GB1481218A - Soundabsorbing element - Google Patents

Soundabsorbing element

Info

Publication number
GB1481218A
GB1481218A GB30481/74A GB3048174A GB1481218A GB 1481218 A GB1481218 A GB 1481218A GB 30481/74 A GB30481/74 A GB 30481/74A GB 3048174 A GB3048174 A GB 3048174A GB 1481218 A GB1481218 A GB 1481218A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
rubber
members
panel
wall members
perforated
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
GB30481/74A
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pass & Co
Original Assignee
Pass & Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19732339649 external-priority patent/DE2339649C3/en
Application filed by Pass & Co filed Critical Pass & Co
Publication of GB1481218A publication Critical patent/GB1481218A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
    • B32B25/04—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
    • E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
    • E01F8/0047—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with open cavities, e.g. for covering sunken roads
    • E01F8/0064—Perforated plate or mesh, e.g. as wall facing
    • E01F8/007—Perforated plate or mesh, e.g. as wall facing with damping material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
    • B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B13/042—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of natural rubber or synthetic rubber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B15/06—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of natural rubber or synthetic rubber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B21/00—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board
    • B32B21/04—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board comprising wood as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B21/045—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board comprising wood as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of natural rubber or synthetic rubber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
    • B32B25/04—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B25/08—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/8227—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only screens ; Arrangements of sound-absorbing elements, e.g. baffles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
    • B32B2307/56—Damping, energy absorption
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8423—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/8428—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling containing specially shaped acoustical bodies, e.g. funnels, egg-crates, fanfolds
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8423—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/8433—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling with holes in their face
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8423—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/8442—Tray type elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8423—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/8452—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling with peripheral frame members

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)

Abstract

1481218 Laminated panel PASS & CO 10 July 1974 [4 Aug 1973] 30481/74 Heading B5N [Also in Division E1] A sound-absorbing panel, which may be employed to screen dwellings from special sources of noise, e.g. airports, roads, industrial or building sites, sports arenas, or as the walls or ceilings of buildings, space dividers in buildings, or wall or ceiling coverings door panels or window shutters, is formed by a container having two sheet-like rigid wall members at least one of which is perforated and edge members bridging the wall members around their periphery with a filling of comminuted rubber, preferably scrap derived from rubber tyres. The comminuted rubber may be merely tightly packed between the wall members of formed into a non-homogeneous mat by weaving or stitching together of shredded rubber or by causing the pieces of rubber to adhere at their contacting surface. The wall members may be metal sheets, preferably with corrugations of trapezium crosssection, plastic, wood, chipboard, asbestos cement or concrete. A shown in Fig. 2, rubber granules 8 are packed between a corrugated metal sheet 5 and a retaining wire grating 6 with an outer perforated corrugated metal sheet 7, U-section peripheral bars clamping the assembly together, with the interposition of resilient members 26 of rubber or synthetic elastomer. The lower end of the panel when intended for outdoor use may have drain holes 10. If the rubber is provided as a cohesive mat the wire grating is dispensed with (Fig. 1, not shown). With wall members of perforated asbestos cement edge spacers are provided with the panel assembly being held together by tie rods or bolts (Fig. 3, not shown). Fig. 4 shows a door having a perforated sheet 17 deformed along three margins (stifes and head areas) to which is attached a sheet 18 having turned over margins, optionally with resilient layers between the contacting portions. The bottom of the door has a U-section filler strip welded to both sheets and members 20 are welded to the two sheets to form trapezium-shaped cross-section elements which are filled with granulated or shredded rubber. For a fire proof door the rubber may be located between the outer sheets and an intermediate asbestos cement panel (Fig. 5, not shown)
GB30481/74A 1973-08-04 1974-07-10 Soundabsorbing element Expired GB1481218A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19732339649 DE2339649C3 (en) 1973-08-04 Sound absorbing element

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB1481218A true GB1481218A (en) 1977-07-27

Family

ID=5888960

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB30481/74A Expired GB1481218A (en) 1973-08-04 1974-07-10 Soundabsorbing element

Country Status (7)

Country Link
AT (1) AT339557B (en)
BE (1) BE817982A (en)
CH (1) CH587394A5 (en)
FR (1) FR2239565B3 (en)
GB (1) GB1481218A (en)
NL (1) NL7410428A (en)
SE (1) SE388890B (en)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2000215A (en) * 1977-06-14 1979-01-04 Morgan L A security door
EP0181627A2 (en) * 1984-11-16 1986-05-21 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Sound-insulating composite panel and its production method
GB2254872A (en) * 1991-03-16 1992-10-21 G & S Allgood Metal-skinned door with full length or width portion out-of-plane
GB2300202A (en) * 1995-04-26 1996-10-30 Acoustic Materials Technology Noise barrier
WO1997024492A1 (en) * 1995-12-28 1997-07-10 Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas Absorbent acoustic panels with rubber siftings
GB2315081A (en) * 1996-07-09 1998-01-21 Dainty Timothy E Hoardings
WO2001007226A1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2001-02-01 Hugh Michael Keogh Tyre disposal
BE1016198A3 (en) * 2004-09-15 2006-05-02 Vos Jean Paul De Sound insulating wall panel for outdoor use, comprises skin plates separated by rubber spacers
CN102363983A (en) * 2011-10-11 2012-02-29 常熟市华夏建筑节能材料有限公司 Sound absorption plate
EP2463451A1 (en) * 2010-12-07 2012-06-13 Conradi + Kaiser GmbH Sound insulation element, sound insulation wall, window shutter and method for producing a sound insulation element
ES2573202A1 (en) * 2014-12-04 2016-06-06 Universidad De Valladolid Acoustic panel and acoustic barrier (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
US9538267B2 (en) 2010-12-23 2017-01-03 Kirchdorfer Fertigteilholding Gmbh Sound protection component
US20180137850A1 (en) * 2016-11-17 2018-05-17 Sound Fighter Systems, Llc Sound barrier panel and system

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2421245A1 (en) * 1978-03-30 1979-10-26 Delmares Maurice Sound-proof partition panel of sandwich form - has composite vibration absorbing core held between rigid rectangular plates and including different density foam plastics layers
FR2501886A1 (en) * 1981-03-10 1982-09-17 Perrot Gabriel Sound absorbing screen panel - has separate panels of expanded metal and metal shavings with sound deadening material and protective sheets
DE3245652C2 (en) * 1981-12-11 1993-12-09 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Transportable hollow building board
AT377301B (en) * 1982-02-24 1985-03-11 Oesterr Heraklith Ag SOUND PROTECTION PANEL AND METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION
FR2580718B1 (en) * 1985-04-22 1988-07-22 Val Marcel INSULATING ELEMENT, PARTICULARLY OPENING PANEL FOR INSULATING DOOR
NL8801579A (en) * 1988-06-21 1990-01-16 Beheermaatschappij Op De Kaai NOISE PROTECTION SCREEN FOR INSTALLATION ALONG A ROAD ROAD OR THE LIKE.
IT1226561B (en) * 1988-07-29 1991-01-24 Clemente Romeo Cazzaniga STRUCTURE FOR SOUND ABSORPTION
GB8920927D0 (en) * 1989-09-15 1989-11-01 Bicc Plc Noise barriers
DE4137241C2 (en) * 1991-11-13 1996-05-30 Eckhard A Ullrich Thin-walled sound and fire protection element designed as a "sandwich element"
DE4209960A1 (en) * 1992-03-27 1993-09-30 Ludwig Plack Wall lining for sound insulation - using discarded tyres in cut in sections mounted on interior wall surface.
LU90243B1 (en) * 1998-05-20 1999-11-22 Profilarbed Sa In situ manufacturing process of acoustic walls and acoustic walls
WO2000032876A1 (en) * 1998-12-02 2000-06-08 Profilarbed S.A. Noise-reduction wall
LU90325B1 (en) * 1998-12-02 2000-07-18 Profilarbed Sa Noise-absorbing wall for road or railway line is made of sheet piling with additional sound-insulating panels fastened on front, with spaces which may be filled with insulating material
AT413407B (en) * 2003-08-20 2006-02-15 Diaplan Liegenschaftsverwaltun ACOUSTIC PLATE WITH ROILL STRUCTURE
CN105297646B (en) * 2015-12-07 2017-09-01 华北水利水电大学 A kind of noise control acoustic barrier of building structure

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2000215A (en) * 1977-06-14 1979-01-04 Morgan L A security door
GB2000215B (en) * 1977-06-14 1982-01-06 Morgan L A security door
EP0181627A2 (en) * 1984-11-16 1986-05-21 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Sound-insulating composite panel and its production method
EP0181627A3 (en) * 1984-11-16 1987-08-19 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Sound-insulating composite panel and its production method
GB2254872A (en) * 1991-03-16 1992-10-21 G & S Allgood Metal-skinned door with full length or width portion out-of-plane
GB2300202A (en) * 1995-04-26 1996-10-30 Acoustic Materials Technology Noise barrier
WO1997024492A1 (en) * 1995-12-28 1997-07-10 Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas Absorbent acoustic panels with rubber siftings
ES2106687A1 (en) * 1995-12-28 1997-11-01 Consejo Superior Investigacion Absorbent acoustic panels with rubber siftings
GB2315081A (en) * 1996-07-09 1998-01-21 Dainty Timothy E Hoardings
GB2315081B (en) * 1996-07-09 1998-12-23 Dainty Timothy E Improvements in and relating to hoardings
WO2001007226A1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2001-02-01 Hugh Michael Keogh Tyre disposal
BE1016198A3 (en) * 2004-09-15 2006-05-02 Vos Jean Paul De Sound insulating wall panel for outdoor use, comprises skin plates separated by rubber spacers
EP2463451A1 (en) * 2010-12-07 2012-06-13 Conradi + Kaiser GmbH Sound insulation element, sound insulation wall, window shutter and method for producing a sound insulation element
US9538267B2 (en) 2010-12-23 2017-01-03 Kirchdorfer Fertigteilholding Gmbh Sound protection component
CN102363983A (en) * 2011-10-11 2012-02-29 常熟市华夏建筑节能材料有限公司 Sound absorption plate
ES2573202A1 (en) * 2014-12-04 2016-06-06 Universidad De Valladolid Acoustic panel and acoustic barrier (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
US20180137850A1 (en) * 2016-11-17 2018-05-17 Sound Fighter Systems, Llc Sound barrier panel and system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2339649B2 (en) 1976-10-07
SE388890B (en) 1976-10-18
CH587394A5 (en) 1977-04-29
BE817982A (en) 1974-11-18
AT339557B (en) 1977-10-25
FR2239565B3 (en) 1977-05-20
DE2339649A1 (en) 1975-02-20
SE7409910L (en) 1975-02-05
FR2239565A1 (en) 1975-02-28
ATA599174A (en) 1977-02-15
NL7410428A (en) 1975-02-06

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PS Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949]
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee