FR2453871A1 - Polyetherurethane-acrylates fluorocarbyl-substitues durcissables par des radiations et melanges polymerisables en renfermant - Google Patents

Polyetherurethane-acrylates fluorocarbyl-substitues durcissables par des radiations et melanges polymerisables en renfermant

Info

Publication number
FR2453871A1
FR2453871A1 FR8008033A FR8008033A FR2453871A1 FR 2453871 A1 FR2453871 A1 FR 2453871A1 FR 8008033 A FR8008033 A FR 8008033A FR 8008033 A FR8008033 A FR 8008033A FR 2453871 A1 FR2453871 A1 FR 2453871A1
Authority
FR
France
Prior art keywords
fluorocarbyl
polyetherurethane
radiations
adhesives
substituted acrylates
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
FR8008033A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
FR2453871B1 (fr
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
3M Co
Original Assignee
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co filed Critical Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
Publication of FR2453871A1 publication Critical patent/FR2453871A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of FR2453871B1 publication Critical patent/FR2453871B1/fr
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/06Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B27/08Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/40High-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/48Polyethers
    • C08G18/50Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen
    • C08G18/5003Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen having halogens
    • C08G18/5015Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen having halogens having fluorine atoms
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/67Unsaturated compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/671Unsaturated compounds having only one group containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/672Esters of acrylic or alkyl acrylic acid having only one group containing active hydrogen
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/70Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
    • C08G18/81Unsaturated isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/8141Unsaturated isocyanates or isothiocyanates masked
    • C08G18/815Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates masked with unsaturated compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/8158Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates masked with unsaturated compounds having active hydrogen with unsaturated compounds having only one group containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/8175Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates masked with unsaturated compounds having active hydrogen with unsaturated compounds having only one group containing active hydrogen with esters of acrylic or alkylacrylic acid having only one group containing active hydrogen
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B38/00Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
    • B32B2038/0052Other operations not otherwise provided for
    • B32B2038/0076Curing, vulcanising, cross-linking
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2305/00Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2305/72Cured, e.g. vulcanised, cross-linked

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
  • Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)

Abstract

L'INVENTION CONCERNE L'INDUSTRIE DES ADHESIFS ET CELLE DES INSTRUMENTS D'OPTIQUE. POLYETHERURETHANE-ACRYLATES A SUBSTITUANTS FLUOROCARBYLES LATERAUX, QUE L'ON PEUT POLYMERISER SOUS FORME D'UNE MATIERE TRANSPARENTE PAR DES RAYONNEMENTS TELS QU'UN FAISCEAU D'ELECTRONS, UNE LUMIERE ACTINIQUE OU LA CHALEUR; LE SUBSTITUANT FLUOROCARBYLE DES POLYETHERURETHANES REPOND A LA FORMULE -W-R OU W EST UN FRAGMENT DIVALENT D'UNION ET R EST UN RADICAL ALIPHATIQUE, ARYLIQUE OU ALKARYLIQUE FORTEMENT FLUORE ET DE PREFERENCE PERFLUORE; LES COMPOSITIONS CONTENANT CES COMPOSES ONT UNE DUREE DE CONSERVATION ACCRUE, PEUVENT ETRE UTILISES AVEC UNE CONCENTRATION EN SOLIDES DE 100 ET LE MOMENT ET L'IMPORTANCE DE LEUR DURCISSEMENT PEUVENT ETRE AJUSTES DE FACON PRECISE. APPLICATION NOTAMMENT COMME ADHESIFS POUR L'ASSEMBLAGE DE COMPOSANTS ELECTRO-OPTIQUES ET POUR FORMER DES REVETEMENTS PROTECTEURS.
FR8008033A 1979-04-11 1980-04-10 Polyetherurethane-acrylates fluorocarbyl-substitues durcissables par des radiations et melanges polymerisables en renfermant Granted FR2453871A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US2896679A 1979-04-11 1979-04-11

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
FR2453871A1 true FR2453871A1 (fr) 1980-11-07
FR2453871B1 FR2453871B1 (fr) 1982-11-19

Family

ID=21846487

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
FR8008033A Granted FR2453871A1 (fr) 1979-04-11 1980-04-10 Polyetherurethane-acrylates fluorocarbyl-substitues durcissables par des radiations et melanges polymerisables en renfermant

Country Status (7)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS55139414A (fr)
CA (1) CA1156795A (fr)
CH (1) CH649309A5 (fr)
DE (1) DE3013827A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2453871A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2050396B (fr)
IT (1) IT1143088B (fr)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0040923A2 (fr) * 1980-05-20 1981-12-02 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Compositions pour réaliser des couches abhérentes; poly (fluorooxyalkylene) urethane acrylates
EP0174494A2 (fr) * 1984-08-10 1986-03-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Système de polymère thermostable, réticulable par irradiation, utilisé en micro-électronique
EP0249225A2 (fr) * 1986-06-13 1987-12-16 Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. Préparation d'un polymère greffé
EP0322624A1 (fr) * 1987-12-23 1989-07-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Résine liquide durcissable par de l'irradiation pour l'isolation de conducteurs minces
EP0359271A2 (fr) * 1988-09-15 1990-03-21 AUSIMONT S.p.A. Elastomères réticulables de polyuréthane contenant des séquences de polyoxyperfluoroalcylène
US4985473A (en) * 1980-05-20 1991-01-15 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Compositions for providing abherent coatings
EP0565425A1 (fr) * 1992-04-07 1993-10-13 Alcatel Cable Matériau polymère de type polyuréthanne acrylate pour revêtement de fibre optique ou pour ruban à fibres optiques
FR2697256A1 (fr) * 1992-10-23 1994-04-29 Centre Nat Rech Scient Polyéthers perfluoroalkylés hydroxylés, procédé de préparation et application à la synthèse de matériaux polyuréthanes.
WO1996023828A1 (fr) * 1995-01-30 1996-08-08 Dsm N.V. Composition durcissable par rayonnement comportant un oligomere urethane fluore
WO1998051727A1 (fr) * 1997-05-14 1998-11-19 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composition chimique fluoree renfermant un polymere derive d'un monomere urethane meth(acrylate) fluore et destinee a conferer a un substrat des proprietes detachantes
FR2791691A1 (fr) * 1999-04-01 2000-10-06 Cit Alcatel Materiau polymere de type polyurethanne acrylate ou vinylique pour revetemment de fibre optique a base d'un diol fluore
US6391459B1 (en) 1992-04-20 2002-05-21 Dsm N.V. Radiation curable oligomers containing alkoxylated fluorinated polyols

Families Citing this family (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4383878A (en) * 1980-05-20 1983-05-17 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Transfer process
US4650845A (en) * 1984-07-10 1987-03-17 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Ultra-violet light curable compositions for abrasion resistant articles
JPS6136374A (ja) * 1984-07-30 1986-02-21 Dainippon Toryo Co Ltd 含フツ素樹脂被覆組成物
US4605712A (en) * 1984-09-24 1986-08-12 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Unsaturated polysiloxanes and polymers thereof
JPS61118466A (ja) * 1984-11-14 1986-06-05 Dainippon Toryo Co Ltd 含フツ素樹脂被覆組成物
JPH0742331B2 (ja) * 1985-07-26 1995-05-10 旭硝子株式会社 不飽和基含有含フツ素重合体の製造方法
JP2849240B2 (ja) * 1991-07-01 1999-01-20 早川ゴム株式会社 防曇組成物用の活性エネルギー線硬化型オリゴマー
DE19508772C2 (de) 1995-03-01 1998-01-29 Schering Ag Verfahren und Verbindungen zur Detektion von Analyten mittels Remanenzmessung und deren Verwendung
DE19634721C2 (de) * 1996-08-28 2002-09-12 Alfred Krueger Beschichtungsmittel mit einem Gehalt von Fluor enthaltendem modifizierten Polyester und die Verwendung der Beschichtungsmittel
US6485789B1 (en) 1997-04-14 2002-11-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Fluorochemical composition containing a condensation product of a fluorochemical polyether and a poly-isocyanate to impart stain release properties to a substrate
US6224782B1 (en) 1997-05-14 2001-05-01 3M Innovative Properties Company Fluorochemical composition comprising a polyurethane having a fluorochemical oligomer and a hydrophilic segment to impart stain release properties to a substrate
US6239247B1 (en) 1997-05-14 2001-05-29 3M Innovative Properties Company Fluorochemical composition comprising a urethane having a fluorochemical oligomer and a hydrophilic segment to impart stain release properties to a substrate
US6162369A (en) * 1997-05-14 2000-12-19 3M Innovative Properties Company Fluorochemical composition comprising a polyurethane having a fluorochemical oligomer and a hydrophilic segment to impart stain release properties to a substrate
US6383633B1 (en) 1997-05-14 2002-05-07 3M Innovative Properties Company Fluorochemical composition comprising a polymer derived from a fluorochemical urethane (meth)acrylate monomer for imparting stain release properties to a substrate
US6603901B1 (en) * 2000-03-03 2003-08-05 Lucent Technologies Inc. Optical fiber gratings with index matched polymer coating for cladding mode suppression
JP4779293B2 (ja) 2003-10-21 2011-09-28 Tdk株式会社 ハードコート剤組成物及びこれを用いた光情報媒体
US7608710B2 (en) 2005-06-07 2009-10-27 Omnova Solutions Inc. Cationic surfactants
MX2020006583A (es) 2017-12-26 2020-09-09 Akzo Nobel Coatings Int Bv Composicion de recubrimiento de poliacrilato fluorado, el metodo de preparacion de la misma y uso de la misma.
CN111116890A (zh) * 2019-12-12 2020-05-08 西南科技大学 聚五氟丙基缩水甘油醚及其用途和制备方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2014475A1 (fr) * 1968-07-01 1970-04-17 Geigy Ag J R
DE2405714A1 (de) * 1973-02-07 1974-08-08 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Photopolymerisierbare massen
US4098918A (en) * 1973-02-05 1978-07-04 Ppg Industries, Inc. Method of polymerizing non-linear urethane diacrylates using radiation

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2014475A1 (fr) * 1968-07-01 1970-04-17 Geigy Ag J R
US4098918A (en) * 1973-02-05 1978-07-04 Ppg Industries, Inc. Method of polymerizing non-linear urethane diacrylates using radiation
DE2405714A1 (de) * 1973-02-07 1974-08-08 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Photopolymerisierbare massen

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4985473A (en) * 1980-05-20 1991-01-15 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Compositions for providing abherent coatings
EP0040923A3 (en) * 1980-05-20 1982-09-08 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Compositions for providing abherent coatings
EP0040923A2 (fr) * 1980-05-20 1981-12-02 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Compositions pour réaliser des couches abhérentes; poly (fluorooxyalkylene) urethane acrylates
EP0174494A3 (en) * 1984-08-10 1987-06-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Berlin Und Munchen Thermostable polymer system, cross-linkable by irradiation, for microelectronic use
EP0174494A2 (fr) * 1984-08-10 1986-03-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Système de polymère thermostable, réticulable par irradiation, utilisé en micro-électronique
EP0249225A2 (fr) * 1986-06-13 1987-12-16 Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. Préparation d'un polymère greffé
EP0249225A3 (en) * 1986-06-13 1988-07-20 Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. Process for producing graft copolymer
US4923929A (en) * 1986-06-13 1990-05-08 Hitachi Chemical Co. Process for producing graft copolymer
EP0322624A1 (fr) * 1987-12-23 1989-07-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Résine liquide durcissable par de l'irradiation pour l'isolation de conducteurs minces
EP0359271A2 (fr) * 1988-09-15 1990-03-21 AUSIMONT S.p.A. Elastomères réticulables de polyuréthane contenant des séquences de polyoxyperfluoroalcylène
EP0359271A3 (fr) * 1988-09-15 1991-03-06 AUSIMONT S.p.A. Elastomères réticulables de polyuréthane contenant des séquences de polyoxyperfluoroalcylène
US5567794A (en) * 1992-04-07 1996-10-22 Alcatel Cable Polymer material of the polyurethane acrylate type for coating an optical fiber or for an optical fiber tape
EP0565425A1 (fr) * 1992-04-07 1993-10-13 Alcatel Cable Matériau polymère de type polyuréthanne acrylate pour revêtement de fibre optique ou pour ruban à fibres optiques
US6680118B2 (en) 1992-04-20 2004-01-20 Dsm N.V. Radiation curable oligomers containing alkoxylated fluorinated polyols
US6391459B1 (en) 1992-04-20 2002-05-21 Dsm N.V. Radiation curable oligomers containing alkoxylated fluorinated polyols
FR2697256A1 (fr) * 1992-10-23 1994-04-29 Centre Nat Rech Scient Polyéthers perfluoroalkylés hydroxylés, procédé de préparation et application à la synthèse de matériaux polyuréthanes.
WO1994010222A1 (fr) * 1992-10-23 1994-05-11 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) Polyethers perfluoroalkyles hydroxyles, procede de preparation et application a la synthese de materiaux polyurethanes
WO1996023828A1 (fr) * 1995-01-30 1996-08-08 Dsm N.V. Composition durcissable par rayonnement comportant un oligomere urethane fluore
EP1291373A2 (fr) * 1995-01-30 2003-03-12 Dsm Nv Composition durcissable par rayonnement contenant un oligomère fluoré
EP1291373A3 (fr) * 1995-01-30 2004-01-07 DSM IP Assets B.V. Composition durcissable par rayonnement contenant un oligomère fluoré
WO1998051727A1 (fr) * 1997-05-14 1998-11-19 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composition chimique fluoree renfermant un polymere derive d'un monomere urethane meth(acrylate) fluore et destinee a conferer a un substrat des proprietes detachantes
FR2791691A1 (fr) * 1999-04-01 2000-10-06 Cit Alcatel Materiau polymere de type polyurethanne acrylate ou vinylique pour revetemment de fibre optique a base d'un diol fluore
WO2000059976A1 (fr) * 1999-04-01 2000-10-12 Alcatel Materiau polymere de type polyurethanne acrylate ou vinylique pour revetement de fibre optique a base d'un diol fluore
US6423809B1 (en) 1999-04-01 2002-07-23 Alcatel Polyurethane acrylate or vinyl type polymeric material for coating optical fibers based on a fluorinated diol

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3013827C2 (fr) 1993-01-21
FR2453871B1 (fr) 1982-11-19
GB2050396B (en) 1983-02-16
JPH0138803B2 (fr) 1989-08-16
IT1143088B (it) 1986-10-22
CH649309A5 (de) 1985-05-15
IT8048385A0 (it) 1980-04-10
JPS55139414A (en) 1980-10-31
DE3013827A1 (de) 1980-10-30
CA1156795A (fr) 1983-11-08
GB2050396A (en) 1981-01-07

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
FR2453871A1 (fr) Polyetherurethane-acrylates fluorocarbyl-substitues durcissables par des radiations et melanges polymerisables en renfermant
ES2058229T3 (es) Composiciones radioendurecibles a base de poliesteres insaturados y de compuestos que comprenden al menos dos grupos vinil-eter.
FR2332290B1 (fr)
SE8006932L (sv) Anvendning av organiska foreningar
IL105410A0 (en) Triaryl phosphate ester composition and process for its preparation
ES517637A0 (es) Un procedimiento de preparacion de los acidos(oxo-4-4h-(1)-benzopiran-8-il)-alcanoicos.
IE812565L (en) N-substituted omega-(2-oxo-4-imidazolin-1-yl) alkonoic acids
DE3276700D1 (en) Novel light stabilizers for polymers
ES526673A0 (es) Procedimiento para la obtencion de 1,2,3,4-tetrahidropiridinas
NO20020515D0 (no) Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av naproxen-nitroksyalkyl- estere
BR8106555A (pt) Processo para impedir a alteracao de um polimero,cuja molecula contem um halogenio,sob o efeito de uma radiacao ionizante,aplicacao de tal processo,e composicao de polimero assim estabilizada
DK165364C (da) Fedtsyreestere, kosmetisk middel indeholdende disse og fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af saadanne estere
SE8005712L (sv) Polyprenylkarboxylsyraamider, forfarande for deras framstellning samt farmaceutiska kompositioner innehallande dessa foreningar
NO162243C (no) Homogen herdbar blanding, anvendbar for stoeping og/eller laminering av artikler, paa basis av et bismaleimid, samt kopolymer paa basis av et slikt imid.
ATE3634T1 (de) Adamantylalkyloxycarbonylderivate, deren herstellung und verwendung zur darstellung von peptiden.
ES523839A0 (es) Un procedimiento para la obtencion de sales de amino (e imino) acidos (alfa) w -sulfonicos n-sustituidos.
AU560190B2 (en) Polyalkyldiazaspirodecanylacetic acid derivatives
SE7910013L (sv) Sett att anbringa en ram for uppberande av ett foremal i en korbana
MX160068A (es) Composicion de poliolefina estable a la degradacion y metodo para su obtencion
DE3369324D1 (en) Thiolphosphoric-acid esters, their preparation and use
EG13891A (en) Fluoroalkenyl substituted cyclopropanecarboxylic acid esters and their use as insecticides
GB1513341A (en) Process for the preparation of phosphoric or phosphonic acid ester halides
ATE8634T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von verzweigten s-alkyl-dithio-phosphonsaeureester-halogeniden als zwischenprodukte.
TH497EX (th) ส่วนประกอบของสารเคมีที่ช่วยรักษาการผนึกในสภาพไม่มีอากาศ
CH623443B (de) Verfahren zur herstellung neuer stilben-verbindungen und deren verwendung als optische aufheller.