GB1570732A - Equine rhinopneumonitis vaccine - Google Patents
Equine rhinopneumonitis vaccine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1570732A GB1570732A GB16400/77A GB1640077A GB1570732A GB 1570732 A GB1570732 A GB 1570732A GB 16400/77 A GB16400/77 A GB 16400/77A GB 1640077 A GB1640077 A GB 1640077A GB 1570732 A GB1570732 A GB 1570732A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- virus
- vaccine
- erp
- live
- equine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 title claims description 68
- 241000283073 Equus caballus Species 0.000 title claims description 44
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 claims description 166
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- XQFRJNBWHJMXHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N IDUR Chemical compound C1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(I)=C1 XQFRJNBWHJMXHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 210000003501 vero cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 241000701089 Equid alphaherpesvirus 4 Species 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001529453 unidentified herpesvirus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013553 cell monolayer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003104 tissue culture media Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 27
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 23
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 22
- 238000002255 vaccination Methods 0.000 description 21
- 206010000210 abortion Diseases 0.000 description 19
- 231100000176 abortion Toxicity 0.000 description 18
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 17
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 13
- 210000000265 leukocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 210000003754 fetus Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000032696 parturition Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000003022 colostrum Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 235000021277 colostrum Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 201000002364 leukopenia Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 231100001022 leukopenia Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000001944 turbinate Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 241001308709 unidentified virus Species 0.000 description 5
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000230501 Equine herpesvirus sp. Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000024932 T cell mediated immunity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004727 humoral immunity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000007969 cellular immunity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000120 cytopathologic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000517 death Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282552 Chlorocebus aethiops Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010030113 Oedema Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000035415 Reinfection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000022531 anorexia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
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- 206010061428 decreased appetite Diseases 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000005847 immunogenicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 2
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- 210000000440 neutrophil Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000007918 pathogenicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000023504 respiratory system disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000035143 Bacterial infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- JZUFKLXOESDKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorothiazide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC2=C1NCNS2(=O)=O JZUFKLXOESDKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000006145 Eagle's minimal essential medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000004232 Enteritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000832 Equine Encephalomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000701148 Equine adenovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000713730 Equine infectious anemia virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000012981 Hank's balanced salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- WDVSHHCDHLJJJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proflavine Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC2=NC3=CC(N)=CC=C3C=C21 WDVSHHCDHLJJJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010053459 Secretion discharge Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000120569 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000004760 Tenosynovitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000026802 afebrile Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010420 art technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000022362 bacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000309466 calf Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007850 degeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004836 empirical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006353 environmental stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000413 hydrolysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007233 immunological mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000986 in utero exposure Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010022000 influenza Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001165 lymph node Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010025482 malaise Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000005075 mammary gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008774 maternal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004400 mucous membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003169 placental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000405 serological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001018 virulence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/12—Viral antigens
- A61K39/245—Herpetoviridae, e.g. herpes simplex virus
- A61K39/27—Equine rhinopneumonitis virus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/12—Viral antigens
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N7/00—Viruses; Bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
- A61K2039/525—Virus
- A61K2039/5254—Virus avirulent or attenuated
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/55—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the host/recipient, e.g. newborn with maternal antibodies
- A61K2039/552—Veterinary vaccine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
- C12N2710/00011—Details
- C12N2710/16011—Herpesviridae
- C12N2710/16711—Varicellovirus, e.g. human herpesvirus 3, Varicella Zoster, pseudorabies
- C12N2710/16734—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
- C12N2710/00011—Details
- C12N2710/16011—Herpesviridae
- C12N2710/16711—Varicellovirus, e.g. human herpesvirus 3, Varicella Zoster, pseudorabies
- C12N2710/16761—Methods of inactivation or attenuation
- C12N2710/16764—Methods of inactivation or attenuation by serial passage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S424/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
- Y10S424/82—Viral vaccine for equine species, e.g. horses
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/679,840 US4110433A (en) | 1976-04-23 | 1976-04-23 | Equine rhinopneumonitis virus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1570732A true GB1570732A (en) | 1980-07-09 |
Family
ID=24728588
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB16400/77A Expired GB1570732A (en) | 1976-04-23 | 1977-04-20 | Equine rhinopneumonitis vaccine |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4110433A (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU2454077A (enExample) |
| BE (1) | BE853810A (enExample) |
| DD (1) | DD131762A5 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE2717919A1 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES458113A1 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2348704A1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB1570732A (enExample) |
| LU (1) | LU77166A1 (enExample) |
| NL (1) | NL7704239A (enExample) |
| NZ (1) | NZ183907A (enExample) |
| PL (1) | PL197579A1 (enExample) |
| SE (1) | SE7704514L (enExample) |
| SU (1) | SU700069A3 (enExample) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2001017553A1 (en) * | 1999-09-10 | 2001-03-15 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Equine herpes virus temperature sensitive mutant and live vaccine thereof |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4225582A (en) * | 1979-03-08 | 1980-09-30 | The University Of Illinois Foundation | Vaccine for equine rhinopneumonitis |
| US4636469A (en) * | 1982-04-07 | 1987-01-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health & Human Services | Isolation of hepatitis A virus strain HM-175 |
| US4532215A (en) * | 1982-04-07 | 1985-07-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Isolation of hepatitis A virus strain HM-175 |
| NZ224422A (en) * | 1987-05-05 | 1990-11-27 | Molecular Eng Ass | Composition adapted for intranasal immunisation against viral infection comprising a glycoprotein complexed with a lipid |
| US5192539A (en) * | 1988-07-21 | 1993-03-09 | Akzo N.V. | Infectious bursal disease virus production in continuous cell lines |
| DE69131984T2 (de) * | 1990-08-01 | 2000-07-06 | Research Corp. Technologies, Inc. | Das für das pferde herpes-virus typ 1 glykoprotein d, kodierende gen, sein genprodukt, antikörper und ihre verwendung |
| ZA97452B (en) * | 1996-01-25 | 1997-08-15 | Trinity College Dublin | Streptococcus equi vaccine. |
| US5853715A (en) * | 1996-08-16 | 1998-12-29 | Bayer Corporation | Cross-protective equine herpesvirus preparations and method of making and using the same |
| CA2243730C (en) * | 1997-07-29 | 2009-12-22 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Streptococcus equi vaccine |
| US7678087B2 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2010-03-16 | Heska Corporation | Equine intranasal delivery system |
| US6398774B1 (en) | 1999-09-29 | 2002-06-04 | Heska Corporation | Intranasal delivery system |
| US6803041B2 (en) | 2001-03-20 | 2004-10-12 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. | Equine herpesvirus vaccine |
| BRPI0709282B8 (pt) | 2006-03-29 | 2021-05-25 | Merial Ltd | vacina contra estreptococos |
| CN114214289A (zh) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-03-22 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | 一株马冠状病毒ECoV464693及其应用 |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1692043C3 (de) * | 1968-03-06 | 1979-04-12 | Behringwerke Ag, 3550 Marburg | Rhinopneumonitis-Vaccine und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
-
1976
- 1976-04-23 US US05/679,840 patent/US4110433A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1977
- 1977-04-19 NL NL7704239A patent/NL7704239A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-04-20 SE SE7704514A patent/SE7704514L/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-04-20 SU SU772474905A patent/SU700069A3/ru active
- 1977-04-20 GB GB16400/77A patent/GB1570732A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-04-20 LU LU77166A patent/LU77166A1/xx unknown
- 1977-04-20 NZ NZ183907A patent/NZ183907A/xx unknown
- 1977-04-21 BE BE176892A patent/BE853810A/xx unknown
- 1977-04-22 FR FR7712208A patent/FR2348704A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1977-04-22 AU AU24540/77A patent/AU2454077A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-04-22 DD DD7700198562A patent/DD131762A5/xx unknown
- 1977-04-22 ES ES458113A patent/ES458113A1/es not_active Expired
- 1977-04-22 DE DE19772717919 patent/DE2717919A1/de active Pending
- 1977-04-23 PL PL19757977A patent/PL197579A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2001017553A1 (en) * | 1999-09-10 | 2001-03-15 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Equine herpes virus temperature sensitive mutant and live vaccine thereof |
| AU778157B2 (en) * | 1999-09-10 | 2004-11-18 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Equine herpes virus temperature sensitive mutant and live vaccine thereof |
| RU2252253C2 (ru) * | 1999-09-10 | 2005-05-20 | Акцо Нобель Н.В. | Температурочувствительный штамм вируса аборта лошадей ehv-1, фармацевтическая композиция, вакцина и способ иммунизации животного |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES458113A1 (es) | 1978-03-16 |
| US4110433A (en) | 1978-08-29 |
| PL197579A1 (pl) | 1978-09-25 |
| FR2348704A1 (fr) | 1977-11-18 |
| LU77166A1 (enExample) | 1977-08-12 |
| NZ183907A (en) | 1979-10-25 |
| SU700069A3 (ru) | 1979-11-25 |
| BE853810A (fr) | 1977-10-21 |
| SE7704514L (sv) | 1977-10-24 |
| NL7704239A (nl) | 1977-10-25 |
| DD131762A5 (de) | 1978-07-19 |
| DE2717919A1 (de) | 1977-11-03 |
| AU2454077A (en) | 1978-10-26 |
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