1 (en) * 1994-02-18 1995-08-24 The Coco-Cola Company Hollow containers having a very thin inert or impermeable inner surface layer by coating the inside surface of the preform
EP1147872A2 (en) * 1995-07-07 2001-10-24 Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. Method for molding multi-layer plastic articles
US6428737B1 (en) 1995-07-07 2002-08-06 Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. Sleeve molding
WO2008063726A2 (en) * 2006-11-20 2008-05-29 Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. Injection blow molding process and article

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS60201909A (en) * 1984-03-26 1985-10-12 Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd Manufacture of multilayer stretch blown bottle
DE102008057138A1 (en) * 2008-11-13 2010-05-20 Novapax Maschinenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg Method for manufacturing multi-layer plastic bottle in stations of injection blow-molding machine, involves injecting thermoplastic material in injection unit for forming outer layer on bottle, and outputting bottle in output station

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2062538A (en) * 1979-10-27 1981-05-28 Brother Ind Ltd Ultrasonic seam welding apparatus

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1950212A1 (en) * 1969-10-04 1971-04-15 Dynamit Nobel Ag Blow moulding laminated or coloured con- - tainers from injection moulded parisons
US4056590A (en) * 1974-06-03 1977-11-01 Farrell Patent Company Blow molding method with double cycle for core rods
JPS55111236A (en) * 1979-02-20 1980-08-27 Katashi Aoki Injection/stretching/blowing molding machine for two-layer molding

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2062538A (en) * 1979-10-27 1981-05-28 Brother Ind Ltd Ultrasonic seam welding apparatus

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0228616A2 (en) * 1985-12-20 1987-07-15 Battenfeld Fischer Blasformtechnik Gmbh Method and apparatus for the production of hollow articles from thermoplastic materials
EP0228616A3 (en) * 1985-12-20 1989-04-12 Battenfeld Fischer Blasformtechnik Gmbh Method and apparatus for the production of hollow articles from thermoplastic materials
AU592841B2 (en) * 1985-12-20 1990-01-25 Battenfeld Fischer Blasformtechnik G.M.B.H. Process and apparatus for the manufacture of hollow bodies made of thermoplastics
WO1995022451A1 (en) * 1994-02-18 1995-08-24 The Coco-Cola Company Hollow containers having a very thin inert or impermeable inner surface layer by coating the inside surface of the preform
US5571470A (en) * 1994-02-18 1996-11-05 The Coca-Cola Company Method for fabricating a thin inner barrier layer within a preform
US5906787A (en) * 1994-02-18 1999-05-25 The Coca-Cola Company Hollow containers having a very thin inert or impermeable inner surface layer by coating the inside surface of the preform
US6444155B1 (en) 1994-02-18 2002-09-03 The Coca-Cola Company Hollow containers having a very thin inert or impermeable inner surface layer by coating the inside surface of the preform
US6428737B1 (en) 1995-07-07 2002-08-06 Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. Sleeve molding
EP1147872A3 (en) * 1995-07-07 2002-03-20 Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. Method for molding multi-layer plastic articles
EP1147872A2 (en) * 1995-07-07 2001-10-24 Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. Method for molding multi-layer plastic articles
US6572812B2 (en) 1995-07-07 2003-06-03 Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. Preform and container with crystallized neck finish and method of making the same
EP1477288A2 (en) * 1995-07-07 2004-11-17 Continental PET Technologies, INC. Sleeve molding
EP1477288A3 (en) * 1995-07-07 2005-11-16 Graham Packaging PET Technologies Inc. Sleeve molding
US7615176B2 (en) 1995-07-07 2009-11-10 Graham Packaging Pet Technologies Inc. Sleeve molding
WO2008063726A2 (en) * 2006-11-20 2008-05-29 Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. Injection blow molding process and article
WO2008063726A3 (en) * 2006-11-20 2008-12-24 Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip Injection blow molding process and article

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB8308817D0 (en) 1983-05-11
FR2524373A1 (en) 1983-10-07
ES8406938A1 (en) 1984-09-01
ES521200A0 (en) 1984-09-01
DE3311608A1 (en) 1983-10-06
IT8367358A0 (en) 1983-03-31
IT1165741B (en) 1987-04-22
KR840003985A (en) 1984-10-06
JPS58168531A (en) 1983-10-04
KR860000209B1 (en) 1986-03-15
FR2524373B1 (en) 1986-11-07

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