FR3091882A1 - Prefabricated stackable pedestal - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a prefabricated stackable box whose compartments are intended to receive a filling of various materials and whose overall rigidity of the structure composed with several boxes is ensured by vertical and horizontal stiffeners and reinforced concrete, providing at the same time advantages of confinement to materials placed in the compartments of the caissons. The caisson, according to the invention, is particularly intended for the realization of civil engineering works in retaining wall, in protection of banks, of watercourse crossings, in containment works or in burial of clean materials or variously polluting.

Description

Prefabricated stackable box

The object of the present invention is to provide improvements to the construction of various civil engineering structures such as retaining walls, bank protections or containment by means of prefabricated stackable boxes whose compartments are intended to receive a filling in various materials and whose overall rigidity of the work is ensured by vertical and horizontal stiffeners and reinforced concrete, conferring at the same time advantages of confinement to the product placed in the compartments of the caissons.

Retaining structures, walls in particular, are essentially made using different techniques such as: solid stone walls (since antiquity), reinforced concrete walls, prefabricated by transportable elements or cast on site, wire mesh baskets ( gabions) filled with stone, solid or honeycomb stackable concrete blocks according to several systems, often with facial finishes imitating stone or other materials, prefabricated and stackable concrete elements for planters and green walls, or blocks with shuttering for works of reduced dimensions.

The solid walls, the elements and the prefabricated concrete blocks intended for the construction of retaining walls constitute both the facing face and the structural part, but are dissociated from the draining part and the first part of the embankment constituting important elements of the whole work.

During violent climatic or geological phenomena, these elements, which are little or not at all linked together, can dissociate very quickly causing significant damage, or even the ruin of all or part of the structure.

Gabions have very good qualities for letting runoff water through and correctly absorb, due to their flexibility, variations in the terrain on which they are placed.

However, due to the low mechanical resistance of these baskets and of the internal stonework, the structure can deform considerably during major variations in the ground supporting it and here too, lead to significant degradation of the structure of the structure.

Some bridge abutment structures or embankment restraints under road and rail traffic lanes are made with mixed techniques of facing in precast concrete elements and embankment in reinforced earth.

Embankment works or river or sea bank restraints are also carried out with these mixed techniques or by rockfill dumped in bulk or placed with a mechanical shovel, sometimes bonded by filling concrete poured into the cavities to form the shell of the the work.

The cost of extracting these rocks, transporting them and placing them in place is not negligible, as is their environmental impact.

Some structures are also made of shuttered concrete poured on site according to the possibilities and the constraints of water levels.

Here again, these structures deteriorate suddenly either by exceptional and very violent climatic hazards, or slowly, or by phenomena of weakening of the reinforcements of the structure due to the corrosion of the reinforcements of the reinforced concrete which composes it, or by circumstances which, over time, destabilize or fracture the structure as a whole, making it more vulnerable to future climatic attacks.

Once the carapace or the shield of the structure is damaged, the water quickly erodes the fill, which is then washed away by the river or the sea.

The repair of these structures is costly and delicate, not to mention the cost of damage caused to the rear on the other structures they were supposed to protect.

With the exception of shuttering blocks and other hand-portable prefabricated elements, almost all of these works are made with conventional formwork means such as formwork, more or less massive prefabricated walls, or a " reinforced earth” protected and retained by a wall made of prefabricated elements and connected to the embankment.

In addition, the choice of embankments is often made in relation to its mechanical qualities and geographical proximity for reasons of transport cost.

The possibilities of burying fill or any polluted materials are little considered because the techniques described above are not suitable for the confinement more or less necessary for the use of these materials as fill, while their cost of treatment or disposal he specific burial is non-negligible.

The possibilities of multiple uses of the same product are very limited by the very design of existing products which is limited to a specific use, or even to two uses.

To overcome the various drawbacks mentioned above, the object of the invention is to propose a prefabricated product which is very insensitive to erosion, to torrential rain runoff, to floods, to the effects of breaking swell, for the construction of various works. : retaining walls, crossing or retaining watercourses, protection of river and maritime banks, green walls, planters, etc., from a prefabricated compartmentalized box whose characteristics provide both great simplicity in its installation implemented and make it possible, by assembly composition, to produce large-scale structures with the same element which stacks and binds solidly, also allowing the burial of more or less polluted products in these structures.

Like any prefabricated element, this caisson facilitates the construction of works in the presence of water by avoiding the phases of formwork, reinforcement, pouring, stripping, drying in situ as well as most of the risks inherent in landslides and/or rising water. both river and sea.

Thanks to its compartments, concrete reinforcement elements, reinforced or not, can be quickly poured without additional formwork, between two tides for example.

The compartments can be open or closed at the bottom depending on the destination of use.

Furthermore, the ratio of the dimensions (length/width) of the box makes it possible to position them in the same plane, either in the same direction of alignment, or with an alignment offset in this same direction, or in staggered rows ( checkerboard).

Thanks to an interlocking device offering several position possibilities, the misalignment of each upper row can be slight or significant.

The boxes can be positioned, for simple works, with their long wall in front of the work to be carried out, thus offering two minimum compartments to be filled in depth or, with their short wall in front of the work to be carried out, three compartments minimum to fill in depth.

For example, the compartments placed at the front of the structure can be filled with concrete to form a shield or a shell, and the compartments located at the rear can be filled with draining materials or backfill.

Special devices placed in certain compartments make it possible to adjust the thickness of this shield or carapace.

A massive structure of large dimensions, such as a structure for the protection of river or maritime banks, can easily be made up of several caissons juxtaposed one behind the other, staggered or not at each higher row.

The layout and shape of the reinforced concrete stiffeners, both vertical and horizontal, after casting them, ensures both a secure hold of the caissons together as well as total containment, like a "sarcophagus", of the materials placed in compartments in any row staggered configuration.

These vertical and horizontal stiffeners also provide complete rigidity to the structure and prevent the tearing, for any accidental reason whatsoever, of a box from the entire structure or the partial or total dislocation of this structure. during exceptional and violent accidental or climatic phenomena.

Thus, according to a first characteristic, the box is of parallelepiped shape, provided with interior compartments separated by vertical partitions, the long and short peripheral vertical walls of which comprise vertical recesses in indentation open towards the outside and arranged at regular intervals, interior central columns placed at the junction of the interior partitions and connecting a combination of multi-position female interlocking devices, in the lower part, to a female interlocking device, in the upper part, itself comprising a lifting and handling, and on its upper and lower horizontal edges horizontal recesses open to the outside.

An improvement provided by the process is that the box can be positioned by superposition either exactly plumb with the lower box, or slightly offset in a single direction, or simultaneously in two directions, on the same horizontal plane, or offset in a more important by one third or two thirds of its length on the same horizontal plane in order to give "fruit" to a retaining wall or a "pyramid" style setback for such a wall or a work for the protection of banks or containment.

This device also allows an overhanging superposition thus constituting a bridge arch.

Thus, according to another characteristic, the lower face of the box comprises at least two multi-position interlocking devices, each composed of several female cavities distributed circularly around a central cavity centered in the vertical axis of each column.

Another improvement provided by the process is that the box has side recesses in notch, vertical and horizontal, allowing by juxtaposition of two boxes to form a formwork cavity to the effect of receiving the reinforced concrete structure holding the boxes between them and of the entire structure made up of all the caissons.

In order to facilitate the flow of the concrete, these recesses are preferably of rounded section rather than angular.

Thus the vertical lateral recesses can be of semi-frustoconical shape in order to ensure the continuity of the section of the vertical stiffeners in the event of a shift in the positioning of the boxes in superposition, in the horizontal plane, according to the possibilities offered by the interlocking devices placed on the underside of the box.

Thus, according to another characteristic, the vertical recesses indentation of the vertical side walls can be of semi-frustoconical shape, the small section of which is located at the bottom of the wall and the large section is located at the top of the wall.

In the same way, the lateral horizontal recesses make it possible, by juxtaposition of two caissons, to form a formwork cavity in order to receive the horizontal reinforced concrete structure holding the caissons together and the whole of the structure. composed by all the boxes.

In order to facilitate the flow of the concrete, these recesses are preferably rounded in shape rather than angular.

The horizontal lateral recesses may be of extended shape in order to ensure the continuity of the section of the horizontal stiffeners in the event of a shift in the positioning of the boxes in superposition, in the horizontal plane, according to the possibilities offered by the interlocking devices placed underneath. -front of the box.

Thus, according to another characteristic, the horizontal recesses of the upper and lower horizontal edges are of rounded shape in a quarter-circle portion and that the upper horizontal recess is elongated.

Another improvement provided by the method is that certain compartments of the caisson have devices for placing and maintaining additional walls which make it possible to choose and adjust the thickness of a shield or a concrete shell intended to reinforce the protection of structure to road shocks or erosion caused by water, whether river or sea.

This shield or shell can be made of ordinary concrete or aggregate concrete from demolition.

Thus, according to another characteristic, the compartments located on a long face and a short face can be partially provided with serrations symmetrically opposite each other and two by two on the four internal faces of these compartments.

In order to stiffen, to fully compartmentalize the box and to be able to fill the compartments with different materials: concrete, clean or polluted backfill, draining material, etc., without these mixing, the interior partitions can serve concomitantly as a connection between the external walls of the box and the columns placed in the central part, thus avoiding distortion phenomena when handling the box by lifting equipment or when pouring structural concrete into the vertical recesses formed by two recesses of each box placed opposite.

Thus, according to another characteristic, the vertical interior partitions are arranged inside the box so as to connect the wall of each vertical recess in notch to a column, or to two columns for the central wall.

The upper part of the columns exceeds the height of the top of the internal partitions and the top of the walls of the horizontal recesses in order to allow the placement of different spacer elements depending on the type of closure desired of the compartments and, at the same time, the importance the desired alignment offset between two rows of superimposed boxes.

These compensating elements must ensure the closing of the horizontal recesses intended to receive the concrete of these stiffeners in order to prevent the flow of the concrete into the compartments.

These elements must be maintained in their position without special precautions.

Similarly, in order to ensure the complete closure of the compartments or the box, if necessary, and the box having been previously made with a bottom in the lower part, covers which can be placed in the upper part must be maintained in their position, without special precautions, by the same device.

Thus, according to another characteristic, the upper parts of the vertical interior partitions, of the vertical recesses in notches and of the high horizontal recesses can have a recessed relief for hooking and holding the spacers and compensators or the covers.

In order to allow multiple possibilities of offsets in the alignment of the works to be carried out by different positioning of the caissons on the same plane, the dimensions of the caisson must allow it to be associated, by juxtaposition in one direction or the other, with the other adjoining boxes.

Thus, according to another characteristic, the width of the box can be equal to two thirds of its length.

This caisson is particularly intended for the construction of civil engineering works such as: retaining walls, retaining embankments, works for the protection of river and maritime banks, crossing watercourses, embankment and burial of possibly polluted and/or polluting materials. .

The general mode of realization of the works is similar to the majority of other systems by simple juxtaposition and superposition of the elements, posed by simple vertical interlocking, then by casting of the stiffeners of structure and connection, without it being useful to describe the various operations for the production of structural parts in reinforced concrete which are the subject of studies and calculations by a design office according to the professional or normative rules in force for the work concerned.

The filling of the compartments of the caissons can be carried out in whole or in part on the construction site of the work, or prior to its transport to the same site, closed or not by a lid depending on the nature and/or the quality of the material of filling.

The appended figures illustrate the invention in a non-limiting way:

represents element 1 seen from above;

represents element 1 in horizontal section;

represents element 1 without bottom seen from below;

represents element 1 with bottom seen from below;

represents element 1 seen from above with covers;

represents the element 1 according to the vertical section AA;

represents the element 1 according to the vertical section BB;

represents element 1 seen on a large face;

represents element 1 seen on a small side;

represents the high detail of the walls of the compartments;

represents a second high detail of the peripheral walls of the compartments;

shows in section the details of aligned superposition of the elements 1, without background on the left and with background on the right;

shows in section the offset superposition details of the elements 1, without background on the left and with background on the right;

represents an example of juxtaposition of elements 1;

represents an example of the reinforcement of figure 13;

represents an example of different positions of the interior removable walls in the elements 1 and of pouring concrete in certain parts;

represents an example of juxtaposition and aligned superposition of elements 1;

represents an example of partial reinforcement of figure 13;

represents an example of juxtaposition and staggered superposition of elements 1;

represents an example of partial reinforcement of figure 18;

represents a second example of juxtaposition and staggered superposition of elements 1;

represents an example of partial reinforcement of figure 20;

represents a third example of juxtaposition and staggered superposition of elements 1;

represents an example of partial reinforcement of figure 22;

represents an example of shifted superposition, in 2 directions and on 3 rows, of elements 1;

represents a second example of shifted superposition, in 1 direction and on 3 rows, of elements 1;

represents a third example of shifted superposition, in 1 direction and on 3 rows, of elements 1;

shows a front view of three examples of assembly of elements 1 for simple reservoirs and water passage structures;

shows in front view an example of assembly of elements 1 for a simple bridge structure with pillars;

shows in front view an example of assembly of elements 1 for a bridge structure without a central pillar.

Box details:

With reference to these figures, the box ( 1 ) illustrated by Figures 1 to 9 consists of:
- two long facial walls ( 4 ) parallel to each other separated by two short facial walls ( 5 ) parallel to each other and arranged perpendicular to each end of the long facial walls ( 4 ), the assembly forming a rectangle;
- vertical recesses in notch ( 6 ) of semi-frustoconical shape open towards the outside of the box ( 1 ) and arranged at regular intervals on its outer faces and on its vertical edges;
- Interior compartments ( 2 ) separated by vertical interior partitions ( 3 and 3c );
- Vertical columns ( 7 ) located at the junction of the interior partitions ( 3 and 3c );
- a multi-position interlocking device ( 8 ) located at the base of each column ( 7 ), composed of several female cavities ( 13 ) distributed circularly around a central cavity ( 14 ) centered in the vertical axis of each column ( 7 );
- A female cavity ( 9 ) arranged in the upper part of each column, intended to receive a pin ( 20 ) for guiding the positioning of a box ( 1 ) superimposed;
- A lifting and handling device ( 10 ) placed at the bottom of each cavity ( 9 );
- Horizontal recesses ( 11 and 12 ) open to the outside of the box ( 1 ) and arranged on its high and low horizontal edges;
- possibly a bottom ( 24 ).

In order to multiply and facilitate the possibilities of assembling the boxes together, the width of the box ( 1 ) is equal to two thirds of the length of said box ( 1 ).

Removable partitions ( 25 ) illustrated in Figures 2, 7 and 16 consist of:
- A plate of regular thickness extending between vertical walls and being inserted between the serrations ( 15 ) of the walls forming the compartments ( 2 ) concerned.

These elements can possibly be reinforced by reinforcement.

An intermediate element ( 18 ) illustrated by FIG. 10 consists of:
- a one-piece body of elongated shape, of a thickness equal to that of the partitions ( 3 ), provided on its lower face with a projecting relief ( 26 ) matching the shape of the hollow relief ( 17 ), plane on its face superior.

This element can possibly be reinforced by a reinforcing bar.

A cover element ( 19 ) illustrated in Figure 5 and partially in Figure 11 consists of:
- a plate of regular thickness extending and resting on the upper parts ( 16 ) of the interior partitions ( 3 and 3c ) and the walls of the vertical ( 6 ) and horizontal ( 11 ) recesses with which the periphery of the lower face is provided a projecting relief ( 27 ) for hooking and holding fitting into the recessed relief ( 17 ) of the elements on which it is placed.

This element can possibly be reinforced by reinforcement.

This element can be sealed, or even mechanically fixed, depending on the intended use of the box.

A tenon element ( 20 ) illustrated in FIG. 7 consists of:
- a one-piece body of shape matching that of the female cavities ( 9, 13 and 14 ) and fitting into them, of a length slightly less than the sum of the heights (or thicknesses) of two cavities ( 9, 13 and 14 ) and an element 18 or 19.

This element can possibly be reinforced by reinforcement.

Compensating elements ( 21, 22 and 23 ) illustrated in Figure 11 consist of:
- a one-piece body of elongated shape marrying on its lower face the shape of the horizontal recess ( 11 ), flat on its upper face, and whose refined part is provided, on the lower face, with a projecting relief ( 27 ) hooking and holding fitting into the recessed relief ( 17 ) of the elements on which it is placed

These elements can possibly be reinforced by reinforcement.

The spacer elements 18 and 19 as well as the compensating elements 21, 22 and 23 have a common height (or thickness) allowing their upper face to be aligned in the horizontal plane.

The constituent material of the boxes 1, as well as the other elements (18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23), may in particular be a mineral aggregate concrete.

The box is molded in a set of formwork, those delimiting the interior compartments of which are composed of several parts in order to easily unmold each part of each compartment.

Assembly principle:

Installation of caissons on a foundation or a slab in which the reinforcement cages of the columns or vertical stiffeners have been previously left on hold if it is a structure with a reinforced concrete structure.

The first row of boxes can be placed on a bed of mortar, or on shims, in order to compensate for any irregularities in the support and to shim it without fault of horizontality or verticality.

The boxes are juxtaposed on the same row by placing the recesses in notch ( 6 ) vis-à-vis those of the other box.

Figure 14 illustrates an example of different possibilities of positioning the boxes, either on their long face ( 4 ) or on their short face ( 5 ), in order to form a structure with possible offsets in the alignment of its faces.

Figure 15 illustrates an example of reinforcement of the example of figure 14, the reinforcements of the posts or vertical stiffeners being placed beforehand in the recesses formed jointly by two recesses in notch ( 6 ) and the horizontal reinforcements then being placed in the recesses horizontal indentations ( 11 ).

The tenons ( 20 ) are positioned in the cavities ( 9 ) of the columns ( 7) in order to facilitate the alignment or the alignment offset chosen.

The spacer elements ( 18 or 19 ) and the compensating elements ( 21, 22 or 23 ) are positioned on the upper parts ( 16 ) of the various walls as illustrated in Figures 5, 12, 13 and 17 to 24 and depending on whether it is chosen that the compartments ( 2 ) remain open or closed in the lower part and/or in the upper part.

Any filling concrete forming a shield or carapace on one or more sides of the structure, as illustrated by way of example in figure 16, is poured in the parts concerned before covering with another box of the upper row.

The boxes ( 1 ) of the upper row can then be positioned on those of the lower row as illustrated in Figures 25 to 27.

The structural concrete, between the caissons ( 1 ) is poured both in the vertical posts and in the horizontal stiffeners after a row of caissons ( 1 ) has come to completely close the horizontal recess formed, between two superimposed caissons, by a recess 11 in the lower part and a recess 12 in the upper part.

The upper part of the structure may or may not be closed depending on the intended use of the structure.

Thus, according to a destination of the work for use as a retaining wall finished in the upper part by plantations, the compartments will remain open in the upper part in order to plant plants including trees.

In case of an ordinary destination of the work without traffic overload, the covers ( 19 ) can simply close the compartments.

If the structure is intended for use by pedestrians or road traffic, a slab, a slab or an embankment for the body of the roadway may cover the compartments.

The construction element according to the invention is particularly intended for the construction of civil engineering works in retaining walls, for the protection of banks, for watercourse crossings, for embankment works or for the burial of polluting materials. more or less confined.

By way of non-limiting examples, works can thus be composed to carry out in any dimension whatsoever but consistent with the work to be carried out:
- significant reinforced concrete retaining walls;
- vegetated retaining walls, stepped;
- structures for the protection of river and maritime banks;
- water retaining structures;
- river crossing structures: fords or bridges;
- dykes;
- sarcophagi of polluted products.

Claims (9)

Box ( 1 ) of parallelepiped shape provided with interior compartments ( 2 ) separated by vertical partitions ( 3 and 3c ), whose long ( 4 ) and short ( 5 ) peripheral vertical walls comprise vertical recesses in notch ( 6 ) open towards outside and arranged at regular intervals, interior central columns ( 7 ) placed at the junction of the interior partitions ( 3 and 3c ) and connecting a combination of multi-position female interlocking devices ( 8 ), in the lower part, to a female interlocking device ( 9 ), in the upper part, itself comprising a lifting and handling device ( 10 ), and on its upper and lower horizontal edges horizontal recesses ( 11 and 12 ) open towards the outside . Box, according to claim 1, characterized in that its lower face comprises at least two multi-position interlocking devices ( 8 ) each composed of several female cavities ( 13 ) distributed circularly around a central cavity ( 14 ) centered in the vertical axis of each column ( 7 ). Box, according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the vertical recesses in notch ( 6 ) of the side vertical walls ( 4 and 5 ) are of semi-frustoconical shape, the small section of which is located at the bottom of the wall and the large section is located at the top of the wall. Box, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the horizontal recesses ( 11 and 12 ) of the upper and lower horizontal edges are of rounded shape in a quarter-circle portion and that the upper horizontal recess ( 11 ) is elongated. Box, according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the compartments ( 2 ) located on a long face ( 4 ) and a short face ( 5 ) are partially provided with serrations ( 15 ) symmetrically opposed to each other and two by two on the four internal faces of these compartments. Box, according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vertical internal partitions ( 3 ) are arranged inside the box ( 1 ) so as to connect the wall of each vertical recess ( 6 ) to a column ( 7 ), or two columns ( 7 ) for the central wall ( 3c ). Box, according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the upper parts ( 16 ) of the vertical interior partitions ( 3 and 3c ), of the vertical recesses in notch ( 6 ) and of the upper horizontal recesses ( 11 ) have a relief hollow ( 17 ) for hooking and holding the spacers ( 18 ) and compensators ( 21, 22, 23 ) or covers ( 19 ). Box, according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the width of the box ( 1 ) is equal to two thirds of the length of the said box ( 1 ). Civil engineering structure characterized in that it comprises at least two caissons ( 1 ) according to any one of the preceding claims.